中国东部岩石圈地幔的富化和置换过程
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摘要
中国东部大陆主要由华北和华南两个古老地块在早中生代沿秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带拼合形成,在显生宙特别是晚中生代时,东部大陆特别是华北东部发生显著活化,表现为浅部强烈的构造变形、盆地形成、岩浆活动、巨量成矿和深部岩石圈地幔的改造、减薄和增生作用,从而明显区别于全球其他稳定的克拉通地区。本文梳理了中国东部大陆演化历史和岩石圈地幔特征,认为华北和华南地块均由古老陆块拼合而成,块体初始规模小且内部发育薄弱带;显生宙以来华北、华南甚至整个中国东部都受到周边多个构造域的夹持影响,板片俯冲引起的软流圈上涌和熔流体活动沿大陆内部薄弱带和边缘有效侵蚀、改造上覆大陆岩石圈,使之发生减薄、再富集和置换作用,这种被改造的岩石圈地幔具有饱满的组成(富含玄武质组分)、较高的密度和较低的刚性程度,容易发生构造变形和部分熔融,使原本稳定的克拉通发生活化。因此,块体规模和内部薄弱带(内因)及周边构造环境(外因)是大陆稳定性的重要控制因素,中国东部大陆显生宙活化是这些因素协同作用的结果。
The continent of eastern China was formed by the welding of two ancient blocks(the North China and South China cratons) along the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt in the Early Mesozoic. This continent, especially the part of the eastern North China Craton, was remarkably destabilized in the Late Mesozoic, with characteristics of the apparent strong tectonic deformation, large-scale basin formation, vigorous magmatism, and huge amounts of mineralization in the continental crust and the modification, thinning, and accretion of the beneath lithospheric mantle. Thus, this continent is obviously distinguishable from other typical stable craton regions in the world. Based on an overview of the evolution history and characteristics of the lithospheric mantle of the continent of eastern China in this paper, it is believed that the North China and South China blocks in the eastern China were formed by the welding of ancient blocks which were composed of small cratonic nucleuses and lithospheric weak zones. Especially, eastern parts of the North China and South China blocks were both affected by various surrounding tectonic domains in the Phanerozoic. The asthenosphere upwelling and the melt-fluid activity, resulted from the plate subduction, along the lithospheric weak zones and margins could erode and modify the overlying lithospheric mantle effectively. This could eventually result in the thinning, refertilization and replacement of the lithospheric mantle. The modified lithospheric mantle, with fertile components(rich in basaltic composition), relatively high density and low rigidity, could be easily deformed and partially melted, resulting in the ultimate destabilization of the originally stable craton.Therefore, the size, inner lithospheric weak zones of craton(internal factors) and the surrounding tectonic environment(external factor) are significant factors controlling the stability of continents. The Phanerozoic continental destabilization of the eastern China is the comprehensive effect of these factors.
The continent of eastern China was formed by the welding of two ancient blocks(the North China and South China cratons) along the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt in the Early Mesozoic. This continent, especially the part of the eastern North China Craton, was remarkably destabilized in the Late Mesozoic, with characteristics of the apparent strong tectonic deformation, large-scale basin formation, vigorous magmatism, and huge amounts of mineralization in the continental crust and the modification, thinning, and accretion of the beneath lithospheric mantle. Thus, this continent is obviously distinguishable from other typical stable craton regions in the world. Based on an overview of the evolution history and characteristics of the lithospheric mantle of the continent of eastern China in this paper, it is believed that the North China and South China blocks in the eastern China were formed by the welding of ancient blocks which were composed of small cratonic nucleuses and lithospheric weak zones. Especially, eastern parts of the North China and South China blocks were both affected by various surrounding tectonic domains in the Phanerozoic. The asthenosphere upwelling and the melt-fluid activity, resulted from the plate subduction, along the lithospheric weak zones and margins could erode and modify the overlying lithospheric mantle effectively. This could eventually result in the thinning, refertilization and replacement of the lithospheric mantle. The modified lithospheric mantle, with fertile components(rich in basaltic composition), relatively high density and low rigidity, could be easily deformed and partially melted, resulting in the ultimate destabilization of the originally stable craton.Therefore, the size, inner lithospheric weak zones of craton(internal factors) and the surrounding tectonic environment(external factor) are significant factors controlling the stability of continents. The Phanerozoic continental destabilization of the eastern China is the comprehensive effect of these factors.
引文
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