杉木人工林近自然化改造对林下植被多样性和土壤理化性质的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究近自然化改造下杉木人工林物种多样性和土壤理化性质的相关关系及其动态变化,探究改造后林下植被—土壤系统之间的相互影响关系,评估人工经营措施对杉木人工林群落的生态影响,为该区未来杉木人工林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心3种不同经营模式的杉木近自然改造林分和未经改造的杉木人工纯林作为对照,分析林下灌木和草本群落物种组成、植物多样性水平和土壤理化性质差异及其之间的相关性。【结果】改造后灌木层和草本层的丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和均匀度指数均高于未改造纯林。土壤理化指标在不同经营模式下变化特征不同,土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、全钾和速效钾含量受采伐影响明显(P <0.05),均为改造样地大于对照样地,其中有机质含量最高,达56.68 g/kg。土壤含水量、土壤密度与草本植物多样性表现出一定的相关性,而与灌木层多样性指数无显著相关性;有机质与灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度指数均呈现显著正相关(P <0.05),与草本无显著相关性;pH值与灌草层多样性指数均无显著相关性。【结论】改造后杉木人工林土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾有机质和含水量与林下灌草多样性指数的相关性最为密切,建议采伐后保留450～600株/hm~2配合林下30～40株阔叶树种补植作为该区域经营指标参考,并重视经营措施下的人工林林下植被多样性与土壤理化性质产生的相互关系。
[Objective] This paper analyzes understory species diversity, soil physicochemical traits and their relationships in the close-to-nature management of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation.[Method] Plant species composition and diversity(richness index, Simpson index, Shannon index, and Pielou index) in disturbed communities were measured, and the variation of soil properties and their correlation with diversity were evaluated. [Result] The results showed that species density and composition showed significant difference among the shrub layer and herb layer. With the increases of management intensity, species number and diversity in the tree and herb layers first increased, and then decreased. Both of them increased with the increase of density, with the maximum value presented at the model(450-600 tree/ha). Except for soil pH, the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, and organic matter and soil moisture contents were closely related to shrub and herb layer diversity index. [Conclusion] Our results indicated that there were correlations between soil environmental factors and plant diversity, with the correlations between soil total phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, organic matter, and species diversity of community being significant. Meanwhile, the moderate intensity of management could increase species diversity in the understory and improve the soil physicochemical property. The results suggest that the density at 450-600 tree/ha and 30-40 tree broadleaves replanting would be more beneficial to improve the stability of species diversity and soil fertility.
[Objective] This paper analyzes understory species diversity, soil physicochemical traits and their relationships in the close-to-nature management of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation.[Method] Plant species composition and diversity(richness index, Simpson index, Shannon index, and Pielou index) in disturbed communities were measured, and the variation of soil properties and their correlation with diversity were evaluated. [Result] The results showed that species density and composition showed significant difference among the shrub layer and herb layer. With the increases of management intensity, species number and diversity in the tree and herb layers first increased, and then decreased. Both of them increased with the increase of density, with the maximum value presented at the model(450-600 tree/ha). Except for soil pH, the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, and organic matter and soil moisture contents were closely related to shrub and herb layer diversity index. [Conclusion] Our results indicated that there were correlations between soil environmental factors and plant diversity, with the correlations between soil total phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, organic matter, and species diversity of community being significant. Meanwhile, the moderate intensity of management could increase species diversity in the understory and improve the soil physicochemical property. The results suggest that the density at 450-600 tree/ha and 30-40 tree broadleaves replanting would be more beneficial to improve the stability of species diversity and soil fertility.
引文
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[2]刘世荣,杨予静,王晖.中国人工林经营发展战略与对策:从追求木材产量的单一目标经营转向提升生态系统服务质量和效益的多目标经营[J].生态学报,2018,38(1):1-10.Liu S R,Yang Y J,Wang H.Development strategy and management countermeasures of planted forests in China:transforming from timber-centered single objective management towards multi-purpose management for enhancing quality and benefits of ecosystem services[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(1):1-10.
[3]夏丽丹,于姣妲,邓玲玲,等.杉木人工林地力衰退研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2018,31(2):37-42.Xia L D,Yu J D,Deng L L,et al.Researches on soil decline of Chinese fir plantation[J].World Forestry Research,2018,31(2):37-42.
[4]李婷婷,陆元昌,庞丽峰,等.杉木人工林近自然经营的初步效果[J].林业科学,2014,50(5):90-100.Li T T,Lu Y C,Pang L F,et al.Initial effect of close-to-nature management of Chinese fir plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(5):90-100.
[5]耿丹,夏朝宗,张国斌,等.杉木人工林灌木层生物量模型构建[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(3):34-41.Geng D,Xia C Z,Zhang G B,et al.Biomass model construction of shrub layer of Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(3):34-41.
[6]陆元昌,张守攻,雷相东,等.人工林近自然化改造的理论基础和实施技术[J].世界林业研究,2009,22(1):20-27.Lu Y C,Zhang S G,Lei X D,et al.Theoretical basis and implementation techniques on close-to-nature transformation of plantations[J].World Forestry Research,2009,22(1):20-27.
[7]姜俊.热带山地人工针阔混交林结构动态及作业法应用研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2015.Jiang J.Study on structural dynamic and silvicultural system of conifer-broadleaved mixed plantation in southern tropical montane region[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of forestry,2015.
[8]明安刚,刘世荣,李华,等.近自然化改造对马尾松和杉木人工林生物量及其分配的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(23):7833-7842.Ming A G,Liu S R,Li H,et al.Effects of close-to-nature transformation on biomass and its allocation in Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(23):7833-7842.
[9]Zuo X A,Knops J M H,Zhao X Y,et al.Indirect drivers of plant diversity-productivity relationship in semiarid sandy grasslands[J].Biogeosciences,2012,9:1277-1289.
[10]孙千惠,吴霞,王媚臻,等.林分密度对马尾松林林下物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(3):732-738.Sun Q H,Wu X,Wang M Z,et al.Effects of stand density on understory species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of Pinus massoniana plantation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(3):732-738.
[11]Pohl M,Alig D,Krner C,et al.Higher plant diversity enhances soil stability in disturbed alpine ecosystems[J].Plant and Soil,2009,324:91-102.
[12]Bi J,Blanco J A,Seely B,et al.Yield decline in Chinese fir plantations:a simulation investigation with implications for model complexity[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2007,37(9):1615-1630.
[13]He Z M,Fan S H,Lu J M,et al.Effects of site management treatments on growth of six-year-old,second-rotation Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantations[J].Frontiers of Forestry in China,2007,2(4):396-400.
[14]赵朝辉,方晰,田大伦,等.间伐对杉木林林下地被物生物量及土壤理化性质的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(5):102-107.Zhao C H,Fang X,Tian D L,et al.Effects of thinning on biomass of under-story,soil physical and chemical properties in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2012,32(5):102-107.
[15]王伟峰,段玉玺,张立欣,等.不同轮伐期对杉木人工林碳固存的影响[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(7):669-678.Wang W F,Duan Y X,Zhang L X,et al.Effects of different rotations on carbon sequestration in Chinese fir plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,40(7):669-678.
[16]陈日升,康文星,周玉泉,等.杉木人工林养分循环随林龄变化的特征[J].植物生态学报,2018,42(2):173-184.Chen R S,Kang W X,Zhou Y Q,et al.Changes in nutrient cycling with age in a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation forest[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2018,42(2):173-184.
[17]姜俊,陆元昌,庞丽峰.南亚热带人工林树种种间联结分析及经营模式设计[J].林业资源管理,2014(6):79-84.Jiang J,Lu Y C,Pang L F.Analysis on interspecific association and management modes of the tree species for plantation in southern subtropical zone,China[J].Forest Resources Management,2014(6):79-84.
[18]曾冀.广西大青山杉木马尾松人工林近自然化改造试验研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2017.Zeng J.Studies on close-to-nature transformation of Cunninghamia lanceolate and Pinus massoniana plantations in Daqingshan,Guangxi of China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2017.
[19]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.Lu R K.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[20]Magurran A E.Ecological diversity and its measurement[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1988.
[21]方精云,李意德,朱彪,等.海南岛尖峰岭山地雨林的群落结构、物种多样性以及在世界雨林中的地位[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):29-43.Fang J Y,Li Y D,Zhu B,et al.Community structures and species richness in the montane rain forest of Jianfengling,Hainan Island,China[J].Biodiverstiy Science,2004,12(1):29-43.
[22]郭正刚,刘慧霞,孙学刚,等.白龙江上游地区森林植物群落物种多样性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(3):388-395.Guo Z G,Liu H X,Sun X G,et al.Characristics of species diversity of plant communities in the upper reaches of Bailong River[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2003,27(3):388-395.
[23]Berger T W,Neubauer C,Glatzel G.Factors controlling soil carbon and nitrogen stores in pure stands of Norway spruce(Picea abies)and mixed species stands in Austria[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2002,159(1/2):3-14.
[24]何友均,梁星云,覃林,等.南亚热带人工针叶纯林近自然改造早期对群落特征和土壤性质的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(8):2484-2495.He Y J,Liang X Y,Qin L,et al.Community characteristics and soil properties of coniferous plantation forest monocultures in the early stages after close-to-nature transformation management in southern subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2484-2495.
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