陕西靖边渠树壕壁画天文图中的黄道、日月及其重要意义
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摘要
靖边渠树壕东汉壁画墓天文图描绘了二十八宿、部分中官以及日、月的图像和位置。图中有一条"长白线"即黄道,说明汉人已掌握"日月循黄道"的规律。史载东汉和帝永元年间开始制造"黄道铜仪",测定二十八宿黄道度数。中国式黄道坐标源自先秦,是中国天文学独立起源而不可能从域外传入的强有力证据。渠树壕壁画及时反映了中国式"黄道"体系形成的重要信息,通过日月位置以揭示"天道",显示了中国天文学在东汉时期取得的重大进展,具有重要历史意义和科学价值。
The Eastern Han tomb at Qushuhao, Jingbian, includes constellation murals depicting twenty-eight mansions and the location as well as figures of sun and moon. The murals clearly indicate that, as there is a long white strip representing the ecliptic, Han people were knowledgeable about the principle that ‘the movement of sun and moon followed ecliptic'. Textual records document an equipment named huangdaotongyi(黄道铜仪) was manufactured during the Yonghe reign of Emperor He in the Eastern Han. It was used to measure the angles of the twenty-eight mansions. Thus, the new discovery supports the argument that the Chinese ecliptic coordination originated from the Pre-Qin period. In other words, the knowledge body of Chinese astronomy should have had its independent origins and were not imported from external source.Because of the information related to the Chinese ecliptic system and the celestial equator represented by the locations of sun and moon, Chinese astronomy clearly achieved significant progresses during the Eastern Han period. It is undoubtful the Qushuhao murals hold historical significance and scientific value to the study of the astronomical history in China.
The Eastern Han tomb at Qushuhao, Jingbian, includes constellation murals depicting twenty-eight mansions and the location as well as figures of sun and moon. The murals clearly indicate that, as there is a long white strip representing the ecliptic, Han people were knowledgeable about the principle that ‘the movement of sun and moon followed ecliptic'. Textual records document an equipment named huangdaotongyi(黄道铜仪) was manufactured during the Yonghe reign of Emperor He in the Eastern Han. It was used to measure the angles of the twenty-eight mansions. Thus, the new discovery supports the argument that the Chinese ecliptic coordination originated from the Pre-Qin period. In other words, the knowledge body of Chinese astronomy should have had its independent origins and were not imported from external source.Because of the information related to the Chinese ecliptic system and the celestial equator represented by the locations of sun and moon, Chinese astronomy clearly achieved significant progresses during the Eastern Han period. It is undoubtful the Qushuhao murals hold historical significance and scientific value to the study of the astronomical history in China.
引文
[1]陕西省考古研究院,靖边县文物管理办.陕西靖边县杨桥畔渠树壕东汉壁画墓发掘简报[J].考古与文物,2017(1).
[2]李淳风.晋书:天文志[M].∥历代天文律历等志汇编(一).北京:中华书局,1976:193.
[3]司马彪.续汉书:律历志[Z].∥历代天文律历等志汇编(五).北京:中华书局,1976:1483.
[4]班固.汉书:天文志[Z].∥历代天文律历等志汇编(一).北京:中华书局,1975:88.
[5]同[2]:167.
[6]李约瑟.中国科学技术史:天学(第四卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1975:182,187.
[7]同[6]:155,178.
[8]同[6]:155,138.
[9]同[3]:1481.
[10]同[3]:1410.
[11]a.中国天文学史整理研究小组.中国天文学史[M].北京:科学出版社,1981:74.b.李鉴澄.岁差在我国的发现、测定和冬至日所在的考证[C]∥中国天文学史文集(第3集).北京:科学出版社,1984:124-137.
[12]同[3]:1482-1483.
[13]同[3].
[14]同[3].
[15]同[2]:170.
[16]蔡邕撰,臧庸辑.蔡氏月令章句[Z]∥丛书集成续编(第10册).上海:上海书店影印版,1994:414.
[17]陈美东.中国科学技术史:天文学卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:135.
[18]a.同[11]a:48.b.同[16]:18.
[19]a.潘鼐.中国恒星观测史[M].上海:学林出版社,2009:26-28.b.孙小淳.关于汉代的黄道坐标测量及其天文学意义[J].自然科学史研究,2000(2).
[20]同[19]a:25.
[21]同[11]a:48.b.同[17]:181.c.同[19]a.
[22]同[11]a:47.
[23]同[6]:144-145.
[24]司马迁.史记:天官书[Z]∥历代天文律历等志汇编(一).北京:中华书局,1975:45,11,16.
[25]同[6]:39.
[26]同[2]:174.
[27]同[3]:1485.
[28]同[6]:185,191.
[29]武家璧.观象授时--楚国的天文历法[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2001:118.
[30]陕西省考古研究所,西安交通大学.西安交通大学西汉壁画墓[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1991:25.
[31]a.吕不韦撰,许维遹注.吕氏春秋集释:仲春纪(第1卷)[M].北京:北京市中国书店,1985影印版:1.b.孙希旦.礼记集解:月令[M].北京:中华书局,1989:400.
[32]张双棣.淮南子校释:天文训[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1997:374.
[33]郑玄注,孔颖达疏.礼记正义:月令[Z]∥十三经注疏(标点本).北京:北京大学出版社,1999:508.
[34]瞿昙悉达撰,常秉义点校.开元占经[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2006:613-616,639-641.
[35]同[16]:68.
[36]湖北省博物馆.曾侯乙墓[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:356.
[37]同[29]:图版2.
[38]同[32]:689.
[39]杨伯峻.孟子译注:离娄[M].北京:中华书局,1962:182.
[40]同[32]:196.
[41]张双棣.淮南子校释:本经训[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1997:828.
[2]李淳风.晋书:天文志[M].∥历代天文律历等志汇编(一).北京:中华书局,1976:193.
[3]司马彪.续汉书:律历志[Z].∥历代天文律历等志汇编(五).北京:中华书局,1976:1483.
[4]班固.汉书:天文志[Z].∥历代天文律历等志汇编(一).北京:中华书局,1975:88.
[5]同[2]:167.
[6]李约瑟.中国科学技术史:天学(第四卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1975:182,187.
[7]同[6]:155,178.
[8]同[6]:155,138.
[9]同[3]:1481.
[10]同[3]:1410.
[11]a.中国天文学史整理研究小组.中国天文学史[M].北京:科学出版社,1981:74.b.李鉴澄.岁差在我国的发现、测定和冬至日所在的考证[C]∥中国天文学史文集(第3集).北京:科学出版社,1984:124-137.
[12]同[3]:1482-1483.
[13]同[3].
[14]同[3].
[15]同[2]:170.
[16]蔡邕撰,臧庸辑.蔡氏月令章句[Z]∥丛书集成续编(第10册).上海:上海书店影印版,1994:414.
[17]陈美东.中国科学技术史:天文学卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:135.
[18]a.同[11]a:48.b.同[16]:18.
[19]a.潘鼐.中国恒星观测史[M].上海:学林出版社,2009:26-28.b.孙小淳.关于汉代的黄道坐标测量及其天文学意义[J].自然科学史研究,2000(2).
[20]同[19]a:25.
[21]同[11]a:48.b.同[17]:181.c.同[19]a.
[22]同[11]a:47.
[23]同[6]:144-145.
[24]司马迁.史记:天官书[Z]∥历代天文律历等志汇编(一).北京:中华书局,1975:45,11,16.
[25]同[6]:39.
[26]同[2]:174.
[27]同[3]:1485.
[28]同[6]:185,191.
[29]武家璧.观象授时--楚国的天文历法[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2001:118.
[30]陕西省考古研究所,西安交通大学.西安交通大学西汉壁画墓[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1991:25.
[31]a.吕不韦撰,许维遹注.吕氏春秋集释:仲春纪(第1卷)[M].北京:北京市中国书店,1985影印版:1.b.孙希旦.礼记集解:月令[M].北京:中华书局,1989:400.
[32]张双棣.淮南子校释:天文训[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1997:374.
[33]郑玄注,孔颖达疏.礼记正义:月令[Z]∥十三经注疏(标点本).北京:北京大学出版社,1999:508.
[34]瞿昙悉达撰,常秉义点校.开元占经[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2006:613-616,639-641.
[35]同[16]:68.
[36]湖北省博物馆.曾侯乙墓[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:356.
[37]同[29]:图版2.
[38]同[32]:689.
[39]杨伯峻.孟子译注:离娄[M].北京:中华书局,1962:182.
[40]同[32]:196.
[41]张双棣.淮南子校释:本经训[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1997:828.
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