盖层有效厚度计算方法及应用
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摘要
基于盖层非均质性导致盖层内部产生物性封闭能力的强弱差异,提出盖层有效厚度的计算方法。综合利用泥质岩盖层和砂岩储层的薄片、扫描电镜、突破压力、孔隙度和渗透率等分析测试资料确定盖层和储层的分界,包括突破压力界限、临界岩性(粒度)和物性界限,进而建立盖层物性封闭评价标准;利用自然伽马曲线、声波时差曲线和分析测试资料建立测井解释模型,定量识别盖层岩性并计算孔隙度、渗透率和突破压力;根据盖层物性封闭评价标准综合评价盖层中每种岩性的物性封闭等级,剔除不具有封闭性的部分,从而获得有效厚度。应用该方法表明:X气藏盖层和储层的突破压力界限为2 MPa、临界岩性(粒度)是泥质粗粉砂岩、孔隙度界限约6%、渗透率界限约0.02×10-3μm2,并将盖层物性封闭能力划分为Ⅰ~Ⅴ5个等级,剔除不具有封闭能力的Ⅳ和Ⅴ,获得单套盖层的有效厚度为4~10 m。气柱高度和有效厚度的相关关系证明该方法是适用的,继而利用盖层有效厚度对突破压力进行加权平均获得盖层等效突破压力,有效地确定盖层的整体物性封闭能力为中等。
A method of computing cap rock's effective thickness is proposed based on that cap rock's heterogeneity may result in different capillary sealing ability within cap rock.Using data of thin section,SEM,breakthrough pressure,porosity,permeability and other test data of argillaceous cap rock and sandstone reservoir,the boundary between cap rock and reservoir can be defined,which includes breakthrough pressure limit,critical lithology(grain size) and petrophysics limit.Subsequentlythe evaluation criteria of cap rock's capillary sealing ability is established.With gamma ray curve,interval transit time curve and test data,a logging interpretation model is established to quantitatively recognize cap rock's lithology and to calculate porosity,permeability and breakthrough pressure.A comprehensive evaluation on capillary sealing ability of cap rock has been made to first remove the cap rock with no capillary sealing ability and then to obtain the effective thickness.Our results show that between cap rock and reservoir of X gas reservoir,the breakthrough pressure limit is 2 MPa; the critical lithology(grain size) is argillaceous coarse siltstone; the porosity limit is about 6%,and the permeability limit is about 0.02×10~(-3)μm~2.Cap rock's capillary sealing ability has been divided into five grades from Ⅰ to Ⅴ.By removing grade Ⅳ and Ⅴwhich correspond to no capillary sealing ability,the effective thickness of single cap rock is obtained between 4 and 10 m.Correlation between the height of gas column and the effective thickness suggests the robustness of the method.Based on the effective thickness,a weighted average of breakthrough pressure has been taken to obtain equivalent breakthrough pressure,and the whole capillary sealing ability of cap rock has been evaluated as moderate effectively.
A method of computing cap rock's effective thickness is proposed based on that cap rock's heterogeneity may result in different capillary sealing ability within cap rock.Using data of thin section,SEM,breakthrough pressure,porosity,permeability and other test data of argillaceous cap rock and sandstone reservoir,the boundary between cap rock and reservoir can be defined,which includes breakthrough pressure limit,critical lithology(grain size) and petrophysics limit.Subsequentlythe evaluation criteria of cap rock's capillary sealing ability is established.With gamma ray curve,interval transit time curve and test data,a logging interpretation model is established to quantitatively recognize cap rock's lithology and to calculate porosity,permeability and breakthrough pressure.A comprehensive evaluation on capillary sealing ability of cap rock has been made to first remove the cap rock with no capillary sealing ability and then to obtain the effective thickness.Our results show that between cap rock and reservoir of X gas reservoir,the breakthrough pressure limit is 2 MPa; the critical lithology(grain size) is argillaceous coarse siltstone; the porosity limit is about 6%,and the permeability limit is about 0.02×10~(-3)μm~2.Cap rock's capillary sealing ability has been divided into five grades from Ⅰ to Ⅴ.By removing grade Ⅳ and Ⅴwhich correspond to no capillary sealing ability,the effective thickness of single cap rock is obtained between 4 and 10 m.Correlation between the height of gas column and the effective thickness suggests the robustness of the method.Based on the effective thickness,a weighted average of breakthrough pressure has been taken to obtain equivalent breakthrough pressure,and the whole capillary sealing ability of cap rock has been evaluated as moderate effectively.
引文
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[12]付广,王浩然,胡欣蕾.断裂带盖层油气封盖断接厚度下限的预测方法及其应用[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(3):30-37.FU Guang,WANG Haoran,HU Xinlei.Prediction method and application of cap rock faulted contact thickness lower limit for oil-gas sealing in fault zone[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(3):30-37.
[13]付广,张博为,吴伟.区域性泥岩盖层阻止油气沿输导断裂运移机制及其判别方法[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(3):36-43.FU Guang,ZHANG Bowei,WU Wei.Mechanism and detection of regional mudstone caprock sealing oil and gas migration along transporting fault[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(3):36-43.
[14]ARMITAGE P J,WORDEN R H,FAULKNER D R,et al.Diagenetic and sedimentary controls on porosity in Lower Carboniferous fine-grained lithologies,Krechba field,Algeria:a petrological study of a caprock to a carbon capture site[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2010,27(7):1395-1410.
[15]孙明亮,柳广弟,李剑.气藏的盖层特征及划分标准[J].天然气工业,2008,28(8):36-38.SUN Mingliang,LIU Guangdi,LI Jian.Features of cap rocks of gas pools and criteria of identification[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(8):36-38.
[16]石鸿翠,周江羽,王龙樟,等.鄂尔多斯南部上古生界泥岩突破压力测井解释及区域预测[J].物探与化探,2014,38(1):63-70.SHI Hongcui,ZHOU Jiangyu,WANG Longzhang,et al.Logging interpretation and regional prediction of mudstone breakthrough pressures in the upper Paleozoic south Ordos Basin[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2014,38(1):63-70.
[17]马存飞,董春梅,栾国强,等.苏北盆地古近系泥页岩有机质孔发育特征及影响因素[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(3):1-13.MA Cunfei,DONG Chunmei,LUAN Guoqiang et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of organic-matter pores in paleogene shale,Subei Basin.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2017,41(3):1-13.
[18]JIN Z,YUAN Y,SUN D,et al.Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the Lower Paleozoic sequences,Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,49:121-128.
[19]雍世和,张超谟.测井数据处理与综合解释[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1996.
[20]姜在兴.沉积学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
[21]童晓光,牛嘉玉.区域盖层在油气聚集中的作用[J].石油勘探与开发,1989,16(4):1-8.TONG Xiaoguang,NIU Jiayu.Effects of regional cap formation on oil and gas accumulation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1989,16(4):1-8.
[22]庞雄奇,付广,万龙贵,等.盖层封油气性综合定量评价:盆地模拟在盖层评价中的应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.
[23]蒋有录.油气藏盖层厚度与所封盖烃柱高度关系问题探讨[J].天然气工业,1998,18(2):20-23.JIANG Youlu.A discussion on the relation between the cap rock thickness of oil&gas reservoir and its hydrocarbon column height[J].Natural Gas Industry,1998,18(2):20-23.
[24]袁际华,柳广弟,张英.相对盖层厚度封闭效应及其应用[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2008,23(1):34-36.YUAN Jihua,LIU Guangdi,ZHANG Ying.Thickness sealing effect of relative cap rock and its application[J].Journal of Xian Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),2008,23(1):34-36.
[25]吕延防,张绍臣,王亚明.盖层封闭能力与盖层厚度的定量关系[J].石油学报,2000,21(2):27-30.L Yanfang,ZHANG Shaochen,WANG Yaming.Research of quantitative relations between sealing ability and thickness of cap rock[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2000,21(2):27-30.
[26]付广,许凤鸣.盖层厚度对封闭能力控制作用分析[J].天然气地球科学,2003,14(3):186-190.FU Guang,XU Fengming.Quantitative research on controlling of thickness to seal abilities of cap rock[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2003,14(3):186-190.
[27]张林晔,包友书,刘庆,等.盖层物性封闭能力与油气流体物理性质关系探讨[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(1):28-33.ZHANG Linye,BAO Youshu,LIU Qing,et al.Effects of hydrocarbon physical properties on cap rocks capillary sealing ability[J].Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2010,40(1):28-33.
[2]李双建,沃玉进,周雁,等.影响高演化泥岩盖层封闭性的主控因素分析[J].地质学报,2001,85(10):1691-1697.LI Shuangjian,WO Yujin,ZHOU Yan,et al.Controlling factors affect sealing capability of well-developed muddy cap rock[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2001,85(10):1691-1697.
[3]张立含,周广胜.气藏盖层封气能力评价方法的改进及应用:以我国46个大中型气田为例[J].沉积学报,2010,28(2):388-394.ZHANG Lihan,ZHOU Guangsheng.Improvement and application of the methods of gas reservoir cap sealing ability[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(2):388-394.
[4]薛永超,程林松,付广.大庆长垣以东地区登二段泥质岩盖层封气能力综合评价[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(5):626-630.XUE Yongchao,CHENG Linsong,FU Guang.Comprehensive evaluation of gas sealing ability of the lower Denglouku Formation(K1d2)mudstone cap-rock in the east of the Daqing placanticline[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2005,35(5):626-630.
[5]付广,胡明,于丹.火山岩盖层类型及封气能力:以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷为例[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2010,40(2):237-244.FU Guang,HU Ming,YU Dan.Volcanic cap rock type and evaluation of sealing gas ability:an example of Xujiaweizi Depression[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2010,40(2):237-244.
[6]侯连华,刘泽容,王京红.盖层封闭能力的定量评价方法及其应用[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1996,20(6):1-4.HOU Lianhua,LIU Zerong,WANG Jinghong.Quantitative evaluation method for seal property of cap formation[J].Journal of the University of Petroleum,China(Edition of Natural Science),1996,20(6):1-4.
[7]付广,张发强,吕延防.厚度在泥岩盖层封盖油气中的作用[J].天然气地球科学,1998,9(6):20-25.FU Guang,ZHANG Faqiang,L Yanfang.The role in sealing oil and gas of cap rock thickness[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,1998,9(6):20-25.
[8]史集建,李丽丽,吕延防,等.致密砂岩气田盖层封闭能力综合评价:以四川盆地广安气田为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2013,34(3):307-314.SHI Jijian,LI Lili,L Yanfang,et al.Comprehensive evaluation on the sealing ability of cap rocks in tight sandstone gas field:a case study from Guangan gas field in the Sichuan Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2013,34(3):307-314.
[9]张雷,朱伦葳,卢双舫,等.徐家围子断陷火山岩天然气盖层差异特征[J].石油与天然气地,2015,36(1):7-16.ZHANG Lei,ZHU Lunwei,LU Shuangfang,et al.Differential characteristics of cap rocks of volcanic gas reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi fault-depression,Songliao Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2015,36(1):7-16.
[10]曹成润,吕延防,陈章明.盖层有效封盖厚度定量分析[J].中国海上油气(地质),1998,12(5):328-331.CAO Chengrun,L Yanfang,CHEN Zhangming.Quantitative analysis of effective seal rock thickness[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(Geology),1998,12(5):328-331.
[11]吕延防,万军,沙子萱,等.被断裂破坏的盖层封闭能力评价方法及其应用[J].地质科学,2008,43(1):162-174.L Yanfang,WAN Jun,SHA Zixuan,et al.Evaluation method for seal ability of cap rock destructed by faulting and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2008,43(1):162-174.
[12]付广,王浩然,胡欣蕾.断裂带盖层油气封盖断接厚度下限的预测方法及其应用[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(3):30-37.FU Guang,WANG Haoran,HU Xinlei.Prediction method and application of cap rock faulted contact thickness lower limit for oil-gas sealing in fault zone[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(3):30-37.
[13]付广,张博为,吴伟.区域性泥岩盖层阻止油气沿输导断裂运移机制及其判别方法[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(3):36-43.FU Guang,ZHANG Bowei,WU Wei.Mechanism and detection of regional mudstone caprock sealing oil and gas migration along transporting fault[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(3):36-43.
[14]ARMITAGE P J,WORDEN R H,FAULKNER D R,et al.Diagenetic and sedimentary controls on porosity in Lower Carboniferous fine-grained lithologies,Krechba field,Algeria:a petrological study of a caprock to a carbon capture site[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2010,27(7):1395-1410.
[15]孙明亮,柳广弟,李剑.气藏的盖层特征及划分标准[J].天然气工业,2008,28(8):36-38.SUN Mingliang,LIU Guangdi,LI Jian.Features of cap rocks of gas pools and criteria of identification[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(8):36-38.
[16]石鸿翠,周江羽,王龙樟,等.鄂尔多斯南部上古生界泥岩突破压力测井解释及区域预测[J].物探与化探,2014,38(1):63-70.SHI Hongcui,ZHOU Jiangyu,WANG Longzhang,et al.Logging interpretation and regional prediction of mudstone breakthrough pressures in the upper Paleozoic south Ordos Basin[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2014,38(1):63-70.
[17]马存飞,董春梅,栾国强,等.苏北盆地古近系泥页岩有机质孔发育特征及影响因素[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(3):1-13.MA Cunfei,DONG Chunmei,LUAN Guoqiang et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of organic-matter pores in paleogene shale,Subei Basin.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2017,41(3):1-13.
[18]JIN Z,YUAN Y,SUN D,et al.Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the Lower Paleozoic sequences,Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,49:121-128.
[19]雍世和,张超谟.测井数据处理与综合解释[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1996.
[20]姜在兴.沉积学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
[21]童晓光,牛嘉玉.区域盖层在油气聚集中的作用[J].石油勘探与开发,1989,16(4):1-8.TONG Xiaoguang,NIU Jiayu.Effects of regional cap formation on oil and gas accumulation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1989,16(4):1-8.
[22]庞雄奇,付广,万龙贵,等.盖层封油气性综合定量评价:盆地模拟在盖层评价中的应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.
[23]蒋有录.油气藏盖层厚度与所封盖烃柱高度关系问题探讨[J].天然气工业,1998,18(2):20-23.JIANG Youlu.A discussion on the relation between the cap rock thickness of oil&gas reservoir and its hydrocarbon column height[J].Natural Gas Industry,1998,18(2):20-23.
[24]袁际华,柳广弟,张英.相对盖层厚度封闭效应及其应用[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2008,23(1):34-36.YUAN Jihua,LIU Guangdi,ZHANG Ying.Thickness sealing effect of relative cap rock and its application[J].Journal of Xian Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),2008,23(1):34-36.
[25]吕延防,张绍臣,王亚明.盖层封闭能力与盖层厚度的定量关系[J].石油学报,2000,21(2):27-30.L Yanfang,ZHANG Shaochen,WANG Yaming.Research of quantitative relations between sealing ability and thickness of cap rock[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2000,21(2):27-30.
[26]付广,许凤鸣.盖层厚度对封闭能力控制作用分析[J].天然气地球科学,2003,14(3):186-190.FU Guang,XU Fengming.Quantitative research on controlling of thickness to seal abilities of cap rock[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2003,14(3):186-190.
[27]张林晔,包友书,刘庆,等.盖层物性封闭能力与油气流体物理性质关系探讨[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(1):28-33.ZHANG Linye,BAO Youshu,LIU Qing,et al.Effects of hydrocarbon physical properties on cap rocks capillary sealing ability[J].Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2010,40(1):28-33.