中国省域生态系统服务足迹流动及其影响因素
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摘要
区域间由供给与消费不均衡所引起的生态系统服务流动,逐渐成为新的研究热点。选取具有代表性的食物供给服务、淡水供给服务和固碳服务,运用生态系统服务足迹算法和多区域间投入产出模型,核算中国省区典型生态系统服务足迹和省域间的动态流动以及影响因素。研究表明:中国省域人均食物供给服务足迹为1.16 hm~2/人,人均淡水供给服务足迹为0.06 hm~2/人,人均固碳服务足迹为2.92 hm~2/人,但由于人口数量、地区发展和单位能耗等因素的影响而具有明显的区域差异性,因此供给与需求的不均衡导致了服务足迹在空间上的流动。同时,生态系统服务足迹与各影响因子呈正相关,表明生态环境与经济增长的可持续发展转好的拐点还未出现。
Ecosystem service (ES) has become deeply embedded in governmental decisionmaking. The ecosystem service flow between different regions caused by the spatial mismatch of supply and consumption has become a hotspot. This paper calculated ecosystem service footprint flow of food provision, freshwater provision, and regulation using the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model, within the context of 15 sectors of China's domestic trade at provincial level. Conclusions are as follows: Firstly, there are obvious regional differences in ecosystem services footprint. The results show that, the per capita food provision is 1.16 hm~2, and the southern provinces have higher food provision service footprint than the northern, separated by Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. It can be seen that the per capita fresh water provision service footprint is 0.06 hm~2, higher in the north and south, but lower in the central region, which is divided by the 800 mm annual rainfall isoline. And the per capita regulation service is 2.92 hm~2 and presents a pattern of higher in the northern and eastern parts, while lower in the central and western in China. Secondly, spatial mismatch of ecosystem service supply and consumption is the fundamental cause for ecosystem service footprint flow. Social development and population growth are the main driving force of the ecosystem services footprint flow. The ecosystem service footprint supplied from the sparsely populated west and southwest China transport through the domestic trade to eastern China that could get benefit from the flow and get release of the ecological pressure. Finally, according to the STIRPAT model, we verify the above three types of service footprints, which shows that the Kuznets curve does not exist, or the turning point has not improved yet. Therefore, how to coordinate the relationship between economic development and ecological conservation is the precondition of sustainable development.
Ecosystem service (ES) has become deeply embedded in governmental decisionmaking. The ecosystem service flow between different regions caused by the spatial mismatch of supply and consumption has become a hotspot. This paper calculated ecosystem service footprint flow of food provision, freshwater provision, and regulation using the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model, within the context of 15 sectors of China's domestic trade at provincial level. Conclusions are as follows: Firstly, there are obvious regional differences in ecosystem services footprint. The results show that, the per capita food provision is 1.16 hm~2, and the southern provinces have higher food provision service footprint than the northern, separated by Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. It can be seen that the per capita fresh water provision service footprint is 0.06 hm~2, higher in the north and south, but lower in the central region, which is divided by the 800 mm annual rainfall isoline. And the per capita regulation service is 2.92 hm~2 and presents a pattern of higher in the northern and eastern parts, while lower in the central and western in China. Secondly, spatial mismatch of ecosystem service supply and consumption is the fundamental cause for ecosystem service footprint flow. Social development and population growth are the main driving force of the ecosystem services footprint flow. The ecosystem service footprint supplied from the sparsely populated west and southwest China transport through the domestic trade to eastern China that could get benefit from the flow and get release of the ecological pressure. Finally, according to the STIRPAT model, we verify the above three types of service footprints, which shows that the Kuznets curve does not exist, or the turning point has not improved yet. Therefore, how to coordinate the relationship between economic development and ecological conservation is the precondition of sustainable development.
引文
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[5]Zaets I,Kramarev S,Kozyrovska N.Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning,management and decision making.Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):260-272.
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[8]朱文博,王阳,李双成.生态系统服务付费的诊断框架及案例剖析.生态学报,2014,34(10):2460-2469.[Zhu Wenbo,Wang Yang,Li Shuangcheng.A diagnostic framework of payments for ecosystem services and associated case studies.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(10):2460-2469.]
[9]Serna-Chavez H M,Schulp C J E,Bodegom P M V,et al.A quantitative framework for assessing spatial flows of ecosystem services.Ecological Indicators,2014,39(4):24-33.
[10]吴健生,牛妍,彭建,等.基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的1995-2009年中国地级市能源消费动态.地理研究,2014,33(4):625-634.[Wu Jiansheng,Niu Yan,Peng Jian,et al.Research on energy consumption dynamic among prefecturelevel cities in China based on DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):625-634.]
[11]Maass J M,Balvanera P,Castillo A,et al.Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests:Insights from long-term ecological and social research on the Pacific Coast of Mexico.Ecology&Society,2005,10(1):585-607.
[12]Turner W R,Brandon K,Brooks T M,et al.Global biodiversity conservation and the alleviation of poverty.Bioscience,2012,62(1):85-92.
[13]Feng K,Siu Y L,Guan D,et al.Assessing regional virtual water flows and water footprints in the Yellow River Basin,China:A consumption based approach.Applied Geography,2012,32(2):1-701.
[14]Hong Y,Alexer Z."Virtual water":An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management.Water Resources Research,2007,43(12):W12301.
[15]Palomo I,Martin-Lopoz B,Potschin M,et al.National parks,buffer zones and surrounding lands:Mapping ecosystem service flows.Ecosystem Services,2013,4(4):104-116.
[16]Sema-Chavez H M,Schulp C J E,van Bodegom P M,et al.A quantitative framework for assessing spatial flows of ecosystem services.Ecological Indicators,2014,39(4):29-39.
[17]Bagstad K J,Johnson G W,Voigt B,et al.Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows:A comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services.Ecosystem Services,2013,(4):117-125.
[18]肖玉,谢高地,鲁春霞,等.基于供需关系的生态系统服务空间流动研究进展.生态学报,2016(10):3096-3102.[Xiao Yu,Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,et al.Involvement of ecosystem service flows in human wellbeing based on the relationship between supply and demand.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(10):3096-3102.]
[19]赵荣钦,黄贤金.基于能源消费的江苏省土地利用碳排放与碳足迹.地理研究,2010,29(9):1639-1649.[Zhao Rongqin,Huang Xianjin.Carbon emission and carbon footprint of different land use types based on energy consumption of Jiangsu province.Geographical Research,2010,29(9):1639-1649.]
[20]孙克,徐中民.基于地理加权回归的中国灰水足迹人文驱动因素分析.地理研究,2016,35(1):37-48.[Sun Ke,Xu Zhongmin.The impacts of human driving factors on grey water footprint in China using a GWR model.Geographical Research,2016,35(1):37-48.]
[21]Hubacek K,Sun L.Economic and societal changes in China and their effects on water use:A scenario analysis.Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(1-2):187-200.
[22]Burkhard B,Groot R D,Costanza R,et al.Solutions for sustaining natural capital and ecosystem services.Ecological Indicators,2012,21(3):1-6.
[23]Kissinger M,Gottlieb D.From global to place oriented hectares:The case of Israel's wheat ecological footprint and its implications for sustainable resource supply.Ecological Indicators,2012,16:51-57.
[24]高阳.生态系统服务的多尺度和多途径模拟与核算研究.北京:北京大学博士学位论文,2014.[Gao Yang.Research on the simulation and accounting of ecosystem services:A perspective from integrative geography.Beijing:Doctoral Dissertation of Peking University,2014.]
[25]World Wide Fund for Nature.Living planet report:2008.www.footprintnetwork.org,2017-10-09.
[26]Hoekstra A Y,Hung P Q.Globalisation of water resources:International virtual water flows in relation to crop trade.Global Environmental Change,2005,15(1):45-56.
[27]黄林楠,张伟新,姜翠玲,等.水资源生态足迹计算方法.生态学报,2008,28(3):1279-1286.[Huang Linnan,Zhang Weixin,Jiang Cuiling,et al.Ecological footprint method in water resources assessment.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(3):1279-1286.]
[28]洪辉.基于生态足迹法的西安市水资源生态足迹研究.西安:西安建筑科技大学博士学位论文,2007.[Hong Hui.Study on the principle of water resources ecological footprint in Xi'an.Xi'an:Doctoral Dissertation of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2007.]
[29]吴志峰,胡永红,李定强,等.城市水生态足迹变化分析与模拟.资源科学,2006,28(5):152-156.[Wu Zhifeng,Hu Yonghong,Li Dingqiang,et al.Analyzing and modeling temporal variation of water ecological footprint in Guangzhou city of China.Resources Sciences,2006,28(5):152-156.]
[30]Zhao X,Liu J,Liu Q,et al.Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112(4):10.1073/pnas.1404130112.
[31]York R,Rosa E A,Dietz T.STIRPAT,IPAT and ImPACT:Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts.Ecological Economics,2003,46(3):351-365.
[32]陈强强,孙小花,王生林,等.基于STIRPAT模型分析社会经济因素对甘肃省环境压力的影响.西北人口,2009,30(6):58-61.[Chen Qiangqiang,Sun Xiaohua,Wang Shenglin,et al.Impact of social and economic factors on environment in Gannan province.Northwest Population Journal,2009,30(6):58-61.]
[33]张志强,徐中民,程国栋,等.中国西部12省(区市)的生态足迹.地理学报,2001,56(5):599-610.[Zhang Zhiqiang,Xu Zhongmin,Cheng Guodong,et al.The ecological footprints of the 12 provinces of West China in 1999.Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(5):599-610.]
[34]王俭,张朝星,于英谭,等.城市水资源生态足迹核算模型及应用-以沈阳市为例.应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2257-2262.[Wang Jian,Zhang Chaoxing,Yu Yingtan,et al.Calculation model of urban water resources ecological footprint and its application:A case study in Shenyang city of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2257-2262.]
[35]Wackernagel M,Onisto L,Bello P,et al.National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept.Ecological Economics,1999,29(3):375-390.
[2]彭建,胡晓旭,赵明月,等.生态系统服务权衡研究进展:从认知到决策.地理学报,2017,72(6):960-973.[Peng Jian,Hu Xiaoxu,Zhao Mingyue,et al.Research progress on ecosystem service trade-offs:From cognition to decision-making.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(6):960-973.]
[3]傅伯杰,周国逸,白永飞,等.中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全.地球科学进展,2009,24(6):571-576.[Fu Bojie,Zhou Guoyi,Bai Yongfei,et al.The main terrestrial ecosystem services and ecological security in China.Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(6):571-576.]
[4]Galli A,Wiedmann T,Ercin E,et al.Integrating ecological,carbon and water footprint into a"Footprint Family"of indicators:Definition and role in tracking human pressure on the planet.Ecological Indicators,2012,16(16):100-112.
[5]Zaets I,Kramarev S,Kozyrovska N.Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning,management and decision making.Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):260-272.
[6]Fisher B,Turner R K,Morling P.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making.Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):643-653.
[7]李双成.生态系统服务地理学.北京:科学出版社,2014.[Li Shuangcheng.The Geography of Ecosystem Services.Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[8]朱文博,王阳,李双成.生态系统服务付费的诊断框架及案例剖析.生态学报,2014,34(10):2460-2469.[Zhu Wenbo,Wang Yang,Li Shuangcheng.A diagnostic framework of payments for ecosystem services and associated case studies.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(10):2460-2469.]
[9]Serna-Chavez H M,Schulp C J E,Bodegom P M V,et al.A quantitative framework for assessing spatial flows of ecosystem services.Ecological Indicators,2014,39(4):24-33.
[10]吴健生,牛妍,彭建,等.基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的1995-2009年中国地级市能源消费动态.地理研究,2014,33(4):625-634.[Wu Jiansheng,Niu Yan,Peng Jian,et al.Research on energy consumption dynamic among prefecturelevel cities in China based on DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):625-634.]
[11]Maass J M,Balvanera P,Castillo A,et al.Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests:Insights from long-term ecological and social research on the Pacific Coast of Mexico.Ecology&Society,2005,10(1):585-607.
[12]Turner W R,Brandon K,Brooks T M,et al.Global biodiversity conservation and the alleviation of poverty.Bioscience,2012,62(1):85-92.
[13]Feng K,Siu Y L,Guan D,et al.Assessing regional virtual water flows and water footprints in the Yellow River Basin,China:A consumption based approach.Applied Geography,2012,32(2):1-701.
[14]Hong Y,Alexer Z."Virtual water":An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management.Water Resources Research,2007,43(12):W12301.
[15]Palomo I,Martin-Lopoz B,Potschin M,et al.National parks,buffer zones and surrounding lands:Mapping ecosystem service flows.Ecosystem Services,2013,4(4):104-116.
[16]Sema-Chavez H M,Schulp C J E,van Bodegom P M,et al.A quantitative framework for assessing spatial flows of ecosystem services.Ecological Indicators,2014,39(4):29-39.
[17]Bagstad K J,Johnson G W,Voigt B,et al.Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows:A comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services.Ecosystem Services,2013,(4):117-125.
[18]肖玉,谢高地,鲁春霞,等.基于供需关系的生态系统服务空间流动研究进展.生态学报,2016(10):3096-3102.[Xiao Yu,Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,et al.Involvement of ecosystem service flows in human wellbeing based on the relationship between supply and demand.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(10):3096-3102.]
[19]赵荣钦,黄贤金.基于能源消费的江苏省土地利用碳排放与碳足迹.地理研究,2010,29(9):1639-1649.[Zhao Rongqin,Huang Xianjin.Carbon emission and carbon footprint of different land use types based on energy consumption of Jiangsu province.Geographical Research,2010,29(9):1639-1649.]
[20]孙克,徐中民.基于地理加权回归的中国灰水足迹人文驱动因素分析.地理研究,2016,35(1):37-48.[Sun Ke,Xu Zhongmin.The impacts of human driving factors on grey water footprint in China using a GWR model.Geographical Research,2016,35(1):37-48.]
[21]Hubacek K,Sun L.Economic and societal changes in China and their effects on water use:A scenario analysis.Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(1-2):187-200.
[22]Burkhard B,Groot R D,Costanza R,et al.Solutions for sustaining natural capital and ecosystem services.Ecological Indicators,2012,21(3):1-6.
[23]Kissinger M,Gottlieb D.From global to place oriented hectares:The case of Israel's wheat ecological footprint and its implications for sustainable resource supply.Ecological Indicators,2012,16:51-57.
[24]高阳.生态系统服务的多尺度和多途径模拟与核算研究.北京:北京大学博士学位论文,2014.[Gao Yang.Research on the simulation and accounting of ecosystem services:A perspective from integrative geography.Beijing:Doctoral Dissertation of Peking University,2014.]
[25]World Wide Fund for Nature.Living planet report:2008.www.footprintnetwork.org,2017-10-09.
[26]Hoekstra A Y,Hung P Q.Globalisation of water resources:International virtual water flows in relation to crop trade.Global Environmental Change,2005,15(1):45-56.
[27]黄林楠,张伟新,姜翠玲,等.水资源生态足迹计算方法.生态学报,2008,28(3):1279-1286.[Huang Linnan,Zhang Weixin,Jiang Cuiling,et al.Ecological footprint method in water resources assessment.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(3):1279-1286.]
[28]洪辉.基于生态足迹法的西安市水资源生态足迹研究.西安:西安建筑科技大学博士学位论文,2007.[Hong Hui.Study on the principle of water resources ecological footprint in Xi'an.Xi'an:Doctoral Dissertation of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,2007.]
[29]吴志峰,胡永红,李定强,等.城市水生态足迹变化分析与模拟.资源科学,2006,28(5):152-156.[Wu Zhifeng,Hu Yonghong,Li Dingqiang,et al.Analyzing and modeling temporal variation of water ecological footprint in Guangzhou city of China.Resources Sciences,2006,28(5):152-156.]
[30]Zhao X,Liu J,Liu Q,et al.Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112(4):10.1073/pnas.1404130112.
[31]York R,Rosa E A,Dietz T.STIRPAT,IPAT and ImPACT:Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts.Ecological Economics,2003,46(3):351-365.
[32]陈强强,孙小花,王生林,等.基于STIRPAT模型分析社会经济因素对甘肃省环境压力的影响.西北人口,2009,30(6):58-61.[Chen Qiangqiang,Sun Xiaohua,Wang Shenglin,et al.Impact of social and economic factors on environment in Gannan province.Northwest Population Journal,2009,30(6):58-61.]
[33]张志强,徐中民,程国栋,等.中国西部12省(区市)的生态足迹.地理学报,2001,56(5):599-610.[Zhang Zhiqiang,Xu Zhongmin,Cheng Guodong,et al.The ecological footprints of the 12 provinces of West China in 1999.Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(5):599-610.]
[34]王俭,张朝星,于英谭,等.城市水资源生态足迹核算模型及应用-以沈阳市为例.应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2257-2262.[Wang Jian,Zhang Chaoxing,Yu Yingtan,et al.Calculation model of urban water resources ecological footprint and its application:A case study in Shenyang city of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2257-2262.]
[35]Wackernagel M,Onisto L,Bello P,et al.National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept.Ecological Economics,1999,29(3):375-390.