放养密度对凡纳滨对虾苗种中间培育效果的影响
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摘要
通过对养殖场凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)实际苗种中间培育进行实验(21 d),探究了放养密度(1.50～2.25万尾/m~3)对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、养殖水体水质以及细菌群落的影响。结果显示,当放养密度为1.50～2.25万尾/m~3时,放养密度的增加会提高凡纳滨对虾的产率、特定生长率、存活率及饵料转化率。实验期间,各养殖池内水体的pH逐渐下降,氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和化学需氧量(COD)浓度均呈逐渐上升趋势,弧菌(Vibrio)浓度则在一定范围内[(0.3～7.5)×10~4 CFU/ml]波动。放养密度的增加会导致养殖水体pH下降,NH4+-N和COD浓度升高,但对水体中的弧菌浓度没有明显影响。实验末期,放养密度较高的养殖池具有较高的细菌生物多样性,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(56.52%～71.22%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(20.65%～38.23%)为各养殖池内主要细菌门类,而且弧菌属(Vibrio)(2.3%～9.4%)在各养殖池内均为优势菌属。在凡纳滨对虾苗种中间培育过程中,逐日增加换水量对水体pH和COD浓度具有一定的调节能力,但难以控制NH4+-N和亚硝酸氮(NO_2~--N)浓度的升高。
Intermediate cultivation of shrimp postlarvae(ICSP) is an important part of industrial shrimp farming. Full-scale ICSP experiment in an aquafarm(21 d) was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density(15000～22500 pieces/m~3) on the shrimp growth performance, aquaculture water quality, and bacterial community. The results indicated that the shrimp growth performance(Expressed as yield rate, special growth rate, survival rate, and feed conversion rate) was enhanced with the increasing stocking density when the stocking densities were 15000～22500 pieces/m~3. For all aquaculture ponds, the pH values and the concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and COD gradually decreased and increased,respectively over the ICSP period, while Vibrio concentrations fluctuated in the range of(0.3～7.5)× 10~4 CFU/ml. Furthermore, higher stocking density resulted in lower pH and higher concentrations of ammonia and COD in the water. However, little effect of stocking density on Vibrio concentration was observed in this study. At the end of ICSP, the aquaculture pond with higher stocking density had higher bacterial biodiversity. Proteobacteria(56.52%～71.22%) and Bacteroidetes(20.65%～38.23%) constituted the main taxonomic groups(Phyla) of the bacterial community in all aquaculture ponds, and Vibrio(2.3%～9.4%) was the dominant genus. During the ICSP period, daily-increasing amounts of water exchange could control the decrease in pH and the increase in COD concentration to some extent, but failed to stem the rise of ammonia and nitrite concentrations.
Intermediate cultivation of shrimp postlarvae(ICSP) is an important part of industrial shrimp farming. Full-scale ICSP experiment in an aquafarm(21 d) was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density(15000～22500 pieces/m~3) on the shrimp growth performance, aquaculture water quality, and bacterial community. The results indicated that the shrimp growth performance(Expressed as yield rate, special growth rate, survival rate, and feed conversion rate) was enhanced with the increasing stocking density when the stocking densities were 15000～22500 pieces/m~3. For all aquaculture ponds, the pH values and the concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and COD gradually decreased and increased,respectively over the ICSP period, while Vibrio concentrations fluctuated in the range of(0.3～7.5)× 10~4 CFU/ml. Furthermore, higher stocking density resulted in lower pH and higher concentrations of ammonia and COD in the water. However, little effect of stocking density on Vibrio concentration was observed in this study. At the end of ICSP, the aquaculture pond with higher stocking density had higher bacterial biodiversity. Proteobacteria(56.52%～71.22%) and Bacteroidetes(20.65%～38.23%) constituted the main taxonomic groups(Phyla) of the bacterial community in all aquaculture ponds, and Vibrio(2.3%～9.4%) was the dominant genus. During the ICSP period, daily-increasing amounts of water exchange could control the decrease in pH and the increase in COD concentration to some extent, but failed to stem the rise of ammonia and nitrite concentrations.
引文
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Cao YC,Wen GL,Li ZJ,et al.Effects of dominant microalgae species and bacterial quantity on shrimp production in the final culture season.Journal of Applied Phycology,2014,26(4):1749-1757
Caporaso JG,Kuczynski J,Stombaugh J,et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.Nature Methods,2010,7(5):335-336
Cardona E,Gueguen Y,MagréK,et al.Bacterial community characterization of water and intestine of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris in a biofloc system.BMC Microbiology,2016,16(1):157-165
Cen BM.Analysis of production technology of Penaeus vannamei in pond culturing.Journal of Ningbo University(Natural Science and Engineering Edition),2010,23(4):47-50[岑伯明.南美白对虾池塘养殖生产状况的调查与分析.宁波大学学报(理工版),2010,23(4):47-50]
Chen C,Yan MC,Zhang X,et al.Dynamics of the bacterial community in rearing water from an intensive pond containing different stocking densities of Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(4):985-993[陈琛,闫茂仓,张翔,等.凡纳滨对虾不同养殖密度高位池水体细菌群落动态.中国水产科学,2016,23(4):985-993]
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Dong SL,Pan KH.Review on effects of mariculture on coastal environment.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,2000,30(4):575-582[董双林,潘克厚.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(4):575-582]
Edgar RC,Haas BJ,Clemente JC,et al.UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection.Bioinformatics,2011,27(16):2194-2200
Edgar RC.UPARSE:Highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads.Nature Methods,2013,10(10):996-998
Gao X,Jing HJ,Zhao W,et al.Community structure of plankton and water quality in marine high-place ponds with Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture.Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2017,32(1):44-50[高欣,景泓杰,赵文,等.凡纳滨对虾高位养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及水质特征.大连海洋大学学报,2017,32(1):44-50]
Gullian M,Thompson F,Rodriguez J.Selection of probiotic bacteria and study of their immunostimulatory effect in Penaeus vannamei.Aquaculture,2004,233(1):1-14
Haas BJ,Gevers D,Earl AM,et al.Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons.Genome Research,2011,21(3):494-504
Huang ZJ,Chen YG,Weng SP,et al.Multiple bacteria species were involved in hepatopancreas necrosis syndrome(HPNS)of Litopenaeus vannamei.Acta Scientiaurum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni(Natural Sciences),2016,55(1):1-11[黄志坚,陈勇贵,翁少萍,等.多种细菌与凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺坏死症(HPNS)爆发有关.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2016,55(1):1-11]
Li CH,Qin HG,Jia XP,et al.The effect of density on energy conversion efficiency of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.South China Fisheries Science,2006,2(1):30-33[李纯厚,秦红贵,贾晓平,等.养殖密度对凡纳滨对虾能量转换效率的影响研究.南方水产科学,2006,2(1):30-33]
Li YH,Chai PC,Hu XG,et al.Analysis of intestinal microecology of Litopenaaeus vannamei in industrial aquaculture by RFLP and DGGE techniques.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2014,35(2):83-89[李玉宏,柴鹏程,胡修贵,等.应用RFLP和DGGE技术分析工厂化养殖凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物群落特征.渔业科学进展,2014,35(2):83-89]
Li YQ,Li J,Wang QY et al.Effects of intensity-stress on the growth and non-specific immunity factors of Litopenaeus vannamei.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(9):2091-2096[李玉全,李健,王清印,等.密度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾生长及非特异性免疫因子的影响.中国农业科学,2007,40(9):2091-2096]
Liu J,Qu KM,Liu HY,et al.Studies on features of water environment in industrialized shrimp culture system.Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(6):1-8[刘娇,曲克明,刘海英,等.对虾工厂化养殖水环境基本特征研究.海洋水产研究,2008,29(6):1-8]
Luo P,Hu C,Xie Z,et al.PCR-DGGE analysis of bacterial community composition in brackish water Litopenaeus vannamei culture system.Journal of Tropical Oceanography.2006,25(2):49-53
Mago?T,Salzberg SL.FLASH:Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies.Bioinformatics,2011,27(21):2957-2963
Nga BT,Lürling M,Peeters E,et al.Chemical and physical effects of crowding on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon fabricius post-larvae.Aquaculture,2005,246(1):455-465
Qu KM,Li BS.A review on ecological environment of shrimp culture.Marine Fisheries Research,2000,21(3):67-71[曲克明,李勃生.对虾养殖生态环境的研究现状和展望.海洋水产研究,2000,21(3):67-71]
Quast C,Pruesse E,Yilmaz P,et al.The SILVA ribosomal RNAgene database project:Improved data processing and webbased tools.Nucleic Acids Research,2013,41(1):590-596
Shen MM.Li J,Wang QY,et al.Analysis of the Microalgae Community in Industrial Aquaculture Ponds of Pacific White Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei).Progress of Fishery Sciences,2017,38(5):64-72[沈明明,李健,王清印,等.凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖系统微藻的群落特征分析.渔业科学进展,38(5):64-72]
Wang F,Lei JL,Gao CR,et al.Review of industrial recirculating aquaculture research at home and abroad.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2013,20(5):1100-1111[王峰,雷霁霖,高淳仁,等.国内外工厂化循环水养殖研究进展.中国水产科学,2013,20(5):1100-1111]
Wang Q,Garrity GM,Tiedje JM,et al.Naive bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2007,73(16):5261-5267
Wang YY,Luo GQ,Zhang ZY.Effect of feeding frequency on the NH4+-N level in the recirculating aquaculture system.Fishery Modernization,2014,38(5):706-712[王以尧,罗国强,张哲勇.投喂频率对循环水养殖系统氨氮浓度的影响.渔业现代化,2011,38(1):706-712]
Wu C,Li KY.A comparison of industrialized culture and pond fine culture of shrimp.Chinese Fisheries Economics,2011,29(2):126-133[吴晨,李孔岳.对虾工厂化养殖与池塘精细养殖模式的比较.中国渔业经济,2011,29(2):126-133]
Yao QZ,Zang WL,Dai XL,et al.Toxic effects of nitrite and ammonia on Penaeus vannamei larvae and Penaeus japonicus larvae.Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2002,11(1):21-26[姚庆祯,臧维玲,戴习林,等.亚硝酸盐和氨对凡纳对虾和日本对虾幼体的毒性作用.上海水产大学学报,2002,11(1):21-26]
Yi MM,Yu HN,Lin XT,et al.Effects of stocking densities on behavior and physiological activity in Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Jinan University(Natural Science),2012,33(1):81-86[衣萌萌,于赫男,林小涛,等.密度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的行为与生理变化.暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,33(1):81-86]
Zhang B,He PP,Wei PY,et al.Preliminary study on pathogeny associated with sustained death in parent shrimp of Litopenaeus vannamei.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,28(6):2798-2802[张彬,何苹萍,韦嫔媛,等.凡纳滨对虾亲虾持续性死亡病因的初步研究.西南农业学报,2015,28(6):2798-2802]
Zhang TS,Kong J,Liu P,et al.Effect of diet and stocking density on growth and survivorship of juvenile shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis.Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(3):41-47[张天时,孔杰,刘萍,等.饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响.海洋水产研究,2008,29(3):41-47]
Zhang XG,Zhao P,Wang GC,et al.The environmental and production effect of bio-floc aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei at different stocking densities.Progress in Fishery Science,2013,34(3):111-119[张许光,赵培,王国成,等.不同放苗密度凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖的环境和产出效应.渔业科学进展,2013,4(3):111-119]
Bokulich NA,Subramanian S,Faith JJ,et al.Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing.Nature Methods,2013,10(1):57-59
Cao YC,Wen GL,Li ZJ,et al.Effects of dominant microalgae species and bacterial quantity on shrimp production in the final culture season.Journal of Applied Phycology,2014,26(4):1749-1757
Caporaso JG,Kuczynski J,Stombaugh J,et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.Nature Methods,2010,7(5):335-336
Cardona E,Gueguen Y,MagréK,et al.Bacterial community characterization of water and intestine of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris in a biofloc system.BMC Microbiology,2016,16(1):157-165
Cen BM.Analysis of production technology of Penaeus vannamei in pond culturing.Journal of Ningbo University(Natural Science and Engineering Edition),2010,23(4):47-50[岑伯明.南美白对虾池塘养殖生产状况的调查与分析.宁波大学学报(理工版),2010,23(4):47-50]
Chen C,Yan MC,Zhang X,et al.Dynamics of the bacterial community in rearing water from an intensive pond containing different stocking densities of Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(4):985-993[陈琛,闫茂仓,张翔,等.凡纳滨对虾不同养殖密度高位池水体细菌群落动态.中国水产科学,2016,23(4):985-993]
Ding ML,Lin L,Li GY,et al.Effect of organic pollution on Penaeus chinensis body’s intraenvironment and externalenvironment.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1997,28(1):7-11[丁美丽,林林,李光友,等.有机污染对中国对虾体内外环境影响的研究.海洋与湖沼,1997,28(1):7-11]
Dong SL,Pan KH.Review on effects of mariculture on coastal environment.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,2000,30(4):575-582[董双林,潘克厚.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(4):575-582]
Edgar RC,Haas BJ,Clemente JC,et al.UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection.Bioinformatics,2011,27(16):2194-2200
Edgar RC.UPARSE:Highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads.Nature Methods,2013,10(10):996-998
Gao X,Jing HJ,Zhao W,et al.Community structure of plankton and water quality in marine high-place ponds with Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture.Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2017,32(1):44-50[高欣,景泓杰,赵文,等.凡纳滨对虾高位养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及水质特征.大连海洋大学学报,2017,32(1):44-50]
Gullian M,Thompson F,Rodriguez J.Selection of probiotic bacteria and study of their immunostimulatory effect in Penaeus vannamei.Aquaculture,2004,233(1):1-14
Haas BJ,Gevers D,Earl AM,et al.Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons.Genome Research,2011,21(3):494-504
Huang ZJ,Chen YG,Weng SP,et al.Multiple bacteria species were involved in hepatopancreas necrosis syndrome(HPNS)of Litopenaeus vannamei.Acta Scientiaurum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni(Natural Sciences),2016,55(1):1-11[黄志坚,陈勇贵,翁少萍,等.多种细菌与凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺坏死症(HPNS)爆发有关.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2016,55(1):1-11]
Li CH,Qin HG,Jia XP,et al.The effect of density on energy conversion efficiency of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.South China Fisheries Science,2006,2(1):30-33[李纯厚,秦红贵,贾晓平,等.养殖密度对凡纳滨对虾能量转换效率的影响研究.南方水产科学,2006,2(1):30-33]
Li YH,Chai PC,Hu XG,et al.Analysis of intestinal microecology of Litopenaaeus vannamei in industrial aquaculture by RFLP and DGGE techniques.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2014,35(2):83-89[李玉宏,柴鹏程,胡修贵,等.应用RFLP和DGGE技术分析工厂化养殖凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物群落特征.渔业科学进展,2014,35(2):83-89]
Li YQ,Li J,Wang QY et al.Effects of intensity-stress on the growth and non-specific immunity factors of Litopenaeus vannamei.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(9):2091-2096[李玉全,李健,王清印,等.密度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾生长及非特异性免疫因子的影响.中国农业科学,2007,40(9):2091-2096]
Liu J,Qu KM,Liu HY,et al.Studies on features of water environment in industrialized shrimp culture system.Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(6):1-8[刘娇,曲克明,刘海英,等.对虾工厂化养殖水环境基本特征研究.海洋水产研究,2008,29(6):1-8]
Luo P,Hu C,Xie Z,et al.PCR-DGGE analysis of bacterial community composition in brackish water Litopenaeus vannamei culture system.Journal of Tropical Oceanography.2006,25(2):49-53
Mago?T,Salzberg SL.FLASH:Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies.Bioinformatics,2011,27(21):2957-2963
Nga BT,Lürling M,Peeters E,et al.Chemical and physical effects of crowding on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon fabricius post-larvae.Aquaculture,2005,246(1):455-465
Qu KM,Li BS.A review on ecological environment of shrimp culture.Marine Fisheries Research,2000,21(3):67-71[曲克明,李勃生.对虾养殖生态环境的研究现状和展望.海洋水产研究,2000,21(3):67-71]
Quast C,Pruesse E,Yilmaz P,et al.The SILVA ribosomal RNAgene database project:Improved data processing and webbased tools.Nucleic Acids Research,2013,41(1):590-596
Shen MM.Li J,Wang QY,et al.Analysis of the Microalgae Community in Industrial Aquaculture Ponds of Pacific White Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei).Progress of Fishery Sciences,2017,38(5):64-72[沈明明,李健,王清印,等.凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖系统微藻的群落特征分析.渔业科学进展,38(5):64-72]
Wang F,Lei JL,Gao CR,et al.Review of industrial recirculating aquaculture research at home and abroad.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2013,20(5):1100-1111[王峰,雷霁霖,高淳仁,等.国内外工厂化循环水养殖研究进展.中国水产科学,2013,20(5):1100-1111]
Wang Q,Garrity GM,Tiedje JM,et al.Naive bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2007,73(16):5261-5267
Wang YY,Luo GQ,Zhang ZY.Effect of feeding frequency on the NH4+-N level in the recirculating aquaculture system.Fishery Modernization,2014,38(5):706-712[王以尧,罗国强,张哲勇.投喂频率对循环水养殖系统氨氮浓度的影响.渔业现代化,2011,38(1):706-712]
Wu C,Li KY.A comparison of industrialized culture and pond fine culture of shrimp.Chinese Fisheries Economics,2011,29(2):126-133[吴晨,李孔岳.对虾工厂化养殖与池塘精细养殖模式的比较.中国渔业经济,2011,29(2):126-133]
Yao QZ,Zang WL,Dai XL,et al.Toxic effects of nitrite and ammonia on Penaeus vannamei larvae and Penaeus japonicus larvae.Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2002,11(1):21-26[姚庆祯,臧维玲,戴习林,等.亚硝酸盐和氨对凡纳对虾和日本对虾幼体的毒性作用.上海水产大学学报,2002,11(1):21-26]
Yi MM,Yu HN,Lin XT,et al.Effects of stocking densities on behavior and physiological activity in Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Jinan University(Natural Science),2012,33(1):81-86[衣萌萌,于赫男,林小涛,等.密度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的行为与生理变化.暨南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,33(1):81-86]
Zhang B,He PP,Wei PY,et al.Preliminary study on pathogeny associated with sustained death in parent shrimp of Litopenaeus vannamei.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,28(6):2798-2802[张彬,何苹萍,韦嫔媛,等.凡纳滨对虾亲虾持续性死亡病因的初步研究.西南农业学报,2015,28(6):2798-2802]
Zhang TS,Kong J,Liu P,et al.Effect of diet and stocking density on growth and survivorship of juvenile shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis.Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(3):41-47[张天时,孔杰,刘萍,等.饵料和养殖密度对中国对虾幼虾生长及存活率的影响.海洋水产研究,2008,29(3):41-47]
Zhang XG,Zhao P,Wang GC,et al.The environmental and production effect of bio-floc aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei at different stocking densities.Progress in Fishery Science,2013,34(3):111-119[张许光,赵培,王国成,等.不同放苗密度凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖的环境和产出效应.渔业科学进展,2013,4(3):111-119]