海南地区鱼虾混养模式下密度对罗非鱼的生长、代谢和免疫的影响
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摘要
为优化鱼虾混养模式,设置不同的罗非鱼(Oreochromis)养殖密度(6 000、8 000和10 000尾/667 m~2),凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)轮捕轮放,每次每口5 000尾,通过150 d的养殖比较分析罗非鱼生长、血清代谢和非特异性免疫。结果显示:3个密度下罗非鱼增重率分别为71 194%、69 285%和49 977%,特定生长率分别为4.37%/d、4.36%/d和4.14%/d;10 000尾/667 m~2密度下罗非鱼血清中葡萄糖、甘油三脂和总胆固醇浓度均低于6 000尾/667 m~2和8 000尾/667 m~2密度组,而血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量则呈现相反的趋势;肝脏免疫基因C-LZM表达量随着养殖密度的上升显著下调,而IL-1β、TNF-α则与之相反,6 000尾/667 m~2密度下罗非鱼肝脏表达水平显著低于10 000尾/667 m~2组。结果表明,高密度养殖下养殖密度对罗非鱼生长、血清代谢、肝脏免疫基因表达影响显著,建议罗非鱼密度不高于8 000尾/667 m~2。
An 150-days feeding trail was conducted to access the effects of different stocking densities(6 000/667 m~2, 10 000/667 m~28 000/667 m~2) of tilapia on growth, serum metabolism and innate immune responses of GIFT tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus), with the purpose of optimizing model of mixed culture of fish and shrimp(Penaeus vannamei). Shrimps were catching and stocking in rotation, 5 000 each time. At the end of feeding trail, the weight gain rates(WGR) and specific growth rates(SGR) of tilapia had been significantly affected by culturing density(P<0.05). WGR were 71 194%, 68 285%and 49 977%, respectively. SGR were 4.37%/d, 4.36%/d and 4.14%/d, respectively. In serum metabolism, serum glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in fish cultured with density of 10 000/667 m~(2 ) were significantly lower than those with densities of 6 000/667 m~2 and 8 000/667 m~2. However, the results of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activities showed the reverse trend. In innate immune responses, the expression of immune related hepatic genes C-LZM increased significantly(P<0.05) by incremental stocking density while expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α showed the reverse trend. Tilapia feeding in 6 000/667 m~2 density showed down regulation of hepatic transcription in IL-1β and TNF-α compared to 10 000/667 m~2. Based on the analysis of above data, this research can draw the conclusion that high stocking intensity plays an important role in growth performance,serum metabolism and innate immune response of tilapia,the optimal tilapia culturing density was estimated to not beyond 8 000/667 m~2.
An 150-days feeding trail was conducted to access the effects of different stocking densities(6 000/667 m~2, 10 000/667 m~28 000/667 m~2) of tilapia on growth, serum metabolism and innate immune responses of GIFT tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus), with the purpose of optimizing model of mixed culture of fish and shrimp(Penaeus vannamei). Shrimps were catching and stocking in rotation, 5 000 each time. At the end of feeding trail, the weight gain rates(WGR) and specific growth rates(SGR) of tilapia had been significantly affected by culturing density(P<0.05). WGR were 71 194%, 68 285%and 49 977%, respectively. SGR were 4.37%/d, 4.36%/d and 4.14%/d, respectively. In serum metabolism, serum glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in fish cultured with density of 10 000/667 m~(2 ) were significantly lower than those with densities of 6 000/667 m~2 and 8 000/667 m~2. However, the results of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activities showed the reverse trend. In innate immune responses, the expression of immune related hepatic genes C-LZM increased significantly(P<0.05) by incremental stocking density while expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α showed the reverse trend. Tilapia feeding in 6 000/667 m~2 density showed down regulation of hepatic transcription in IL-1β and TNF-α compared to 10 000/667 m~2. Based on the analysis of above data, this research can draw the conclusion that high stocking intensity plays an important role in growth performance,serum metabolism and innate immune response of tilapia,the optimal tilapia culturing density was estimated to not beyond 8 000/667 m~2.
引文
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[15]Das P C,Ayyappan S,Jena J K,et al.Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub-lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) [J].Aquac Res,2004,35(2):134-143.
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[17]Randelli E,Buonocore F,Scapigliati G.Cell markers and determinants in fish immunology [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2008,25(4):326.
[18]Jiménez-Cantizano R M,Infante C,Martin-Antonio B,et al.Molecular characterization,phylogeny,and expression of c-type and g-type lysozymes in brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2008,25(1):57-65.
[19]Swain P,Nayak S K.Role of maternally derived immunity in fish [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2009,27(2):89-99.
[20]Secombes C J,Zou J,Bird S,et al.Fish cytokines:discovery,activities and potential applications [J].Fish Defenses,2008,29(1):1-36.
[21]Lin W,Li L,Chen J,et al.Long-term crowding stress causes compromised nonspecific immunity and increases apoptosis of spleen in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2018,80:540-545.
[22]Salasleiton E,Anguis V,Martínantonio B,et al.Effects of stocking density and feed ration on growth and gene expression in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis):potential effects on the immune response [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2010,28(2):296-302.
[2]曹阳,李二超,陈立侨,等.养殖密度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长、生理和免疫指标的影响[J].水生生物学报,2014,38(5):968-974.
[3]徐伟,耿龙武,姜海峰,等.水温和养殖密度对大鳞鲃幼鱼的生长影响[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(5):96-99.
[4]张晓雁,李罗新,危起伟,等.养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(11):1348-1354.
[5]李芳远,佟延南,王德强,等.吉富罗非鱼与南美白对虾混养经济效益分析[J].中国渔业经济,2014,32(4):89-94.
[6]Kajr W,Hitzfelder G M,Faulk C K,et al.Growth of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum,at three different densities in a recirculating aquaculture system [J].Aquaculture,2007,264(1):223-227.
[7]Ellis T,North B,Scott A P,et al.The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout [J].J Fish Biol,2002,61(3):493-531.
[8]朱佳杰,甘西,谢尔登,等.放养规格、养殖密度和水深对吉富罗非鱼养殖效果的影响[J].水产科技情报,2012,39(2):99-101.
[9]Merino G E,Piedrahita R H,Conklin D E.The effect of fish stocking density on the growth of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) juveniles [J].Aquaculture,2007,265(1):176-186.
[10]范立民,Barry K,宋超,等.不同养殖密度下吉富罗非鱼生长性状的通径分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(11):83-87.
[11]强俊,杨弘,马昕羽,等.基于响应曲面法研究亚硝酸盐与养殖密度对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长与肝脏抗氧化力的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(5):1166-1174.
[12]Kavitha C,Ramesh M,Kumaran S S,et al.Toxicity of Moringa oleifera seed extract on some hematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater fish,Cyprinus carpio [J].Exp Toxicol Pathol,2012,64(7):681-687.
[13]Rahimnejad S,Lee K.Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major [J].Aquaculture,2014,434:418-424.
[14]强俊,杨弘,何杰,等.3种品系尼罗罗非鱼生长及高密度胁迫后生理响应变化的比较[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(1):142-152.
[15]Das P C,Ayyappan S,Jena J K,et al.Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub-lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) [J].Aquac Res,2004,35(2):134-143.
[16]Peres H,Olivateles A.Effect of the dietary essential amino acid pattern on growth,feed utilization and nitrogen metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) [J].Aquaculture,2006,256(1):395-402.
[17]Randelli E,Buonocore F,Scapigliati G.Cell markers and determinants in fish immunology [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2008,25(4):326.
[18]Jiménez-Cantizano R M,Infante C,Martin-Antonio B,et al.Molecular characterization,phylogeny,and expression of c-type and g-type lysozymes in brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2008,25(1):57-65.
[19]Swain P,Nayak S K.Role of maternally derived immunity in fish [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2009,27(2):89-99.
[20]Secombes C J,Zou J,Bird S,et al.Fish cytokines:discovery,activities and potential applications [J].Fish Defenses,2008,29(1):1-36.
[21]Lin W,Li L,Chen J,et al.Long-term crowding stress causes compromised nonspecific immunity and increases apoptosis of spleen in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2018,80:540-545.
[22]Salasleiton E,Anguis V,Martínantonio B,et al.Effects of stocking density and feed ration on growth and gene expression in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis):potential effects on the immune response [J].Fish Shellfish Immun,2010,28(2):296-302.