珠江口盆地南部热演化事件与高地温梯度的成岩响应及其对油气勘探的启示
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摘要
32.0～16.0 Ma、特别是23.8 Ma以来的构造运动导致南海扩张、岩石圈拉伸减薄,地幔物质和深部热液流体异常活跃,热流背景明显增高,这不仅制约着珠江口盆地南部的沉积环境与沉积作用,同时也对深层砂岩储层的成岩演化过程有着深远的影响。基于显微薄片、镜质组反射率、黏土矿物X射线衍射、流体包裹体、扫描电镜和同位素地球化学等分析手段,结合地温梯度、区域构造背景、储层物性以及CO_2气藏成因等研究成果,揭示了珠江口盆地南部白云凹陷受热演化事件和高地温梯度背景影响的岩石学证据和地质记录,分析了热演化事件和高地温梯度的成岩响应及其对储层成岩演化过程的影响,对比了高、低地温梯度区古近系砂岩储层的成岩作用特征和成岩-孔隙演化过程的差异。高地温梯度区储层的成岩作用与成岩-孔隙演化具有一定的特殊性,深部热流体参与了储层的成岩演化过程,表现出异常热成岩演化,热压实作用总体较强,储层的孔渗性降低明显。高地温梯度区或异常热流区的烃源岩在埋藏较浅处即可达到排烃门限,储层在浅埋藏条件下即可达到较深的成岩作用阶段,易溶矿物更易发生溶蚀而形成次生孔隙发育带。因此,对于热流背景差异明显的地区,应根据热流背景、热演化事件和热异常的不同开展储层分析,以便更准确地预测有利的储集地带和油气聚集区,规避勘探风险。
The tectonic movements,occurred during 32.0-16.0 Ma,especially since 23.8 Ma,led to the expansion of the South China Sea,stretching and thinning of lithosphere,abnormal activity of mantle materials and deep thermal fluids,and obvious enhancement of thermal fluids.It not only restricted the sedimentary environment and sedimentation in the southern Pearl River Mouth Basin,but also had a significant impact on the diagenetic evolution process of deep sandstone reservoirs.Based on analyses of thin section,vitrinite reflectance,clay mineral X-ray diffraction,fluid inclusion,scanning electron microscopy and isotope geochemistry,in combination with data of geothermal gradients,regional tectonic settings,reservoir properties and the genesis of CO_2 gas reservoirs,this study reveals the petrological evidence and geological records influenced by the thermal evolution events and high geothermal gradients in Baiyun sag of the southern Pearl River Mouth Basin.The diagenetic responses of thermal evolution events and high geothermal gradients have been analyzed as well as their influences on the reservoir diagenetic evolution process.Meanwhile,a comparison has been made on the differences in the diagenetic characteristics and diagenetic-pore evolution process of the Paleogene sandstone reservoirs in the high and low geothermal gradients.The high geothermal gradient reservoirs underwent special diagenesis and diagenetic-pore evolution.The deep thermal fluids participated in the diagenetic evolution process of reservoirs,showing anomalous thermal diagenetic evolution,generally strong thermal compaction,and significant reduction in reservoir porosity.The source rocks in the high geothermal gradient zone or abnormal heat flow zone could reach the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold at a shallow depth,the reservoir could reach a deep diagenesis stage under shallow burial conditions,and the soluble minerals were more likely to be dissolved to form the secondary pore development zone.Therefore,for the areas with obvious differences in heat flow background,reservoir analysis should be carried out based on the different heat flow background,thermal evolution events and thermal anomalies,so as to more accurately predict favorable reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation areas as well as avoid exploration risks.
The tectonic movements,occurred during 32.0-16.0 Ma,especially since 23.8 Ma,led to the expansion of the South China Sea,stretching and thinning of lithosphere,abnormal activity of mantle materials and deep thermal fluids,and obvious enhancement of thermal fluids.It not only restricted the sedimentary environment and sedimentation in the southern Pearl River Mouth Basin,but also had a significant impact on the diagenetic evolution process of deep sandstone reservoirs.Based on analyses of thin section,vitrinite reflectance,clay mineral X-ray diffraction,fluid inclusion,scanning electron microscopy and isotope geochemistry,in combination with data of geothermal gradients,regional tectonic settings,reservoir properties and the genesis of CO_2 gas reservoirs,this study reveals the petrological evidence and geological records influenced by the thermal evolution events and high geothermal gradients in Baiyun sag of the southern Pearl River Mouth Basin.The diagenetic responses of thermal evolution events and high geothermal gradients have been analyzed as well as their influences on the reservoir diagenetic evolution process.Meanwhile,a comparison has been made on the differences in the diagenetic characteristics and diagenetic-pore evolution process of the Paleogene sandstone reservoirs in the high and low geothermal gradients.The high geothermal gradient reservoirs underwent special diagenesis and diagenetic-pore evolution.The deep thermal fluids participated in the diagenetic evolution process of reservoirs,showing anomalous thermal diagenetic evolution,generally strong thermal compaction,and significant reduction in reservoir porosity.The source rocks in the high geothermal gradient zone or abnormal heat flow zone could reach the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold at a shallow depth,the reservoir could reach a deep diagenesis stage under shallow burial conditions,and the soluble minerals were more likely to be dissolved to form the secondary pore development zone.Therefore,for the areas with obvious differences in heat flow background,reservoir analysis should be carried out based on the different heat flow background,thermal evolution events and thermal anomalies,so as to more accurately predict favorable reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation areas as well as avoid exploration risks.
引文
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