互联网使用对于老年人孤独感缓解的影响——基于CHARLS数据的实证研究
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摘要
孤独感作为老年人易发的不良心理体验,对老年人身心健康有着较为严重的负面影响。为探究互联网使用与老年人孤独感之间的关系,文章从理论层面梳理了互联网使用对老年人孤独感的作用影响,并提出相关假设及构建相应模型。在假设检验中,文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据,以基于稳健标准误的最小二乘回归对模型进行参数估计,并以反事实设计与倾向得分匹配法对回归结果进行稳健性检验。实证结果表明,互联网的使用与老年人的孤独感呈现显著负相关关系,即老年人的互联网使用能够带来个体孤独感的显著降低。最后,结合研究结论,从激发老年人互联网使用动机、培养老年人互联网使用能力、提升老年人互联网使用体验三个方面对促进老年人互联网使用行为提出了相应政策建议。
Loneliness is a common psychological experience in older adults, which may result in severe negative health outcomes. This paper aims at investigating the causal relationship between the Internet use and the perception of loneliness of older-adult population. First, the hypothesized relationships on the basis of a brief literature review is established, and then an econometric model is proposed. To test the hypotheses, the cross-sectional data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)is employed. An Ordinary Least Square regression with robust standard error is conducted to estimate the coefficients. To ensure the robustness of the regression results, this paper follows a robustness check by using the counter-factual design and propensity score matching. The results show that the Internet use behavior is negatively associated with the perception of loneliness among older adults, suggesting that Internet use plays a mitigating effect on older adult's loneliness perception. Drawn on empirical results, several practical implications, including the motivation, ability, and user experience design of older adult's Internet use, are discussed to shed light on the Internet adoption and loneliness alleviation among older adults.
Loneliness is a common psychological experience in older adults, which may result in severe negative health outcomes. This paper aims at investigating the causal relationship between the Internet use and the perception of loneliness of older-adult population. First, the hypothesized relationships on the basis of a brief literature review is established, and then an econometric model is proposed. To test the hypotheses, the cross-sectional data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)is employed. An Ordinary Least Square regression with robust standard error is conducted to estimate the coefficients. To ensure the robustness of the regression results, this paper follows a robustness check by using the counter-factual design and propensity score matching. The results show that the Internet use behavior is negatively associated with the perception of loneliness among older adults, suggesting that Internet use plays a mitigating effect on older adult's loneliness perception. Drawn on empirical results, several practical implications, including the motivation, ability, and user experience design of older adult's Internet use, are discussed to shed light on the Internet adoption and loneliness alleviation among older adults.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局[R/OL].[2018-09-23].http://data.stats.gov.cn.
[2]闫志民,李丹,赵宇晗,等.日益孤独的中国老年人:一项横断历史研究[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(7):1084-1091.
[3]Hawkley L C,Cacioppo J T.Loneliness matters:a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms[J].Annals of Behavioral Medicine,2010,40(2):218-227.
[4]吴国婷,张敏强,倪雨菡,等.老年人孤独感及其影响因素的潜在转变分析[J].心理学报,2018,50(9):1061-1070.
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[6]董亭月.社会支持对中国老年人孤独感的影响研究---基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查[J].调研世界,2017(8):3-9.
[7]姚若松,郭梦诗,叶浩生.社会支持对老年人社会幸福感的影响机制:希望与孤独感的中介作用[J].心理学报,2018,50(10):1151-1158.
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[9]张皓妍,陈长香,张敏,等.家庭亲子支持对中高龄老年人孤独感影响[J].中国公共卫生,2018,34(2):167-171.
[10]Kraut R,Patterson M,Lundmark V,et al.Internet paradox:A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?[J].American Psychologist,1998,53(9):1017.
[11]Shapiro J S.Loneliness:Paradox or artifact?[J].American Psychologist,1999,54(9):782-783.
[12]Caplan S E.Preference for online social interaction:A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being[J].Communication Research,2003,30(6):625-648.
[13]Morahan-Martin J,Schumacher P.Loneliness and social uses of the Internet[J].Computers in Human Behavior,2003,19(6):659-671.
[14]Shaw L H,Gant L M.In defense of the Internet:The relationship between Internet communication and depression,loneliness,self-esteem,and perceived social support[J].Cyberpsychology&Behavior,2002,5(2):157-171.
[15]Deters F G,Mehl M R.Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness?An online social networking experiment[J].Social Psychological and Personality science,2013,4(5):579-586.
[16]Heo J,Chun S,Lee S,et al.Internet use and well-being in older adults[J].Cyberpsychology,Behavior,and Social Networking,2015,18(5):268-272.
[17]Shillair R J,Rikard R,Cotten S R,et al.Not so lonely surfers:Loneliness,social support,internet use and life satisfaction in older adults[C/OL].[2018-10-22].http://hdl.handle.net/2142/73666.
[18]许肇然,胡安安,黄丽华.国内外老年人互联网使用行为研究述评[J].图书情报工作,2017,61(20):140-148.
[19]胡安安,许肇然,黄丽华.基于社会参与理论的为老服务网站活动模式研究:以上海老年人学习网为例[J].山东财经大学学报,2017,29(1):36-44.
[20]洪建中,黄凤,皮忠玲.老年人网络使用与心理健康[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2015,54(2):171-176.
[21]Chen Y,Hicks A,While A E.Loneliness and social support of older people in C hina:a systematic literature review[J].Health&Social Care in the Community,2014,22(2):113-123.
[22]Eastin M S,Larose R.Alt.support:Modeling social support online[J].Computers in Human Behavior,2005,21(6):977-992.
[23]项目简介[R/OL].[2018-11-05].http://charls.pku.edu.cn/zh-CN/page/about/CHARLS.
[24]陈强.高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010.
[25]Pinquart M,Sorensen S.Influences on loneliness in older adults:A meta-analysis[J].Basic and Applied Social Psychology,2001,23(4):245-266.
[26]Rosenbaum P R,Rubin D B.The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects[J].Biometrika,1983,70(1):41-55.
[27]Abadie A,Drukker D,Herr J L,et al.Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in Stata[J].Stata Journal,2004(4):290-311.
[28]Abadie A,Imbens G W.Bias-corrected matching estimators for average treatment effects[J].Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,2011,29(1):1-11.
[29]Lagana L.Enhancing the attitudes and self-efficacy of older adults toward computers and the internet:Results of a pilot study[J].Educational Gerontology,2008,34(9):831-843.
[30]赵宇翔.数字悟性:基于数字原住民和数字移民的概念初探[J].中国图书馆学报,2014,40(6):43-54.
[31]史昱天,赵宇翔,朱庆华.代际学习:连接数字原住民和数字移民的新兴研究领域[J].图书与情报,2017(2):63-71.
[32]张凤鸣.老龄化背景下图书馆促进社会代际融合思路研究[J].图书与情报,2017(3):72-77.
[33]王瑜,谢巧玲.澳大利亚新南威尔士州公共图书馆的老年人服务与启示[J].图书与情报,2014(4):34-37.
[34]洪伟达,王政.图书馆弱势群体信息权益保障情况的实证研究[J].图书与情报,2014(6):59-68.
[35]李舒欣,赵宇翔.新媒体环境下数字移民的媒介素养探索:基于智能手机应用的扎根分析[J].图书情报工作,2016,60(17):94-102.
[2]闫志民,李丹,赵宇晗,等.日益孤独的中国老年人:一项横断历史研究[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(7):1084-1091.
[3]Hawkley L C,Cacioppo J T.Loneliness matters:a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms[J].Annals of Behavioral Medicine,2010,40(2):218-227.
[4]吴国婷,张敏强,倪雨菡,等.老年人孤独感及其影响因素的潜在转变分析[J].心理学报,2018,50(9):1061-1070.
[5]陈琪尔,黄俭强.社区老年人孤独状况与生存质量的相关性研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2005,(5):363-364.
[6]董亭月.社会支持对中国老年人孤独感的影响研究---基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查[J].调研世界,2017(8):3-9.
[7]姚若松,郭梦诗,叶浩生.社会支持对老年人社会幸福感的影响机制:希望与孤独感的中介作用[J].心理学报,2018,50(10):1151-1158.
[8]韦艳,刘旭东,张艳平.社会支持对农村老年女性孤独感的影响研究[J].人口学刊,2010(4):41-47.
[9]张皓妍,陈长香,张敏,等.家庭亲子支持对中高龄老年人孤独感影响[J].中国公共卫生,2018,34(2):167-171.
[10]Kraut R,Patterson M,Lundmark V,et al.Internet paradox:A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?[J].American Psychologist,1998,53(9):1017.
[11]Shapiro J S.Loneliness:Paradox or artifact?[J].American Psychologist,1999,54(9):782-783.
[12]Caplan S E.Preference for online social interaction:A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being[J].Communication Research,2003,30(6):625-648.
[13]Morahan-Martin J,Schumacher P.Loneliness and social uses of the Internet[J].Computers in Human Behavior,2003,19(6):659-671.
[14]Shaw L H,Gant L M.In defense of the Internet:The relationship between Internet communication and depression,loneliness,self-esteem,and perceived social support[J].Cyberpsychology&Behavior,2002,5(2):157-171.
[15]Deters F G,Mehl M R.Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness?An online social networking experiment[J].Social Psychological and Personality science,2013,4(5):579-586.
[16]Heo J,Chun S,Lee S,et al.Internet use and well-being in older adults[J].Cyberpsychology,Behavior,and Social Networking,2015,18(5):268-272.
[17]Shillair R J,Rikard R,Cotten S R,et al.Not so lonely surfers:Loneliness,social support,internet use and life satisfaction in older adults[C/OL].[2018-10-22].http://hdl.handle.net/2142/73666.
[18]许肇然,胡安安,黄丽华.国内外老年人互联网使用行为研究述评[J].图书情报工作,2017,61(20):140-148.
[19]胡安安,许肇然,黄丽华.基于社会参与理论的为老服务网站活动模式研究:以上海老年人学习网为例[J].山东财经大学学报,2017,29(1):36-44.
[20]洪建中,黄凤,皮忠玲.老年人网络使用与心理健康[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2015,54(2):171-176.
[21]Chen Y,Hicks A,While A E.Loneliness and social support of older people in C hina:a systematic literature review[J].Health&Social Care in the Community,2014,22(2):113-123.
[22]Eastin M S,Larose R.Alt.support:Modeling social support online[J].Computers in Human Behavior,2005,21(6):977-992.
[23]项目简介[R/OL].[2018-11-05].http://charls.pku.edu.cn/zh-CN/page/about/CHARLS.
[24]陈强.高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010.
[25]Pinquart M,Sorensen S.Influences on loneliness in older adults:A meta-analysis[J].Basic and Applied Social Psychology,2001,23(4):245-266.
[26]Rosenbaum P R,Rubin D B.The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects[J].Biometrika,1983,70(1):41-55.
[27]Abadie A,Drukker D,Herr J L,et al.Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in Stata[J].Stata Journal,2004(4):290-311.
[28]Abadie A,Imbens G W.Bias-corrected matching estimators for average treatment effects[J].Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,2011,29(1):1-11.
[29]Lagana L.Enhancing the attitudes and self-efficacy of older adults toward computers and the internet:Results of a pilot study[J].Educational Gerontology,2008,34(9):831-843.
[30]赵宇翔.数字悟性:基于数字原住民和数字移民的概念初探[J].中国图书馆学报,2014,40(6):43-54.
[31]史昱天,赵宇翔,朱庆华.代际学习:连接数字原住民和数字移民的新兴研究领域[J].图书与情报,2017(2):63-71.
[32]张凤鸣.老龄化背景下图书馆促进社会代际融合思路研究[J].图书与情报,2017(3):72-77.
[33]王瑜,谢巧玲.澳大利亚新南威尔士州公共图书馆的老年人服务与启示[J].图书与情报,2014(4):34-37.
[34]洪伟达,王政.图书馆弱势群体信息权益保障情况的实证研究[J].图书与情报,2014(6):59-68.
[35]李舒欣,赵宇翔.新媒体环境下数字移民的媒介素养探索:基于智能手机应用的扎根分析[J].图书情报工作,2016,60(17):94-102.
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