炸药覆盖层厚度对爆炸焊接的影响
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摘要
为提高爆炸焊接中炸药的能量利用率以及减噪降尘,采用水状胶体对炸药的上表面进行覆盖,以SUS304不锈钢板和Q235钢板分别作为复板和基板进行了爆炸焊接实验,通过实验测量和理论计算研究了不同的覆盖层厚度对复板碰撞速度的影响,并应用爆炸焊接窗口理论和光学显微镜分析了结合界面的微观形貌。结果表明,采用水状胶体作为炸药上端覆盖层可以显著提高炸药的能量利用率,相比于裸露装药,覆盖层厚度为15、30和45mm时,复板碰撞速度分别增加了38.9%、57.5%和71.9%。实验测得的炸药爆速和碰撞点移动速度一致性良好,格尼公式所预测的碰撞速度较实验值明显偏大,而考虑加速历史所获得的碰撞速度与实验碰撞速度吻合良好;金相分析表明,在焊接窗口以内,结合界面为没有孔洞、裂缝等缺陷的波形结合,并且复板的碰撞速度越大,界面波浪幅值越大,而在靠近和高于焊接窗口上限时,界面处产生孔洞、裂缝等缺陷。
To improve the energy utilization ratio of explosive and reduce the noise and dust in explosive welding, the upper surface of explosive was covered by hydrocolloid. The explosive welding experiments were carried out by 304 stainless steel plate and Q235 steel plate as flyer plate and base plate, respectively. The effects of different covering thickness on the impact velocity of flyer plate were studied by experimental measurement and theoretical calculation, and the micro morphology of the bonding interface was analyzed through applying the window theory of explosive welding and optical microscopy. Results show that using hydrocolloid as the upper end covering can significantly improve the energy utilization ratio of explosive. Compared with bare charge, the impact velocities of flyer plate increase by 38.9%, 57.5% and 71.9% respectively when the covering thickness are 15, 30 and 45 mm. The detonation velocity and collision point movement velocity measured by experiment are in good agreement. The impact velocity predicted by Gurney formulas is significantly larger than the experimental value, whereas the impact velocity obtained for considering acceleration history agrees well with the experimental impact velocity. Metallographic analysis shows that within the welding window, the bonding interfaces is waveform bonding without voids, cracks and other defects and the larger the impact velocity of flyer plate is, the larger the interface wave amplitude is, whereas as closing to and higher than the upper limit of welding window, the voids, cracks and other defects will occur at the bonding interfaces.
To improve the energy utilization ratio of explosive and reduce the noise and dust in explosive welding, the upper surface of explosive was covered by hydrocolloid. The explosive welding experiments were carried out by 304 stainless steel plate and Q235 steel plate as flyer plate and base plate, respectively. The effects of different covering thickness on the impact velocity of flyer plate were studied by experimental measurement and theoretical calculation, and the micro morphology of the bonding interface was analyzed through applying the window theory of explosive welding and optical microscopy. Results show that using hydrocolloid as the upper end covering can significantly improve the energy utilization ratio of explosive. Compared with bare charge, the impact velocities of flyer plate increase by 38.9%, 57.5% and 71.9% respectively when the covering thickness are 15, 30 and 45 mm. The detonation velocity and collision point movement velocity measured by experiment are in good agreement. The impact velocity predicted by Gurney formulas is significantly larger than the experimental value, whereas the impact velocity obtained for considering acceleration history agrees well with the experimental impact velocity. Metallographic analysis shows that within the welding window, the bonding interfaces is waveform bonding without voids, cracks and other defects and the larger the impact velocity of flyer plate is, the larger the interface wave amplitude is, whereas as closing to and higher than the upper limit of welding window, the voids, cracks and other defects will occur at the bonding interfaces.
引文
[1] Findik F. Recent developments in explosive welding[J].Materials & Design,2011,32(3):1081-1093.
[2] 郑远谋.爆炸焊接和爆炸复合材料的原理及应用[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2007.
[3] Bazarnik P, Adamczyk-Cie, et al. Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Ti6Al4V/AA2519 and Ti6Al4V/AA1050/AA2519 laminates manufactured by explosive welding[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 111:146-157.
[4] Acarer M, Gülenü B, Findik F. Investigation of explosive welding parameters and their effects on microhardness and shear strength[J]. Materials & Design, 2003, 24(8):659-664.
[5] Mousavi S A A A, Sartangi P F. Experimental investigation of explosive welding of cp-titanium/AISI 304 stainless steel[J]. Materials & Design, 2009, 30(3):459-468.
[6] Ning J, Zhang L J, Xie M X, et al. Microstructure and property inhomogeneity investigations of bonded Zr/Ti/steel trimetallic sheet fabricated by explosive welding[J]. Journal of Alloys & Compounds, 2017, 698:835-851.
[7] Hoseini-Athar M M, Tolaminejad B. Interface morphology and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Al laminated composites fabricated by explosive welding and subsequent rolling process[J]. Metals & Materials International, 2016, 22(4):670-680.
[8] Borchers C, Lenz M, Deutges M, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel bonded on low-carbon steel by explosive welding[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 89(8):369-376.
[9] Acarer M. Electrical, corrosion, and mechanical properties of aluminum-copper joints produced by explosive welding[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, 2012, 21(11):2375-2379.
[10] 史长根, 尤峻. 双立式爆炸焊接新方法[J]. 爆破器材, 2008, 37(3):28-30. SHI Chang-gen,YOU Jun.New technology of double vertical explosive welding[J].Explosive Materials,2008,37(3) : 28-30.
[11] 缪广红, 马宏昊, 沈兆武,等. 蜂窝结构炸药及其应用[J]. 含能材料, 2014(5):693-697. MIAO Guang-hong, MA Hong-hao, SHEN Zhao-wu, et al.Explosive with structure of honeycomb and its application[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2014(5):693-697.
[12] 史长根,汪育,徐宏. 双立爆炸焊接及防护装置数值模拟和试验[J]. 焊接学报, 2012, 33(3):109-112. SHI Chang-gen,WANG Yu,XU Hong.Numerical simulation and experimental research of double vertical explosive welding and its safeguard[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2012,33(3) : 109-112.
[13] 杨明, 马宏昊, 沈兆武,等. 304不锈钢/Q235钢的多面约束装药爆炸焊接[J]. 含能材料, 2018(5):377-382. YANG Ming, MA Hong-hao, SHEN Zhao-wu, et al.Explosive welding of 304 stainless steel to Q235 steel with multidimensional constraint charge[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2018(5): 377-382.
[14] Yang M, Ma H, Shen Z. Study on self-restrained explosive welding with high energy efficiency[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2018, 99:3123-3132
[15] Athar M M H, Tolaminejad B. Weldability window and the effect of interface morphology on the properties of Al/Cu/Al laminated composites fabricated by explosive welding[J]. Materials & Design, 2015, 86:516-525.
[16] Stivers S W, Wittman R H. Computer selection of the optimum explosive loading and welding geometry[C]// Proc 5th International Conference on High Energy Rate Fabrication. Leeds: GB, 1975, 4(2) : 1-16.
[17] Wittman R H. The influence of collision parameters on the strength and microstructure of an explosion welded aluminum alloy[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Use of Explosive Energy in Manufacturing. Marianskie Lazni:[s.n.].1973: 153-168.
[18] Ribeiro J B, Mendes R, Loureiro A. Review of the weldability window concept and equations for explosive welding[J].Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2014:52038-52075.
[19] Cowan G R, Bergmann O R, Holtzman A H. Mechanism of bond zone wave formation in explosion-clad metals[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 1971, 2(11):3145-3155.
[20] Abrahamson G R. Permanent periodic surface deformations due to a traveling jet[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1961, 83:519-528.
[21] Zukas J A, Walters W P. Explosive effects and applications[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1998(5):417.
[22] Koch A, Arnold N, Estermann M. A simple relation between the detonation velocity of an explosive and its gurney energy[J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2002, 27(6):365-368.
[23] Flis, William J. A lagrangian approach to modeling the acceleration of metal by explosives[C]//Southeastern Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Mississippi:The University of Mississippi, 1994.
[24] Xia Hong-Bo,Wang S G,and Ben H F. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al explosive cladding[J]. Materials & Design, 2014, 56(4):1014-1019.
[25] Hosein B M, Dehghani F, Salimi M. Effect of heat treatment on bonding interface in explosive welded copper/stainless steel[J]. Materials & Design, 2013,45(5):504-509.
[26] Zamani E, Liaghat G H. Explosive welding of stainless steel-carbon steel coaxial pipes[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2012, 47(2):685-695.
[27] Hokamoto K, Fujita M, Izuma T. New explosive welding technique to weld aluminum alloy and stainless steel plates using a stainless steel intermediate plate[J]. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 1993, 24(10): 2289-2297.
[2] 郑远谋.爆炸焊接和爆炸复合材料的原理及应用[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2007.
[3] Bazarnik P, Adamczyk-Cie, et al. Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Ti6Al4V/AA2519 and Ti6Al4V/AA1050/AA2519 laminates manufactured by explosive welding[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 111:146-157.
[4] Acarer M, Gülenü B, Findik F. Investigation of explosive welding parameters and their effects on microhardness and shear strength[J]. Materials & Design, 2003, 24(8):659-664.
[5] Mousavi S A A A, Sartangi P F. Experimental investigation of explosive welding of cp-titanium/AISI 304 stainless steel[J]. Materials & Design, 2009, 30(3):459-468.
[6] Ning J, Zhang L J, Xie M X, et al. Microstructure and property inhomogeneity investigations of bonded Zr/Ti/steel trimetallic sheet fabricated by explosive welding[J]. Journal of Alloys & Compounds, 2017, 698:835-851.
[7] Hoseini-Athar M M, Tolaminejad B. Interface morphology and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Al laminated composites fabricated by explosive welding and subsequent rolling process[J]. Metals & Materials International, 2016, 22(4):670-680.
[8] Borchers C, Lenz M, Deutges M, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel bonded on low-carbon steel by explosive welding[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 89(8):369-376.
[9] Acarer M. Electrical, corrosion, and mechanical properties of aluminum-copper joints produced by explosive welding[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, 2012, 21(11):2375-2379.
[10] 史长根, 尤峻. 双立式爆炸焊接新方法[J]. 爆破器材, 2008, 37(3):28-30. SHI Chang-gen,YOU Jun.New technology of double vertical explosive welding[J].Explosive Materials,2008,37(3) : 28-30.
[11] 缪广红, 马宏昊, 沈兆武,等. 蜂窝结构炸药及其应用[J]. 含能材料, 2014(5):693-697. MIAO Guang-hong, MA Hong-hao, SHEN Zhao-wu, et al.Explosive with structure of honeycomb and its application[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2014(5):693-697.
[12] 史长根,汪育,徐宏. 双立爆炸焊接及防护装置数值模拟和试验[J]. 焊接学报, 2012, 33(3):109-112. SHI Chang-gen,WANG Yu,XU Hong.Numerical simulation and experimental research of double vertical explosive welding and its safeguard[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2012,33(3) : 109-112.
[13] 杨明, 马宏昊, 沈兆武,等. 304不锈钢/Q235钢的多面约束装药爆炸焊接[J]. 含能材料, 2018(5):377-382. YANG Ming, MA Hong-hao, SHEN Zhao-wu, et al.Explosive welding of 304 stainless steel to Q235 steel with multidimensional constraint charge[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2018(5): 377-382.
[14] Yang M, Ma H, Shen Z. Study on self-restrained explosive welding with high energy efficiency[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2018, 99:3123-3132
[15] Athar M M H, Tolaminejad B. Weldability window and the effect of interface morphology on the properties of Al/Cu/Al laminated composites fabricated by explosive welding[J]. Materials & Design, 2015, 86:516-525.
[16] Stivers S W, Wittman R H. Computer selection of the optimum explosive loading and welding geometry[C]// Proc 5th International Conference on High Energy Rate Fabrication. Leeds: GB, 1975, 4(2) : 1-16.
[17] Wittman R H. The influence of collision parameters on the strength and microstructure of an explosion welded aluminum alloy[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Use of Explosive Energy in Manufacturing. Marianskie Lazni:[s.n.].1973: 153-168.
[18] Ribeiro J B, Mendes R, Loureiro A. Review of the weldability window concept and equations for explosive welding[J].Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2014:52038-52075.
[19] Cowan G R, Bergmann O R, Holtzman A H. Mechanism of bond zone wave formation in explosion-clad metals[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 1971, 2(11):3145-3155.
[20] Abrahamson G R. Permanent periodic surface deformations due to a traveling jet[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1961, 83:519-528.
[21] Zukas J A, Walters W P. Explosive effects and applications[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1998(5):417.
[22] Koch A, Arnold N, Estermann M. A simple relation between the detonation velocity of an explosive and its gurney energy[J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2002, 27(6):365-368.
[23] Flis, William J. A lagrangian approach to modeling the acceleration of metal by explosives[C]//Southeastern Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Mississippi:The University of Mississippi, 1994.
[24] Xia Hong-Bo,Wang S G,and Ben H F. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al explosive cladding[J]. Materials & Design, 2014, 56(4):1014-1019.
[25] Hosein B M, Dehghani F, Salimi M. Effect of heat treatment on bonding interface in explosive welded copper/stainless steel[J]. Materials & Design, 2013,45(5):504-509.
[26] Zamani E, Liaghat G H. Explosive welding of stainless steel-carbon steel coaxial pipes[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2012, 47(2):685-695.
[27] Hokamoto K, Fujita M, Izuma T. New explosive welding technique to weld aluminum alloy and stainless steel plates using a stainless steel intermediate plate[J]. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 1993, 24(10): 2289-2297.
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