Carrara大理岩在轴向压缩实验过程中的显微构造特征及变形机制研究
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摘要
为了研究大理岩在变形过程中显微构造特征的演化及其主导变形机制,本文以利用Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪轴向压缩模块在一定温度(600～900℃)、围压(～300 MPa)和应变速率(5.92×10~(-3)~1.04×10~(-5) s~(-1))条件下施加不同应变量(2%～25.8%)的Carrara大理岩实验变形样品为研究对象,利用光学显微镜对变形前后Carrara大理岩的显微构造特征进行系统的观察和对比分析。观察发现本研究实验条件下样品发育机械双晶、波状消光、颗粒细化等显微构造特征,表明变形过程中激活的塑性变形机制包括双晶滑移、位错蠕变和动态重结晶等。通过统计动态重结晶方解石颗粒的粒度,结合前人的实验研究结果,厘定了方解石颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶古应力计和亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶古应力计。对比不同应变量和温度条件下变形样品的显微构造特征,发现方解石的显微构造特征随着应变量的增加和温度的升高不断发生变化,暗示着主导Carrara大理岩塑性变形的微观变形机制也发生了相应的改变,为力学数据拟合时应力指数n的变化提供了合理的解释。此外, Carrara大理岩在高温条件下也会发生双晶滑移,在应变量和应力相同的情况下,双晶厚度随温度的升高而增加。
In order to investigate the microstructural evolution and corresponding plastic strain mechanism during deformation, we observed and analyzed the deformed Carrara marble samples that have been axial compressed using a Paterson gas-medium apparatus at the pressure of ～300 MPa, temperatures of 600℃ to 900℃, strain rates of 5.92×10~(-3) to 1.04×10~(-5) s~(-1), and strains of 2% to 25.8%, using transmitted-light microscope with camera and polarizer. Mechanical twins, undulating extinction and grain size reduction were observed in the samples that were recovered after deformation experiments, indicating twinning, dislocation glide and recrystallization occurred during the deformation. Based on the measured grain sizes of recrystallized samples after experiments and combined with related previous studies, we quantified paleopiezometer parameters of calcite for grain boundary migration dynamic recrystallization and subgrain rotation dynamic recrystallization, respectively. Furthermore, the microstructural characteristics varied with increasing strain and temperature, suggesting the dominant deformation mechanism changed accordingly. It reasonably explained the variation of stress exponent n when we did the best fitting of the collected mechanical data. Specially, increasing temperature and strain can reinforce driving energy for deformation, and help activate the deformation mechanism, which need relative high driving energy to be activated. In addition, we can find mechanical twin even at high temperature; and the thickness of the twin increases with temperature while keeping strain and stress fixed.
In order to investigate the microstructural evolution and corresponding plastic strain mechanism during deformation, we observed and analyzed the deformed Carrara marble samples that have been axial compressed using a Paterson gas-medium apparatus at the pressure of ～300 MPa, temperatures of 600℃ to 900℃, strain rates of 5.92×10~(-3) to 1.04×10~(-5) s~(-1), and strains of 2% to 25.8%, using transmitted-light microscope with camera and polarizer. Mechanical twins, undulating extinction and grain size reduction were observed in the samples that were recovered after deformation experiments, indicating twinning, dislocation glide and recrystallization occurred during the deformation. Based on the measured grain sizes of recrystallized samples after experiments and combined with related previous studies, we quantified paleopiezometer parameters of calcite for grain boundary migration dynamic recrystallization and subgrain rotation dynamic recrystallization, respectively. Furthermore, the microstructural characteristics varied with increasing strain and temperature, suggesting the dominant deformation mechanism changed accordingly. It reasonably explained the variation of stress exponent n when we did the best fitting of the collected mechanical data. Specially, increasing temperature and strain can reinforce driving energy for deformation, and help activate the deformation mechanism, which need relative high driving energy to be activated. In addition, we can find mechanical twin even at high temperature; and the thickness of the twin increases with temperature while keeping strain and stress fixed.
引文
胡玲,刘俊来,纪沫,曹淑云,张宏远,赵忠岩.2009.变形显微构造识别手册.北京:地质出版社:1-4.
李建峰,宋茂双,邵同宾,夏莹,王茜,周微.2013.Paterson流变仪轴向变形力学数据的校正方法.大地构造与成矿学,37(1):127-137.
邵同宾,嵇少丞,李建峰,王茜,宋茂双.2011.Paterson高温高压流变仪及其在岩石流变学中的应用.大地构造与成矿学,35(3):457-476.
邵同宾,宋茂双,李建峰,张桂男,夏莹.2016.叶蛇纹岩脆性?半脆性破裂研究.岩石学报,32(6):1675-1687.
宋茂双,邵同宾,李建峰,嵇少丞,王茜.2014.Carrara大理岩高温高压变形实验研究.岩石学报,30(2):589-596.
Barnhoorn A,Bystricky M,Burlini L and Kunze K.2004.The role of recrystallisation on the deformation behaviour of calcite rocks:Large strain torsion experiments on Carrara marble.Journal of Structural Geology,26(5):885-903.
Bestmann M,Kunze K and Matthews A.2000.Evolution of a calcite marble shear zone complex on Thassos Island,Greece:Microstructural and textural fabrics and their kinematic significance.Journal of Structural Geology,22(11-12):1789-1807.
Bestmann M,Prior D J and Grasemann B.2006.Characterisation of deformation and flow mechanics around porphyroclasts in a calcite marble ultramylonite by means of EBSD analysis.Tectonophysics,413(3-4):185-200.
Burkhard M.1993.Calcite twins,their geometry,appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime:A review.Journal of Structural Geology,15(3):351-368.
De Bresser J,Urai J and Olgaard D.2005.Effect of water on the strength and microstructure of Carrara marble axially compressed at high temperature.Journal of Structural Geology,27(2):265-281.
Friedman M and Higgs N G.1981.Calcite fabrics in experimental shear zones.Geophysical Monograph Series.Mechanical Behavior Crustal Rocks,24:11-28.
Kennedy L and White J.2001.Low-temperature recrystallization in calcite:Mechanisms and consequences.Geology,29(11):1027-1030.
Leiss B and Molli G.2003.High-temperature texture in naturally deformed Carrara marble from the Alpi Apuane,Italy.Journal of Structural Geology,25(4):649-658.
Li Z and Gerya T V.2009.Polyphase formation and exhumation of high-to ultrahigh-pressure rocks in continental subduction zone:Numerical modeling and application to the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane in eastern China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,114(B9):B09406.
Ma L J,Liu J L,Li H F,Wang X Y and Zhong X Y.2000.Deformation mechanisms of Carrara marble under increasing temperatures from 300 to 550℃℃.Journal of Geoscientific Research Northeast Asia,3(2):161-168.
Molli G,Conti P,Giorgetti G,Meccheri M and Oesterling N.2000.Microfabric study on the deformational and thermal history of the Alpi Apuane marbles(Carrara marbles),Italy.Journal of Structural Geology,22(11):1809-1825.
Oesterling N,Heilbronner R,Stünitz H,Barnhoorn A and Molli G.2007.Strain dependent variation of microstructure and texture in naturally deformed Carrara marble.Journal of Structural Geology,29(4):681-696.
Passchier C and Coelho S.2006.An outline of shear-sense analysis in high-grade rocks.Gondwana Research,10(1):66-76.
Pieri M,Burlini L,Kunze K,Stretton I and Olgaard D L.2001a.Rheological and microstructural evolution of Carrara marble with high shear strain:Results from high temperature torsion experiments.Journal of Structural Geology,23(9):1393-1413.
Pieri M,Kunze K,Burlini L,Stretton I,Olgaard D L and Wenk H R.2001b.Texture development of calcite by deformation and dynamic recrystallization at 1000 Kduring torsion experiments of marble to large strains.Tectonophysics,330(1):119-140.
Rutter E H.1995.Experimental study of the influence of stress,temperature,and strain on the dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,100(B12):24651-24663.
Schmid S,Panozzo R and Bauer S.1987.Simple shear experiments on calcite rocks:Rheology and microfabric.Journal of Structural Geology,9(5-6):747-778.
Schmid S,Paterson M and Boland J.1980.High temperature flow and dynamic recrystallization in Carrara marble.Tectonophysics,65(3-4):245-280.
Twiss R J.1977.Theory and applicability of a recrystallized grain size paleopiezometer.Pageoph,115:227-244.
Ulrich S,Schulmann K and Casey M.2002.Microstructural evolution and rheological behaviour of marbles deformed at different crustal levels.Journal of Structural Geology,24(5):979-995.
Valcke S L A,De Bresser J H P,Pennock G M and Drury MR.2014.Influence of deformation conditions on the development of heterogeneous recrystallization microstructures in experimentally deformed Carrara marble.The Geological Society of London,409:175-200.
Wenk H R,Takeshita T,Van Houtte P and Wagner F.1986.Plastic anisotropy and texture development in calcite polycrystals.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,91:3861-3869.
李建峰,宋茂双,邵同宾,夏莹,王茜,周微.2013.Paterson流变仪轴向变形力学数据的校正方法.大地构造与成矿学,37(1):127-137.
邵同宾,嵇少丞,李建峰,王茜,宋茂双.2011.Paterson高温高压流变仪及其在岩石流变学中的应用.大地构造与成矿学,35(3):457-476.
邵同宾,宋茂双,李建峰,张桂男,夏莹.2016.叶蛇纹岩脆性?半脆性破裂研究.岩石学报,32(6):1675-1687.
宋茂双,邵同宾,李建峰,嵇少丞,王茜.2014.Carrara大理岩高温高压变形实验研究.岩石学报,30(2):589-596.
Barnhoorn A,Bystricky M,Burlini L and Kunze K.2004.The role of recrystallisation on the deformation behaviour of calcite rocks:Large strain torsion experiments on Carrara marble.Journal of Structural Geology,26(5):885-903.
Bestmann M,Kunze K and Matthews A.2000.Evolution of a calcite marble shear zone complex on Thassos Island,Greece:Microstructural and textural fabrics and their kinematic significance.Journal of Structural Geology,22(11-12):1789-1807.
Bestmann M,Prior D J and Grasemann B.2006.Characterisation of deformation and flow mechanics around porphyroclasts in a calcite marble ultramylonite by means of EBSD analysis.Tectonophysics,413(3-4):185-200.
Burkhard M.1993.Calcite twins,their geometry,appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime:A review.Journal of Structural Geology,15(3):351-368.
De Bresser J,Urai J and Olgaard D.2005.Effect of water on the strength and microstructure of Carrara marble axially compressed at high temperature.Journal of Structural Geology,27(2):265-281.
Friedman M and Higgs N G.1981.Calcite fabrics in experimental shear zones.Geophysical Monograph Series.Mechanical Behavior Crustal Rocks,24:11-28.
Kennedy L and White J.2001.Low-temperature recrystallization in calcite:Mechanisms and consequences.Geology,29(11):1027-1030.
Leiss B and Molli G.2003.High-temperature texture in naturally deformed Carrara marble from the Alpi Apuane,Italy.Journal of Structural Geology,25(4):649-658.
Li Z and Gerya T V.2009.Polyphase formation and exhumation of high-to ultrahigh-pressure rocks in continental subduction zone:Numerical modeling and application to the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane in eastern China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,114(B9):B09406.
Ma L J,Liu J L,Li H F,Wang X Y and Zhong X Y.2000.Deformation mechanisms of Carrara marble under increasing temperatures from 300 to 550℃℃.Journal of Geoscientific Research Northeast Asia,3(2):161-168.
Molli G,Conti P,Giorgetti G,Meccheri M and Oesterling N.2000.Microfabric study on the deformational and thermal history of the Alpi Apuane marbles(Carrara marbles),Italy.Journal of Structural Geology,22(11):1809-1825.
Oesterling N,Heilbronner R,Stünitz H,Barnhoorn A and Molli G.2007.Strain dependent variation of microstructure and texture in naturally deformed Carrara marble.Journal of Structural Geology,29(4):681-696.
Passchier C and Coelho S.2006.An outline of shear-sense analysis in high-grade rocks.Gondwana Research,10(1):66-76.
Pieri M,Burlini L,Kunze K,Stretton I and Olgaard D L.2001a.Rheological and microstructural evolution of Carrara marble with high shear strain:Results from high temperature torsion experiments.Journal of Structural Geology,23(9):1393-1413.
Pieri M,Kunze K,Burlini L,Stretton I,Olgaard D L and Wenk H R.2001b.Texture development of calcite by deformation and dynamic recrystallization at 1000 Kduring torsion experiments of marble to large strains.Tectonophysics,330(1):119-140.
Rutter E H.1995.Experimental study of the influence of stress,temperature,and strain on the dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,100(B12):24651-24663.
Schmid S,Panozzo R and Bauer S.1987.Simple shear experiments on calcite rocks:Rheology and microfabric.Journal of Structural Geology,9(5-6):747-778.
Schmid S,Paterson M and Boland J.1980.High temperature flow and dynamic recrystallization in Carrara marble.Tectonophysics,65(3-4):245-280.
Twiss R J.1977.Theory and applicability of a recrystallized grain size paleopiezometer.Pageoph,115:227-244.
Ulrich S,Schulmann K and Casey M.2002.Microstructural evolution and rheological behaviour of marbles deformed at different crustal levels.Journal of Structural Geology,24(5):979-995.
Valcke S L A,De Bresser J H P,Pennock G M and Drury MR.2014.Influence of deformation conditions on the development of heterogeneous recrystallization microstructures in experimentally deformed Carrara marble.The Geological Society of London,409:175-200.
Wenk H R,Takeshita T,Van Houtte P and Wagner F.1986.Plastic anisotropy and texture development in calcite polycrystals.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,91:3861-3869.