塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落中多枝柽柳的光合特征及水分利用效率
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摘要
干旱区植物的生长和生存主要受水分限制,采用滴灌方式对防护林植物进行水分补给是维持人工生态屏障稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过测定塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落多枝柽柳的气体交换参数和稳定性碳同位素值,研究不同水分来源多枝柽柳的光合特征和水分利用效率.结果表明:滴灌群落多枝柽柳受灌溉和土壤盐分的影响水势普遍较低;自然群落多枝柽柳清晨和正午水势较其他植物低,表明其遭受到严重的水分胁迫;滴灌群落多枝柽柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)和最大光合速率(P_(n max))均明显低于自然群落多枝柽柳,表明滴灌群落多枝柽柳光合能力弱于自然群落多枝柽柳;灌溉造成的盐分胁迫导致滴灌群落多枝柽柳比自然群落拥有较高的长期水分利用效率.总之,现行的灌溉模式虽能提供防护林植物生长所需水分,但技术的缺陷和土壤盐分的积累可能会影响防护林体系的长期稳定性.
The growth and reproduction of shelterbelt plants in arid regions is mainly limited by water availability, which can be alleviated by drip irrigation. We measured water use efficiency(WUE), leaf gas exchange and carbon isotope composition of Tamarix ramosissima in shelterbelt and natural communities in south fringe of Takelamakan Desert to investigate water use efficiency and photosynthetic properties of T. ramosissima differed in water sources. Compared to natural community, T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community had low water potential due to irrigation and soil salinity. For natural community, T. ramosissima had lower predawn and midday water potential than other plants, indicating that T. ramosissima suffered serious water stress. The net photosynthe-tic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(g_s), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(C_i) and maximum photosynthesis rate(P_(n max)) of T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community were significantly lower than that in the natural community, indicating the photosynthesis of T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community was weaker. Compared to the natural community, T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community had higher long-term water use efficiency, which was related to salt stress caused by irrigation. We concluded that the current irrigation model could meet the water needs of shelterbelt plants. However, the technical defects and soil salt accumulation might affect long-term stability of the shelterbelt community.
The growth and reproduction of shelterbelt plants in arid regions is mainly limited by water availability, which can be alleviated by drip irrigation. We measured water use efficiency(WUE), leaf gas exchange and carbon isotope composition of Tamarix ramosissima in shelterbelt and natural communities in south fringe of Takelamakan Desert to investigate water use efficiency and photosynthetic properties of T. ramosissima differed in water sources. Compared to natural community, T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community had low water potential due to irrigation and soil salinity. For natural community, T. ramosissima had lower predawn and midday water potential than other plants, indicating that T. ramosissima suffered serious water stress. The net photosynthe-tic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(g_s), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(C_i) and maximum photosynthesis rate(P_(n max)) of T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community were significantly lower than that in the natural community, indicating the photosynthesis of T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community was weaker. Compared to the natural community, T. ramosissima in the drip irrigation community had higher long-term water use efficiency, which was related to salt stress caused by irrigation. We concluded that the current irrigation model could meet the water needs of shelterbelt plants. However, the technical defects and soil salt accumulation might affect long-term stability of the shelterbelt community.
引文
[1] Xu D-D (许大全). Photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiology Communications (植物生理学通讯), 1998, 5(1): 7 (in Chinese)
[2] Faria T, Silvério D, Breia E, et al. Differences in the response of carbon assimilation to summer stress (water deficits, high light and temperature) in four Mediterranean tree species. Physiologia Plantarum, 1998, 102: 419-428
[3] Wang K-Q (王克勤), Wang B-R (王斌瑞). The effect of soil moisture upon net photosynthetic rate of the Goldspur apple tree. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2002, 22(2): 206-214 (in Chinese)
[4] Zhu J-T (朱军涛), Li X-Y (李向义), Zhang X-M (张希明), et al. Effect of irrigation on photosynthetic physiology characteristics and osmolytes of Alhagi sparsifolia. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2009, 36(1): 72-80 (in Chinese)
[5] Ji X-M (吉小敏), Ning H-S (宁虎森), Liang J-Y (梁继业), et al. Comparison of drought resistance and photosynthetic characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix hohenackeri at seedling stage under diffe-rent moisture conditions. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2012, 32(2): 399-406 (in Chinese)
[6] Huhemuren (呼和牧仁), Zhou M (周梅), Qu H-B (瞿洪波), et al. Research process on factors affecting photosynthesis in tree. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (内蒙古农业大学学报), 2009, 30(2): 287-291 (in Chinese)
[7] Su P-X (苏培玺), Zhao A-F (赵爱芬), Zhang L-X (张立新), et al. Characteristic in photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of Haloxylon ammodendron and Calligonum mongolicum of desert species. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 2003, 23(1): 11-17 (in Chinese)
[8] Schwinning S, Ehleringer JR. Water use trade-offs and optimal adaptations to pulse-driven arid ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 2010, 89: 464-480
[9] Farquhar GD, O’Leary MH, Berry JA. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1982, 9: 281-292
[10] Ma JY, Sun W, Liu XN, et al. Stable carbon isotope characteristics of desert plants in the Junggar Basin, China. Ecological Research, 2012, 27: 115-124
[11] Zhao D (赵丹), Cheng J-H (程军回), Liu Y-H (刘耘华), et al. Relationship of stable carbon isotope composition with environmental factor in the desert plant, Haloxylon ammodendron. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2017, 37(8): 2743-2752 (in Chinese)
[12] Chen SP, Bai YF, Han XG. Variations in composition and water use efficiency of plants functional groups based on their water ecological groups in the Xilin River Basin. Acta Botanica Sinina, 2003, 45: 1251-1260
[13] Gao Q-Z (高前兆). Water resources and construction strategy of ecological environment in the edge of the Tarim Basin. Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 2000, 22(4): 298-308 (in Chinese)
[14] Du H-L (杜虎林), Bao Z-W (鲍忠文), Jin X-J (金小军), et al. Water use efficiency of shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway under drip irrigation. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2012, 32(2): 359-363 (in Chinese)
[15] Guo Z-C (郭自春), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Liu B (刘波), et al. Photosynthetic characteristic of Alhagi sparsifolia and Tamarix ramosissima and the relevant environment factors in different periods. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 2015, 35(1): 189-198 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang JG, Xu XW, Li S, et al. Is the Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt sustainable to long-term drip irrigation with high saline groundwater? PLoS One, 2016, 11(10): e0164106
[17] Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Zhang X-M (张希明), Li X-Y (李向义), et al. Seasonal variation of Tamarix ramosissima and Populus euphratica water potentials in southern fringe of Taklamakan Desert. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2005, 16(8): 1389-1393 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang H-N (张鹤年). A synthetic exemplary study on oasis zone in south of Taklamakan Desert. Arid Zone Research (干旱区研究), 1995, 12(4): 1-9 (in Chinese)
[19] Ye Z-P (叶子飘), Yu Q (于强). Comparison of new and several classical models of photosynthesis in response to irradiance. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2008, 32(6): 1356-1361 (in Chinese)
[20] Gries D, Zeng FJ, Foetzki A, et al. Growth and water relations of Tamarix ramosissima and Populus euphratica on Taklamakan Desert dunes in relation to depth to a permanent water table. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2010, 26: 725-736
[21] Guo Z-C (郭自春), Gui D-W (桂东伟), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), et al. Response of photosynthetic characteris-tic and water physiology of six dominant shelter plant species to different irrigation amounts in the peripheral regions of Cele oasis. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 2014, 34(7): 1457-1466 (in Chinese)
[22] Chen S-F (陈书飞), Wang Z-F (汪宗飞), Li S (李莎), et al. Research on characteristics of the soil water and salt movement of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tama-risk under saline drip irrigation. China Rural Water and Hydropower (中国农村水利水电), 2010(11): 61-65 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao X-F (赵新风). Ecological Effect of Dirp Irrigation on Shelter Forest of the Arid Region. Master Thesis. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2009 (in Chinese)
[24] Ding X-Y (丁新原), Zhou Z-B (周智彬), Xu X-W (徐新文), et al. Dynamics of soil water and salt in soil under artificial plantation shelterbelt drip-irrigated with saline water in the center of Taklamakan Desert. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2016, 53(1): 103-116 (in Chinese)
[25] Li X-Y (李向义), Lin L-S (林丽莎), Zhao Q (赵强). Distribution of dominant plant species and characteristic of its communities on the foreland of Cele oasis in relation to groundwater level. Arid Land Geography (干旱区地理), 2009, 32(6): 906-911 (in Chinese)
[26] Mrema AF, Granhall U. Sennerby-Forsse L. Plant growth, leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity and nodule anatomy in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by water stress and nitrogen availability. Trees, 1997, 12: 42-48
[27] Xavier C, Cornelis VL, Denis D, et al. Stem water potential is a sensitive indicator of grapevine water statues. Annals of Botany, 2001, 87: 477-483
[28] Zhang L-G (张利刚), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Liu B (刘波), et al. Study of the photosynthesis characteristics and physical signs of four plants at the desert-oasis ecotone. Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报), 2012, 21(1): 103-111 (in Chinese)
[29] Huang C-B (黄彩变), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Lei J-Q (雷加强). The ecophysiological response of Calligonum caput-medusae to different water condition in extremely arid region. Bulletin of Botanical Research (植物研究), 2015, 35(2): 225-232 (in Chinese)
[30] Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Andrea F, Li X-Y (李向义), et al. A preliminary study on the effect of irrigation on water physiology of Tamarix ramosissima in Cele oasis. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2002, 13(7): 849-853 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhang G-J (张国军). Effect of salt stress on the water potential, fluorescence efficiency, malonaldehyde of four stonecrop seedlings. Agriculture Science & Technology and Equipment (农业科技与装备), 2012(7): 3-6 (in Chinese)
[32] Dong M (董梅). Drought and Salinity Resistant Physiology of Main Tree Species in Qaidam of China. PhD Thesis. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2013 (in Chinese)
[33] Ma X-D (马晓东), Wang M-H (王明慧), Li W-H (李卫红), et al. The morphological and physiological responses of Tamarix ramosissima seeding to different irrigation methods in extremely arid area. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(19): 6081-6097 (in Chinese)
[34] Thomas FM, Amdit SK, Bruelheide H, et al. Ecological basis for a sustainable management of the indigenous vegetation in a Central-Asian desert: Presentation and first results. Journal of Applied Botany, 2000, 74: 212-219
[35] Li CJ, Shi X, Mohamad OA, et al. Moderate irrigation intervals facilitate establishment of two desert shrubs in the Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt in China. PLoS One, 2017, 12(7): e0180875
[36] Li B-W (李丙文), Zhang H-J (张洪江), Qiu Y-Z (邱永志), et al. Effects of soline water irrigation on plants growth of the Tarim Desert Highway Shelterbelt. Arid Land Geography (干旱区地理), 2011, 34(2): 215-221 (in Chinese)
[37] Brugnoli E, Lauteri M. Effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, photosynthetic capacity, and carbon isotope discrimination of salt-tolerant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and salt-sensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) C3 non-halophytes. Plant Physiology, 1991, 95: 628-635
[38] Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, et al. Stable isotope in plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 2002, 33: 507-559
[39] Wright GC, Rao RC, Farquhar GD. Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Science, 1994, 34: 92-97
[40] Chen S-P (陈世苹), Bai Y-F (白永飞), Han X-G (韩兴国), et al. Variations in foliar carbon isotope composition and adaptive strategies of Carex korshinskyi along a soil moisture gradient. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 2004, 28(4): 515-522 (in Chinese)
[41] Ma JY, Sun HL, Wang SM. Stable carbon isotope chara-cteristics of desert plants in the Junggar Basin, China. Ecological Research, 2012, 27: 115-124
[42] Ma J-Y (马剑英), Chen F-H (陈发虎), Xia D-S (夏敦胜), et al. Correlations between leaf δ13C and physio-logical parameters of desert plant Reaumuria soongorica. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(5): 1166-1171 (in Chinese)
[43] Sun H-L (孙惠玲), Ma J-Y (马剑英), Wang S-M (王绍明), et al. The study of stable carbon isotope composition in desert plants of Junggar Basin. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2007, 27(6): 972-976 (in Chinese)
[44] Min X-J (闵孝君), Ma J-Y (马剑英), Zang Y-X (臧永新), et al. Effect of water and salinity on carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions in leaves of Tamarix elongata and Haloxylon ammodenron. Arid Zone Research (干旱区研究), 2017, 34(5): 1109-1116 (in Chinese)
[45] del Amor FM. Variation in the leaf δ13C is correlated with salinity tolerance under elevated CO2 concentration. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2013, 170: 283-290
[2] Faria T, Silvério D, Breia E, et al. Differences in the response of carbon assimilation to summer stress (water deficits, high light and temperature) in four Mediterranean tree species. Physiologia Plantarum, 1998, 102: 419-428
[3] Wang K-Q (王克勤), Wang B-R (王斌瑞). The effect of soil moisture upon net photosynthetic rate of the Goldspur apple tree. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2002, 22(2): 206-214 (in Chinese)
[4] Zhu J-T (朱军涛), Li X-Y (李向义), Zhang X-M (张希明), et al. Effect of irrigation on photosynthetic physiology characteristics and osmolytes of Alhagi sparsifolia. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2009, 36(1): 72-80 (in Chinese)
[5] Ji X-M (吉小敏), Ning H-S (宁虎森), Liang J-Y (梁继业), et al. Comparison of drought resistance and photosynthetic characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix hohenackeri at seedling stage under diffe-rent moisture conditions. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2012, 32(2): 399-406 (in Chinese)
[6] Huhemuren (呼和牧仁), Zhou M (周梅), Qu H-B (瞿洪波), et al. Research process on factors affecting photosynthesis in tree. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (内蒙古农业大学学报), 2009, 30(2): 287-291 (in Chinese)
[7] Su P-X (苏培玺), Zhao A-F (赵爱芬), Zhang L-X (张立新), et al. Characteristic in photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of Haloxylon ammodendron and Calligonum mongolicum of desert species. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 2003, 23(1): 11-17 (in Chinese)
[8] Schwinning S, Ehleringer JR. Water use trade-offs and optimal adaptations to pulse-driven arid ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 2010, 89: 464-480
[9] Farquhar GD, O’Leary MH, Berry JA. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1982, 9: 281-292
[10] Ma JY, Sun W, Liu XN, et al. Stable carbon isotope characteristics of desert plants in the Junggar Basin, China. Ecological Research, 2012, 27: 115-124
[11] Zhao D (赵丹), Cheng J-H (程军回), Liu Y-H (刘耘华), et al. Relationship of stable carbon isotope composition with environmental factor in the desert plant, Haloxylon ammodendron. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2017, 37(8): 2743-2752 (in Chinese)
[12] Chen SP, Bai YF, Han XG. Variations in composition and water use efficiency of plants functional groups based on their water ecological groups in the Xilin River Basin. Acta Botanica Sinina, 2003, 45: 1251-1260
[13] Gao Q-Z (高前兆). Water resources and construction strategy of ecological environment in the edge of the Tarim Basin. Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 2000, 22(4): 298-308 (in Chinese)
[14] Du H-L (杜虎林), Bao Z-W (鲍忠文), Jin X-J (金小军), et al. Water use efficiency of shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway under drip irrigation. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2012, 32(2): 359-363 (in Chinese)
[15] Guo Z-C (郭自春), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Liu B (刘波), et al. Photosynthetic characteristic of Alhagi sparsifolia and Tamarix ramosissima and the relevant environment factors in different periods. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 2015, 35(1): 189-198 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang JG, Xu XW, Li S, et al. Is the Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt sustainable to long-term drip irrigation with high saline groundwater? PLoS One, 2016, 11(10): e0164106
[17] Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Zhang X-M (张希明), Li X-Y (李向义), et al. Seasonal variation of Tamarix ramosissima and Populus euphratica water potentials in southern fringe of Taklamakan Desert. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2005, 16(8): 1389-1393 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang H-N (张鹤年). A synthetic exemplary study on oasis zone in south of Taklamakan Desert. Arid Zone Research (干旱区研究), 1995, 12(4): 1-9 (in Chinese)
[19] Ye Z-P (叶子飘), Yu Q (于强). Comparison of new and several classical models of photosynthesis in response to irradiance. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2008, 32(6): 1356-1361 (in Chinese)
[20] Gries D, Zeng FJ, Foetzki A, et al. Growth and water relations of Tamarix ramosissima and Populus euphratica on Taklamakan Desert dunes in relation to depth to a permanent water table. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2010, 26: 725-736
[21] Guo Z-C (郭自春), Gui D-W (桂东伟), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), et al. Response of photosynthetic characteris-tic and water physiology of six dominant shelter plant species to different irrigation amounts in the peripheral regions of Cele oasis. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 2014, 34(7): 1457-1466 (in Chinese)
[22] Chen S-F (陈书飞), Wang Z-F (汪宗飞), Li S (李莎), et al. Research on characteristics of the soil water and salt movement of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tama-risk under saline drip irrigation. China Rural Water and Hydropower (中国农村水利水电), 2010(11): 61-65 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao X-F (赵新风). Ecological Effect of Dirp Irrigation on Shelter Forest of the Arid Region. Master Thesis. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2009 (in Chinese)
[24] Ding X-Y (丁新原), Zhou Z-B (周智彬), Xu X-W (徐新文), et al. Dynamics of soil water and salt in soil under artificial plantation shelterbelt drip-irrigated with saline water in the center of Taklamakan Desert. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2016, 53(1): 103-116 (in Chinese)
[25] Li X-Y (李向义), Lin L-S (林丽莎), Zhao Q (赵强). Distribution of dominant plant species and characteristic of its communities on the foreland of Cele oasis in relation to groundwater level. Arid Land Geography (干旱区地理), 2009, 32(6): 906-911 (in Chinese)
[26] Mrema AF, Granhall U. Sennerby-Forsse L. Plant growth, leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity and nodule anatomy in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by water stress and nitrogen availability. Trees, 1997, 12: 42-48
[27] Xavier C, Cornelis VL, Denis D, et al. Stem water potential is a sensitive indicator of grapevine water statues. Annals of Botany, 2001, 87: 477-483
[28] Zhang L-G (张利刚), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Liu B (刘波), et al. Study of the photosynthesis characteristics and physical signs of four plants at the desert-oasis ecotone. Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报), 2012, 21(1): 103-111 (in Chinese)
[29] Huang C-B (黄彩变), Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Lei J-Q (雷加强). The ecophysiological response of Calligonum caput-medusae to different water condition in extremely arid region. Bulletin of Botanical Research (植物研究), 2015, 35(2): 225-232 (in Chinese)
[30] Zeng F-J (曾凡江), Andrea F, Li X-Y (李向义), et al. A preliminary study on the effect of irrigation on water physiology of Tamarix ramosissima in Cele oasis. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2002, 13(7): 849-853 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhang G-J (张国军). Effect of salt stress on the water potential, fluorescence efficiency, malonaldehyde of four stonecrop seedlings. Agriculture Science & Technology and Equipment (农业科技与装备), 2012(7): 3-6 (in Chinese)
[32] Dong M (董梅). Drought and Salinity Resistant Physiology of Main Tree Species in Qaidam of China. PhD Thesis. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2013 (in Chinese)
[33] Ma X-D (马晓东), Wang M-H (王明慧), Li W-H (李卫红), et al. The morphological and physiological responses of Tamarix ramosissima seeding to different irrigation methods in extremely arid area. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(19): 6081-6097 (in Chinese)
[34] Thomas FM, Amdit SK, Bruelheide H, et al. Ecological basis for a sustainable management of the indigenous vegetation in a Central-Asian desert: Presentation and first results. Journal of Applied Botany, 2000, 74: 212-219
[35] Li CJ, Shi X, Mohamad OA, et al. Moderate irrigation intervals facilitate establishment of two desert shrubs in the Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt in China. PLoS One, 2017, 12(7): e0180875
[36] Li B-W (李丙文), Zhang H-J (张洪江), Qiu Y-Z (邱永志), et al. Effects of soline water irrigation on plants growth of the Tarim Desert Highway Shelterbelt. Arid Land Geography (干旱区地理), 2011, 34(2): 215-221 (in Chinese)
[37] Brugnoli E, Lauteri M. Effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, photosynthetic capacity, and carbon isotope discrimination of salt-tolerant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and salt-sensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) C3 non-halophytes. Plant Physiology, 1991, 95: 628-635
[38] Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, et al. Stable isotope in plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 2002, 33: 507-559
[39] Wright GC, Rao RC, Farquhar GD. Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Science, 1994, 34: 92-97
[40] Chen S-P (陈世苹), Bai Y-F (白永飞), Han X-G (韩兴国), et al. Variations in foliar carbon isotope composition and adaptive strategies of Carex korshinskyi along a soil moisture gradient. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 2004, 28(4): 515-522 (in Chinese)
[41] Ma JY, Sun HL, Wang SM. Stable carbon isotope chara-cteristics of desert plants in the Junggar Basin, China. Ecological Research, 2012, 27: 115-124
[42] Ma J-Y (马剑英), Chen F-H (陈发虎), Xia D-S (夏敦胜), et al. Correlations between leaf δ13C and physio-logical parameters of desert plant Reaumuria soongorica. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(5): 1166-1171 (in Chinese)
[43] Sun H-L (孙惠玲), Ma J-Y (马剑英), Wang S-M (王绍明), et al. The study of stable carbon isotope composition in desert plants of Junggar Basin. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2007, 27(6): 972-976 (in Chinese)
[44] Min X-J (闵孝君), Ma J-Y (马剑英), Zang Y-X (臧永新), et al. Effect of water and salinity on carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions in leaves of Tamarix elongata and Haloxylon ammodenron. Arid Zone Research (干旱区研究), 2017, 34(5): 1109-1116 (in Chinese)
[45] del Amor FM. Variation in the leaf δ13C is correlated with salinity tolerance under elevated CO2 concentration. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2013, 170: 283-290