土壤改良对土壤水水化学及碳酸盐岩溶蚀的CO_2净消耗量的影响
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摘要
为研究利用滤泥与不同有机肥搭配对岩溶土壤进行改良增加无机碳汇的最佳实施方案,在果化示范区开展了滤泥、滤泥+秸秆+沼液和滤泥+秸秆+牛粪等三种土壤改良方案试验,在各个改良地和对照地埋放标准溶蚀试片和土壤水收集器,测试一年试片溶蚀速率和不同月份土壤水主要阴阳离子浓度。结果表明:滤泥中含有大量钙盐和硫酸盐,导致土壤水类型为Ca-SO_4。各个改良地和对照地土壤水中参与岩溶作用的[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/HCO~-_3(当量浓度)均大于1,表明外源酸参与了土壤中碳酸盐岩溶蚀。施肥高峰期,试验区本底土壤CO_2净消耗量出现负值,原因是硝化作用产生的H~+与土壤水中HCO~-_3发生脱气作用,导致CO_2从水中逸出。单施滤泥改良后,滤泥有机酸显著提高了试片溶蚀速率,但土壤水pH值降低,H~+的大量存在导致脱气作用加剧,年均碳酸贡献率为-0.32,年均减少CO_2净消耗量0.66 mmol·L~(-1)。滤泥配施秸秆和牛粪引起8月脱气作用加剧,其他月份同样削弱了脱气作用,最终导致CO_2年均净消耗量几乎不变。滤泥配施秸秆和沼液大大削弱了单施滤泥引起的脱气作用,同时减小了土壤中碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率的增强程度,最终导致CO_2年均净消耗量增加了0.065 mmol·L~(-1),该方案为最佳增加无机碳汇的实施方案。
In order to find the optimal soil improvement scheme that can increase inorganic carbon sink using filter sludge and different organic fertilizer, three soil improvement schemes were designed in demonstration area,namely,Filter Sludge(LN),Filter Sludge+Straw+Biogas Slurry(LNJZ)and Filter Sludge+Straw+Cow Manure(LNJN). Standard corrosion test tablets and soil water traps were buried in each modified and controlled soil to test the one-year dissolution rates and concentrations of main anions and cations in soil water in different months.The results showed that there were a large amount of calcium salt and sulfate in the filter sludge, which had resulted in the type of soil water being Ca-SO_4. The values of [Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/HCO~-_3 involved in karst process of all the modified and controlled soil water were more than 1, which indicated that exogenous acid involved in the dissolution of carbonate rocks in the soils. At the peak of fertilization, the net consumptions of CO_2 in control soils were negative. The reason was that the H~+ produced by nitrification and HCO~-_3 in the water had degrassing effect,which led to the escape of CO_2 from the water. Under LN scheme, organic acid in the filter sludge significantly increased the dissolution rate of the test tablets, but the pH value of soil water decreased and the massive presence of H~+ led to the aggravation of degassing of HCO~-_3 and H~+.And the average annual contribution rate of carbonate was-0.32, with an annual reduction of CO_2 consumption of 0.66 mmol·L~(-1). Application of straw and cow manure caused serious degassing in August, and weakened the degassing effect in other months,resulting in almost unchanged annual net consumption of CO_2.Applications of straw and biogas slurry greatly weakened the degassing effect caused by filter sludge, and reduced the enhancement degree of carbonate rocks dissolution rates, resulting in an increase of 0.065 mmol·L~(-1) of average annual net CO_2 consumption.LNJZ was an optional scheme to increase inorganic carbon sink.
In order to find the optimal soil improvement scheme that can increase inorganic carbon sink using filter sludge and different organic fertilizer, three soil improvement schemes were designed in demonstration area,namely,Filter Sludge(LN),Filter Sludge+Straw+Biogas Slurry(LNJZ)and Filter Sludge+Straw+Cow Manure(LNJN). Standard corrosion test tablets and soil water traps were buried in each modified and controlled soil to test the one-year dissolution rates and concentrations of main anions and cations in soil water in different months.The results showed that there were a large amount of calcium salt and sulfate in the filter sludge, which had resulted in the type of soil water being Ca-SO_4. The values of [Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/HCO~-_3 involved in karst process of all the modified and controlled soil water were more than 1, which indicated that exogenous acid involved in the dissolution of carbonate rocks in the soils. At the peak of fertilization, the net consumptions of CO_2 in control soils were negative. The reason was that the H~+ produced by nitrification and HCO~-_3 in the water had degrassing effect,which led to the escape of CO_2 from the water. Under LN scheme, organic acid in the filter sludge significantly increased the dissolution rate of the test tablets, but the pH value of soil water decreased and the massive presence of H~+ led to the aggravation of degassing of HCO~-_3 and H~+.And the average annual contribution rate of carbonate was-0.32, with an annual reduction of CO_2 consumption of 0.66 mmol·L~(-1). Application of straw and cow manure caused serious degassing in August, and weakened the degassing effect in other months,resulting in almost unchanged annual net consumption of CO_2.Applications of straw and biogas slurry greatly weakened the degassing effect caused by filter sludge, and reduced the enhancement degree of carbonate rocks dissolution rates, resulting in an increase of 0.065 mmol·L~(-1) of average annual net CO_2 consumption.LNJZ was an optional scheme to increase inorganic carbon sink.
引文
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[12] 周运超,潘根兴,张平究,等.添加有机物料对岩溶系统中碳转移及灰岩溶蚀的影响研究[J].中国岩溶,2002,21(3):153-158.
[13] 曹建华,潘根兴,袁道先.柠檬酸对石灰岩溶蚀动力模拟及岩溶意义[J].中国岩溶,2001,20(1):1-4.
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[15] 刘再华,Dreybrodt W.碳酸盐风化碳汇与森林碳汇的对比:碳汇研究思路和方法变革的必要性[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(4):345-348.
[16] 黄芬,张春来,杨慧,等.中国岩溶碳汇过程与效应研究成果及展望[J].中国地质调查,2014,1(3):57-66.
[17] 张兴波,蒋勇军,邱述兰,等.农业活动对岩溶作用碳汇的影响:以重庆青木关地下河流域为例[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(4):466-476.
[18] Khadijia S,Philippe A S,Clauer N.Impact of Nitrogen fertilizers on the natural weathering-erosion processes and fuluvial transport in the Garonne basin Garonne basi[J].Applied Geochemistry,2000,15(6):865-878.
[19] Anne-sophie P,Probst A,Jean-luc P.Impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on carbonate dissolution in small argicultural cathchments:Imaplications for weathering CO2 uptake at regional and global scales[J].Cosmochimica ACTA,2008,72(13):865-878.
[20] 罗为群,蒋忠诚,覃小群.岩溶石山区石灰土改良方法及对比试验研究:以广西平果县龙何屯为例[J].地球与环境,2008,36(1):87-92.
[21] 陈伟杰,任晓冬,熊康宁.石漠化土地固碳潜力分析:以贵州为例[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):163-168.
[22] 陈伟杰,熊康宁,任晓冬,等.岩溶地区石漠化综合治理的固碳增汇效应研究:基于实地监测数据的分析[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(3):229-238.
[23] 樊保宁.利用滤泥研制甘蔗有机-无机复混肥料[J].磷肥与复肥,2007,22(3):57-58,70.
[24] 鞠然,许燕,王征,等.亚硫酸法蔗糖滤泥在污水处理中应用的经验总结[J].广西轻工业,2011(11):93-94.
[25] 虎玉森,王兴民.糖厂滤泥中肥效成分的研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1998,33(1):87-89.
[26] 吴华英,覃星铭,蒋忠诚,等.桂林会仙岩溶作用对石灰土壤水锌离子浓度的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2009,30(6):761-765.
[27] 郇恒福,刘国道,Webb M,等.施用不同土壤改良剂对砖红壤交换性能影响的初步研究[J].热带作物学报,2009,30(11):1-14.
[28] 刘再华,Dreybrodt W,韩军,等.CaCO3-CO2-H2O岩溶系统的平衡化学及其分析[J].中国岩溶,2005,24(1):1-14.
[29] 黄黎英,曹建华,何寻阳,等.几种低分子量有机酸对石灰岩溶蚀作用的室内模拟试验[J].地球与环境,2006,34(3):44-50.
[30] 张大庚,栗杰,刘慧.外源低分子量有机酸对土壤中钙素迁移特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):152-155.
[31] 刘再华.碳酸盐岩岩溶作用对大气CO2沉降的贡献[J].中国岩溶,2000,19(4):293-300.
[32] 赵瑞一,梁作兵,王尊波,等.旱季不同土地利用类型下岩溶碳汇效应差异[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1598-1604.
[33] 邱述兰,蒋勇军,张兴波,等.重庆市青木关地下河水化学及其δ13CDIC变化特征[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(3):279-288.
[2] 耿元波,董云社,孟维奇.陆地碳循环研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(4):297-306.
[3] 邱冬生,庄大方,胡云锋,等.中国岩石风化作用所致的碳汇能力估算[J].地球科学,2004,29(2):177-182,19.
[4] 袁道先,蒋忠诚.IGCP379“岩溶作用与碳循环”在中国的研究进展[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,27(1):49-51.
[5] 张之淦,黄保健,黄海澎.碳循环与岩溶土壤改良:原理与综述[J].中国岩溶,2002,21(1):7-13.
[6] 潘根兴,孙玉华,滕永忠,等.湿润亚热带峰丛洼地岩溶土壤系统中碳分布及其转移[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):70-73.
[7] 潘根兴,腾永忠,陶于祥,等.土壤化学场对桂林地区表层岩溶的影响:野外监测与实验室模拟[J].土壤,2000,32(4):173-177.
[8] 潘根兴,曹建华,何师意,等.岩溶土壤系统对空气CO2的吸收及其对陆地系统碳汇的意义:以桂林丫吉村岩溶试验场的野外观测和模拟实验为例[J].地学前缘,2000,7(4):580-587.
[9] 潘根兴,曹建华,何师意,等.桂林丫吉村岩溶试验场岩溶土壤碳转移与水排碳作用[J].自然科学进展,2001,11(7):704-709.
[10] 曹建华,周莉,杨慧,等.桂林毛村岩溶区与碎屑岩区林下土壤碳迁移对比及岩溶碳汇效应研究[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(3):431-437.
[11] 罗为群,蒋忠诚,邓艳,等.石灰土改良试验及其岩溶作用响应研究[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(3):221-227.
[12] 周运超,潘根兴,张平究,等.添加有机物料对岩溶系统中碳转移及灰岩溶蚀的影响研究[J].中国岩溶,2002,21(3):153-158.
[13] 曹建华,潘根兴,袁道先.柠檬酸对石灰岩溶蚀动力模拟及岩溶意义[J].中国岩溶,2001,20(1):1-4.
[14] 罗为群,蒋忠诚,赵草著,等.亚硫酸法糖厂滤泥改良石灰土试验研究[J].农业现代化研究,2009,30(2):248-252.
[15] 刘再华,Dreybrodt W.碳酸盐风化碳汇与森林碳汇的对比:碳汇研究思路和方法变革的必要性[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(4):345-348.
[16] 黄芬,张春来,杨慧,等.中国岩溶碳汇过程与效应研究成果及展望[J].中国地质调查,2014,1(3):57-66.
[17] 张兴波,蒋勇军,邱述兰,等.农业活动对岩溶作用碳汇的影响:以重庆青木关地下河流域为例[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(4):466-476.
[18] Khadijia S,Philippe A S,Clauer N.Impact of Nitrogen fertilizers on the natural weathering-erosion processes and fuluvial transport in the Garonne basin Garonne basi[J].Applied Geochemistry,2000,15(6):865-878.
[19] Anne-sophie P,Probst A,Jean-luc P.Impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on carbonate dissolution in small argicultural cathchments:Imaplications for weathering CO2 uptake at regional and global scales[J].Cosmochimica ACTA,2008,72(13):865-878.
[20] 罗为群,蒋忠诚,覃小群.岩溶石山区石灰土改良方法及对比试验研究:以广西平果县龙何屯为例[J].地球与环境,2008,36(1):87-92.
[21] 陈伟杰,任晓冬,熊康宁.石漠化土地固碳潜力分析:以贵州为例[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):163-168.
[22] 陈伟杰,熊康宁,任晓冬,等.岩溶地区石漠化综合治理的固碳增汇效应研究:基于实地监测数据的分析[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(3):229-238.
[23] 樊保宁.利用滤泥研制甘蔗有机-无机复混肥料[J].磷肥与复肥,2007,22(3):57-58,70.
[24] 鞠然,许燕,王征,等.亚硫酸法蔗糖滤泥在污水处理中应用的经验总结[J].广西轻工业,2011(11):93-94.
[25] 虎玉森,王兴民.糖厂滤泥中肥效成分的研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1998,33(1):87-89.
[26] 吴华英,覃星铭,蒋忠诚,等.桂林会仙岩溶作用对石灰土壤水锌离子浓度的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2009,30(6):761-765.
[27] 郇恒福,刘国道,Webb M,等.施用不同土壤改良剂对砖红壤交换性能影响的初步研究[J].热带作物学报,2009,30(11):1-14.
[28] 刘再华,Dreybrodt W,韩军,等.CaCO3-CO2-H2O岩溶系统的平衡化学及其分析[J].中国岩溶,2005,24(1):1-14.
[29] 黄黎英,曹建华,何寻阳,等.几种低分子量有机酸对石灰岩溶蚀作用的室内模拟试验[J].地球与环境,2006,34(3):44-50.
[30] 张大庚,栗杰,刘慧.外源低分子量有机酸对土壤中钙素迁移特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):152-155.
[31] 刘再华.碳酸盐岩岩溶作用对大气CO2沉降的贡献[J].中国岩溶,2000,19(4):293-300.
[32] 赵瑞一,梁作兵,王尊波,等.旱季不同土地利用类型下岩溶碳汇效应差异[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1598-1604.
[33] 邱述兰,蒋勇军,张兴波,等.重庆市青木关地下河水化学及其δ13CDIC变化特征[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(3):279-288.
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