活性炭对农田土壤孔隙结构的影响
|
摘要
分析了农田土壤中施用不同用量活性炭(活性炭用量分别占土壤质量的0、0.1%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和1.2%)对土壤总孔隙的影响,及其随着时间(0、30、60 d和90 d)的变化;利用DE双指数模型计算了土壤毛管度和非毛管孔隙度,定量评价了活性炭对土壤不同大小等级孔隙状况的影响。结果表明:活性炭对土壤的毛管孔隙影响不大,主要增加了土壤的非毛管孔隙,培养90 d时,相比对照处理,活性炭处理(从低到高)的土壤非毛管孔隙度分别增加5.8%、2.5%、8.7%、9.1%和14.7%;活性炭处理减小了土壤容重,增大了土壤总孔隙度,培养90 d时,活性炭处理(从低到高)的总孔隙度比对照处理分别增加1.9%、1.8%、2.3%、2.7%和4.3%;活性炭处理显著减小了土壤毛管孔隙孔径(P<0.05),而显著增大了土壤非毛管孔隙孔径(P<0.05)。活性炭对土壤孔隙的影响随着时间的延长越来越明显,这可能主要与活性炭自身特性和添加活性炭所引起的有机质和微生物变化有关。
Addition of organic materials into soil can improve soil structure. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of activated carbon on the soil pore structure. In the treatments of different amounts of activated carbon( the percentage of soil weight 0%,0.1%,0.3%,0.6%,0.9% and 1.2%) and durations of incubation( 0,30,60,90 d),we measured the soil total porosity,capillary porosity,and no-capillary porosity using the double-exponential water retention equation. Results showed that activated carbon insignificantly affected soil capillary porosity but significantly increased the soil no-capillary porosity,compared with the control treatment after 90 d,the soil no-capillary porosity of the activated carbon treatments( from low to high) increased 5.8%,2.5%,8.7%,9.1% and 14.7%,respectively. Activated carbon decreased soil bulk density and increased soil total porosity,compared with the control treatment after 90 d,the soil total porosity of the activated carbon treatments( from low to high) increased 1.9%、1.8%、2.3%、2.7% and 4.3%,respectively. The activated carbon significantly decreased the radii of soil capillary pores and increased the radii of soil nocapillary pores. The activated carbon may change the composition of soil organic matters and the activity of soil microorganisms,so the effects of activated carbon on the soil pore structure became more obvious over time. These findings may serve as theoretical basis for the use of activated carbon to improve soil structure.
Addition of organic materials into soil can improve soil structure. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of activated carbon on the soil pore structure. In the treatments of different amounts of activated carbon( the percentage of soil weight 0%,0.1%,0.3%,0.6%,0.9% and 1.2%) and durations of incubation( 0,30,60,90 d),we measured the soil total porosity,capillary porosity,and no-capillary porosity using the double-exponential water retention equation. Results showed that activated carbon insignificantly affected soil capillary porosity but significantly increased the soil no-capillary porosity,compared with the control treatment after 90 d,the soil no-capillary porosity of the activated carbon treatments( from low to high) increased 5.8%,2.5%,8.7%,9.1% and 14.7%,respectively. Activated carbon decreased soil bulk density and increased soil total porosity,compared with the control treatment after 90 d,the soil total porosity of the activated carbon treatments( from low to high) increased 1.9%、1.8%、2.3%、2.7% and 4.3%,respectively. The activated carbon significantly decreased the radii of soil capillary pores and increased the radii of soil nocapillary pores. The activated carbon may change the composition of soil organic matters and the activity of soil microorganisms,so the effects of activated carbon on the soil pore structure became more obvious over time. These findings may serve as theoretical basis for the use of activated carbon to improve soil structure.
引文
[1]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[2]彭舜磊,由文辉,沈会涛.植物群落演替对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):78-84.
[3]张治伟,朱章雄,王燕,等.岩溶坡地不同利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):71-76.
[4]朱咏莉,刘军,王益权.国内外土壤结构改良剂的研究利用综述[J].水土保持学报,2001,14(6):140-142.
[5]王珍,冯浩.秸秆不同还田方式对土壤入渗特性及持水能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(4):75-80.
[6]庄文化,冯浩,吴普特.高分子保水剂农业应用研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):265-270.
[7]王增丽,王珍,冯浩.秸秆粉碎氨化还田对土壤体积质量及持水特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):211-215.
[8]林琳,王英刚,刘皙皙,等.农业秸秆制备活性炭及其性能研究[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(5):2179-2180,2210.
[9]Khadiran T,Hussein MZ.Zainal Z,et al.Activated carbon derived from peat soil as a framework for the preparation of shape-stabilized phase change material[J].Energy,2015,82:468-478.
[10]谢志刚,刘成伦.活性炭的制备及其应用进展[J].工业水处理,2005,25(7):10-12.
[11]崔静,赵乃勤,李家俊.活性炭制备及不同品种活性炭的研究进展[J].炭素技术,2005,24(1):26-31.
[12]张伟,孙艳艳,李彦斌,等.活性炭处理对连作棉田土壤酶活性的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2009,46(4):789-792.
[13]周相玉,冯文强,秦鱼生,等.镁、锰、活性炭和石灰及其交互作用对小麦镉吸收的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(14):4289-4296.
[14]尹相博,刘晨,王志莉,等.活性炭对烟农19小麦发芽及其幼苗生长的影响[J].亚热带植物科学,2013,42(2):124-126.
[15]杨林,陈志明,刘元鹏,等.石灰、活性炭对铬污染土壤的修复效果研究[J].土壤学报,2012,49(3):518-525.
[16]Zhang Y J,Ou J L,Duan Z K,et al.Adsorption of Cr(VI)on bamboo bark-based activated carbon in the absence and presence of humic acid[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2015,481:108-116.
[17]胡淑宜,林启模.活性炭改良土壤的试验[J].生物质化学工程,1981,(9):4-9.
[18]周相玉,冯文强,秦鱼生,等.镁、锰、活性炭和石灰对土壤p H及镉有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):199-203,208.
[19]方圆,冯浩,操信春,等.活性炭对土壤入渗、蒸发特性及养分淋溶损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):23-26.
[20]Dexter A R,Czyz E A,Richard G,et al.A user-friendly water retention function that takes account of the textural and structural pore spaces in soil[J].Geoderma,2008,143:243-253.
[21]Kutilek M.Soil hydraulic properties as related to soil structure[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,79:175-184.
[22]Dexter A R,Richard G.The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils with n-modal pore size distributions[J].Geoderma,2009,154:76-85.
[23]Dexter A R,Richard G.Tillage of soils in relation to their bi-modal pore size distributions[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103:113-118.
[24]Dexter A R,Richard G,Arrouays D,et al.Complexed organic matter controls soil physical properties[J].Geoderma,2008,144:620-627.
[25]毛丽丽,张心平,雷廷武,等.用水平土柱与Green-Ampt模型方法测量土壤入渗性能的原理与误差[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12):6-10.
[26]Brutsaert W.Probability laws for pore-size distributions[J].Soil Science,1966,101(2):85-92.
[27]Kosugi K.Lognormal distribution model for unsaturated soil hydraulic properties[J].Water Resources Research,1996,32(9):2697-2703.
[28]Major J,Steiner C,Downie A,et al.Biochar Effects on Nutrient Leaching[C]//Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for Environmental Management:Science and Technology.London:Earthscan Publications,2009:271-287.
[29]吕殿青,张树兰,杨学云.外加碳,氮对黄绵土有机质矿化与激发效应的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(3):423-429.
[30]丁艳丽,刘杰,王莹莹.生物炭对不同质地土壤水分扩散率的影响及机理分析[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3313-3317.
[31]刘玉学,王耀峰,吕豪豪,等.不同稻秆炭和竹炭施用水平对小青菜产量、品质以及土壤理化性质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(6):1438-1444.
[32]Soane BD.The role of organic matter in soil compactibility:a review of some practical aspects[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1990,16(1):179-201.
[33]汪昆平,徐乾前.几种不同处理方法对活性炭表面化学性质的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(2):373-380.
[34]解强,张香兰,李兰廷,等.活性炭孔结构调节:理论、方法与实践[J].新型碳材料,2005,20(2):183-190.
[35]吴鹏豹,解钰,漆智平,等.生物炭对花岗岩砖红壤团聚体稳定性及其总碳分布特征的影响[J].草地科学,2012,20(4):643-649.
[36]陈心想,耿增超,王森,等.施用生物炭后土土壤微生物及酶活性变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(4):751-758.
[37]顾美英,徐万里,唐光木,等.生物炭对灰漠土和风沙土土壤微生物多样性及与氮素相关微生物功能的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(5):926-934.
[38]Nanda S,Dalai A K,Berruti F,et al.Biochar as an exceptional bioresource for energy,agronomy,carbon sequestration,activated carbon and specialty materials[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2016,7(2):201-235.
[39]崔红标,梁家妮,范玉超,等.磷灰石等改良剂对铜污染土壤的修复效果研究-对铜形态分布、土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):247-252.
[40]Liang B,Lehmann J,Sohi SP,et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41:206-213.
[41]王晓娟,贾志宽,梁连友,等.旱地施有机肥对土壤有机质和水稳性团聚体的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):159-165.
[42]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(1):68-79.
[43]尹云锋,高人,马红亮,等.稻草及其制备的生物质炭对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):911-914.
[44]Haverkamp R T,Parlange JY.Predicting the water-retention curve from particle-size distribution:1.sandy soils without organic matter1[J].Soil Science,1986,142:325-339.
[45]Hwang S,Yun E,Ro H.Estimation of soil water retention function based on asymmetry between particle and pore-size distributions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2011,62:195-205.
[2]彭舜磊,由文辉,沈会涛.植物群落演替对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):78-84.
[3]张治伟,朱章雄,王燕,等.岩溶坡地不同利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):71-76.
[4]朱咏莉,刘军,王益权.国内外土壤结构改良剂的研究利用综述[J].水土保持学报,2001,14(6):140-142.
[5]王珍,冯浩.秸秆不同还田方式对土壤入渗特性及持水能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(4):75-80.
[6]庄文化,冯浩,吴普特.高分子保水剂农业应用研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):265-270.
[7]王增丽,王珍,冯浩.秸秆粉碎氨化还田对土壤体积质量及持水特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):211-215.
[8]林琳,王英刚,刘皙皙,等.农业秸秆制备活性炭及其性能研究[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(5):2179-2180,2210.
[9]Khadiran T,Hussein MZ.Zainal Z,et al.Activated carbon derived from peat soil as a framework for the preparation of shape-stabilized phase change material[J].Energy,2015,82:468-478.
[10]谢志刚,刘成伦.活性炭的制备及其应用进展[J].工业水处理,2005,25(7):10-12.
[11]崔静,赵乃勤,李家俊.活性炭制备及不同品种活性炭的研究进展[J].炭素技术,2005,24(1):26-31.
[12]张伟,孙艳艳,李彦斌,等.活性炭处理对连作棉田土壤酶活性的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2009,46(4):789-792.
[13]周相玉,冯文强,秦鱼生,等.镁、锰、活性炭和石灰及其交互作用对小麦镉吸收的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(14):4289-4296.
[14]尹相博,刘晨,王志莉,等.活性炭对烟农19小麦发芽及其幼苗生长的影响[J].亚热带植物科学,2013,42(2):124-126.
[15]杨林,陈志明,刘元鹏,等.石灰、活性炭对铬污染土壤的修复效果研究[J].土壤学报,2012,49(3):518-525.
[16]Zhang Y J,Ou J L,Duan Z K,et al.Adsorption of Cr(VI)on bamboo bark-based activated carbon in the absence and presence of humic acid[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2015,481:108-116.
[17]胡淑宜,林启模.活性炭改良土壤的试验[J].生物质化学工程,1981,(9):4-9.
[18]周相玉,冯文强,秦鱼生,等.镁、锰、活性炭和石灰对土壤p H及镉有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):199-203,208.
[19]方圆,冯浩,操信春,等.活性炭对土壤入渗、蒸发特性及养分淋溶损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):23-26.
[20]Dexter A R,Czyz E A,Richard G,et al.A user-friendly water retention function that takes account of the textural and structural pore spaces in soil[J].Geoderma,2008,143:243-253.
[21]Kutilek M.Soil hydraulic properties as related to soil structure[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,79:175-184.
[22]Dexter A R,Richard G.The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils with n-modal pore size distributions[J].Geoderma,2009,154:76-85.
[23]Dexter A R,Richard G.Tillage of soils in relation to their bi-modal pore size distributions[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103:113-118.
[24]Dexter A R,Richard G,Arrouays D,et al.Complexed organic matter controls soil physical properties[J].Geoderma,2008,144:620-627.
[25]毛丽丽,张心平,雷廷武,等.用水平土柱与Green-Ampt模型方法测量土壤入渗性能的原理与误差[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12):6-10.
[26]Brutsaert W.Probability laws for pore-size distributions[J].Soil Science,1966,101(2):85-92.
[27]Kosugi K.Lognormal distribution model for unsaturated soil hydraulic properties[J].Water Resources Research,1996,32(9):2697-2703.
[28]Major J,Steiner C,Downie A,et al.Biochar Effects on Nutrient Leaching[C]//Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for Environmental Management:Science and Technology.London:Earthscan Publications,2009:271-287.
[29]吕殿青,张树兰,杨学云.外加碳,氮对黄绵土有机质矿化与激发效应的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(3):423-429.
[30]丁艳丽,刘杰,王莹莹.生物炭对不同质地土壤水分扩散率的影响及机理分析[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3313-3317.
[31]刘玉学,王耀峰,吕豪豪,等.不同稻秆炭和竹炭施用水平对小青菜产量、品质以及土壤理化性质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(6):1438-1444.
[32]Soane BD.The role of organic matter in soil compactibility:a review of some practical aspects[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1990,16(1):179-201.
[33]汪昆平,徐乾前.几种不同处理方法对活性炭表面化学性质的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(2):373-380.
[34]解强,张香兰,李兰廷,等.活性炭孔结构调节:理论、方法与实践[J].新型碳材料,2005,20(2):183-190.
[35]吴鹏豹,解钰,漆智平,等.生物炭对花岗岩砖红壤团聚体稳定性及其总碳分布特征的影响[J].草地科学,2012,20(4):643-649.
[36]陈心想,耿增超,王森,等.施用生物炭后土土壤微生物及酶活性变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(4):751-758.
[37]顾美英,徐万里,唐光木,等.生物炭对灰漠土和风沙土土壤微生物多样性及与氮素相关微生物功能的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(5):926-934.
[38]Nanda S,Dalai A K,Berruti F,et al.Biochar as an exceptional bioresource for energy,agronomy,carbon sequestration,activated carbon and specialty materials[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2016,7(2):201-235.
[39]崔红标,梁家妮,范玉超,等.磷灰石等改良剂对铜污染土壤的修复效果研究-对铜形态分布、土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):247-252.
[40]Liang B,Lehmann J,Sohi SP,et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41:206-213.
[41]王晓娟,贾志宽,梁连友,等.旱地施有机肥对土壤有机质和水稳性团聚体的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):159-165.
[42]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(1):68-79.
[43]尹云锋,高人,马红亮,等.稻草及其制备的生物质炭对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):911-914.
[44]Haverkamp R T,Parlange JY.Predicting the water-retention curve from particle-size distribution:1.sandy soils without organic matter1[J].Soil Science,1986,142:325-339.
[45]Hwang S,Yun E,Ro H.Estimation of soil water retention function based on asymmetry between particle and pore-size distributions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2011,62:195-205.