1936年以来南京城市空间扩展特征研究
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摘要
城市交通网络的发展是城市空间扩展的重要表征和驱动力。以1936—2015年间6个代表性年份的城市交通地图为数据源,提取相应年份南京城市轴线图,利用基于空间句法的整合度、城市扩张强度(SS-EII)和智能度指数,分析1936年以来南京城市空间扩展趋势和特征,划分演化阶段,并分析城市加速扩张阶段的空间扩展质量。结果表明:①南京城市空间扩展大体经历了滞缓(1936—1971年)、复兴(1971—1982年)和加速(1982—2015年)三个阶段,逐渐突破老城区,向西南、东北、南部和西北实现全方位空间扩展,形成多中心空间结构。②加速阶段空间扩展质量总体较高,交通网络建设逐渐与用地扩张相协调,并开始引导城市空间多中心扩散,但各中心间有机联系不足,导致城市空间整体性和空间效率有所降低。③应进一步加强多中心间的交通联系,促进人口、经济有机疏散,并提高城市空间整体性。
The development of urban road network is one of the main driving forces of urban spatial expansion. Based on the urban traffic maps in 1936, 1949, 1971, 1982, 2001 and 2015,the urban axis maps of Nanjing were extracted for the corresponding years. With the Integration Index, Urban Expansion Intensity Index(SS-EII) and the Intelligence Index, which are all based on spatial syntactic analysis, the trends, characteristics and evolution stages of urban spatial expansion in Nanjing from 1936 to 2015 were analyzed, and the spatial expansion quality at the accelerated expansion stage was discussed. The results are as follows:(1) In the80 years, the urban road network of Nanjing has been integrated into a whole from the original regional isolation, and the primary and secondary roads tend to be clear and neat. The early urban area was composed of Xinjiekou as the single center, and along the north-south, eastwest and northwest major roads respectively, the urban area gradually expanded, forming a multi-center spatial structure.(2) The urban spatial expansion in Nanjing experienced three stages, that is stagnation(1936-1971), revival(1971-1982) and acceleration(1982-2015), and achieved an all-round expansion to the southwest, northeast, south and northwest. At the stagnation stage, the urban space maintained one single center, mainly along the northwest,southeast and northeast axes, there was slow infilling within the old urban area. At the revival stage, the urban space broke through the boundary of the Ming City Wall to expand in four directions, and some small-scaled regional centers gradually appeared in the northwest and south of city. At the acceleration stage, the urban space greatly expanded along the northeastsouthwest and northwest-southeast axes, resulting in the urban multi-center structure.(3) At the acceleration stage, the quality of spatial expansion was generally high. The construction of transportation network followed the expansion of urban land use, and gradually caught up and matched with it, even begun to lead the directions of multi-center diffusion in the city.However, due to the lack of traffic links among the multi-centers, the integrity and spatial efficiency of the urban space generally declined. In summary, the general trends and characteristics of long-range and large-scaled urban spatial expansion can be reflected by analyzing the evolution of road network and SS-EII, and the urban multi-centers and their evolution can also also accurately extracted. Compared with L-EII, R-EII and the Intelligence Index, the quality of urban spatial expansion can be also evaluated. In view of the current lack of links between urban multi-centers, in the future, the traffic links between the urban centers and the sub-centers, as well as between the sub-centers, should be further strengthened, so as to improve urban traffic efficiency, organically decentralize the urban economy and population, as well as improve the organization integrity of urban multi-centers. In the future study, further considerations should be given to the impact of road attributes and subway networks on the topological relationship of the axis map and the accessibility of urban space.
The development of urban road network is one of the main driving forces of urban spatial expansion. Based on the urban traffic maps in 1936, 1949, 1971, 1982, 2001 and 2015,the urban axis maps of Nanjing were extracted for the corresponding years. With the Integration Index, Urban Expansion Intensity Index(SS-EII) and the Intelligence Index, which are all based on spatial syntactic analysis, the trends, characteristics and evolution stages of urban spatial expansion in Nanjing from 1936 to 2015 were analyzed, and the spatial expansion quality at the accelerated expansion stage was discussed. The results are as follows:(1) In the80 years, the urban road network of Nanjing has been integrated into a whole from the original regional isolation, and the primary and secondary roads tend to be clear and neat. The early urban area was composed of Xinjiekou as the single center, and along the north-south, eastwest and northwest major roads respectively, the urban area gradually expanded, forming a multi-center spatial structure.(2) The urban spatial expansion in Nanjing experienced three stages, that is stagnation(1936-1971), revival(1971-1982) and acceleration(1982-2015), and achieved an all-round expansion to the southwest, northeast, south and northwest. At the stagnation stage, the urban space maintained one single center, mainly along the northwest,southeast and northeast axes, there was slow infilling within the old urban area. At the revival stage, the urban space broke through the boundary of the Ming City Wall to expand in four directions, and some small-scaled regional centers gradually appeared in the northwest and south of city. At the acceleration stage, the urban space greatly expanded along the northeastsouthwest and northwest-southeast axes, resulting in the urban multi-center structure.(3) At the acceleration stage, the quality of spatial expansion was generally high. The construction of transportation network followed the expansion of urban land use, and gradually caught up and matched with it, even begun to lead the directions of multi-center diffusion in the city.However, due to the lack of traffic links among the multi-centers, the integrity and spatial efficiency of the urban space generally declined. In summary, the general trends and characteristics of long-range and large-scaled urban spatial expansion can be reflected by analyzing the evolution of road network and SS-EII, and the urban multi-centers and their evolution can also also accurately extracted. Compared with L-EII, R-EII and the Intelligence Index, the quality of urban spatial expansion can be also evaluated. In view of the current lack of links between urban multi-centers, in the future, the traffic links between the urban centers and the sub-centers, as well as between the sub-centers, should be further strengthened, so as to improve urban traffic efficiency, organically decentralize the urban economy and population, as well as improve the organization integrity of urban multi-centers. In the future study, further considerations should be given to the impact of road attributes and subway networks on the topological relationship of the axis map and the accessibility of urban space.
引文
[1]孙平军,修春亮,王绮,等.中国城市空间扩展的非协调性研究.地理科学进展,2012,31(8):1032-1041.[Sun Pingjun,Xiu Chunliang,Wang Qi,et al.Study on the non-conformity of urban spatial expansion in China.Progress in Geography,2012,31(8):1032-1041.]
[2]徐东云,张雷,兰荣娟.城市空间扩展理论综述.生产力研究,2009,(6):168-170.[Xu Dongyun,Zhang Lei,Lan Rongjuan.A summary of urban spatial expansion theories.Productivity Research,2009,(6):168-170.]
[3]刘小平,黎夏,陈逸敏,等.景观扩张指数及其在城市扩展分析中的应用.地理学报,2009,64(12):1430-1438.[Liu Xiaoping,Li Xia,Chen Yimin,et al.Landscape expansion index and its applications to quantitative analysis of urban expansion.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1430-1438.]
[4]谭雪兰,欧阳巧玲,江喆,等.基于RS/GIS的长沙市城市空间扩展及影响因素.经济地理,2017,37(3):81-85.[Tan Xuelan,Ouyang Qiaoling,Jiang Zhe,et al.Urban spatial expansion and its influence factors based on RS/GIS:A case study in Changsha.Economic Geography,2017,37(3):81-85.]
[5]文雅,龚建周,胡银根,等.基于生态安全导向的城市空间扩展模拟与分析.地理研究,2017,36(3):518-528.[Wen Ya,Gong Jianzhou,Hu Yingen,et al.Simulation and analysis of urban land expansion conducted by ecological security.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):518-528.]
[6]Xu C,Liu M S,Zhang C,et al.The spatiotemporal dynamics of rapid urban growth in the Nanjing metropolitan region of China.Landscape Ecology,2007,22(60):925-937.
[7]刘盛和,吴传钧,沈洪泉.基于GIS的北京城市土地利用扩展模式.地理学报,2000,55(4):407-416.[Liu Shenghe,Wu Chuanjun,Shen Hongquan.A GIS based model of urban land use growth in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(4):407-416.]
[8]潘竟虎,戴维丽.1990-2010年中国主要城市空间形态变化特征.经济地理,2015,35(1):44-52.[Pan Jinghu,Dai Weili.Spatial-temporal characteristics in urban morphology of major cities in China during 1990-2010.Economic Geography,2015,35(1):44-52.]
[9]王海军,夏畅,张安琪,等.基于空间句法的扩张强度指数及其在城镇扩展分析中的应用.地理学报,2016,71(8):1302-1314.[Wang Haijun,Xia Chang,Zhang Anqi,et al.Space syntax expand intensity index and its applications to quantitative analysis of urban expansion.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(8):1302-1314.]
[10]吴宏安,蒋建军,周杰,等.西安城市扩张及其驱动力分析.地理学报,2005,60(1):143-150.[Wu Hongan,Jiang Jianjun,Zhou Jie,et al.Dynamics of urban expansion in Xi'an city using Landsat TM/ETM+data.Acta Geographica Sinica.2005,60(1):143-150.]
[11]冯志新,陈颖彪,千庆兰,等.东莞市交通路网格局对城市空间扩展影响研究.地球信息科学学报,2014,16(1):79-86.[Feng Zhixin,Chen Yingbiao,Qian Qinglan,et al.Relationship between the structure of urban traffic network and urban spatial expansion:A case study of Dongguan city.Journal of Geo-information Science,2014,16(1):79-86.]
[12]关兴良,蔺雪芹,胡仕林,等.武汉城市群交通运输体系与城镇空间扩展关联分析.地理科学进展,2014,33(5):702-712.[Guan Xingliang,Lin Xueqin,Hu Shilin,et al.Relationship between transportation system and urban spatial expansion in Wuhan urban agglomeration.Progress in Geography,2014,33(5):702-712.]
[13]Erickson R A.The evolution of the suburban space economy.Urban Geography,1983,4(2):95-121.
[14]胡浩.城市空间扩展与城市交通间关系与作用机制研究.上海:同济大学博士后研究报告,2010.[Hu Hao.The relationship and interaction mechanism between urban spatial expansion and urban traffic.Shanghai:Postdoctoral Report of Tongji University,2010.]
[15]Turner A.From axial to road-centre lines:A new representation for space syntax and a new model of route choice for transport network analysis.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2007,34(3):539-555.
[16]徐璐,徐建刚.空间句法在城市设计中的应用:以南京市河西地区空间结构分析为例.现代城市研究,2011,26(4):42-46.[Xu Lu,Xu Jiangang.The application of space syntax in urban design:case study of the spatial structure of Hexi district in Nanjing city.Modern Urban Research,2011,26(4):42-46.]
[17]肖扬,李志刚,宋小东.道路网络结构对住宅价格的影响机制:基于“经典”拓扑的空间句法,以南京为例.城市发展研究,2015,22(9):6-11.[Xiao Yang,Li Zhigang,Song Xiaodong.Estimating the value of street layout via local housing market:An empirical study of Nanjing,China.Urban Development Studies,2015,22(9):6-11.]
[18]盛强,韩林飞.北京旧城商业分布分析:基于运动网络的层级结构.天津大学学报:社会科学版,2013,15(2):122-130.[Sheng Qiang,Han Linfei.Distribution of shops and markets in old Beijing based on scale-structure in movement networks.Journal of Tianjin University:Social Sciences,2013,15(2):122-130.]
[19]田金欢,周昕,李志英,等.昆明城市空间结构发展的句法研究.城市规划,2016,40(6):41-49.[Tian Jinhuan,Zhou Xin,Li Zhiying,et al.Research on spatial structure evolution of Kunming based on space syntax.Spatial Planning Studies,2016,40(6):41-49.]
[20]徐海龙,尹海伟,孔繁花,等.基于潜力-约束和SLEUTH模型松散耦合的南京城市扩展模拟.地理研究,2017,36(3):529-540.[Xu Hailong,Yin Haiwei,Kong Fanhua,et al.Urban sprawl simulation based on the loose coupling between potential-limitation and SLEUTH model in Nanjing city.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):529-540.]
[21]高金龙,陈江龙,袁丰,等.南京市区建设用地扩张模式、功能演化与机理.地理研究,2014,33(10):1892-1907.[Gao Jinlong,Chen Jianglong,Yuan Feng,et al.Patterns,functions and underlying mechanisms of urban land expansion in Nanjing.Geographical Research,2014,33(10):1892-1907.]
[22]陈江龙,高金龙,徐梦月,等.南京大都市区建设用地扩张特征与机理.地理研究,2014,33(3):427-438.[Chen Jianglong,Gao Jinlong,Xu Mengyue,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of construction land expansion in Nanjing metropolitan area.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):427-438.]
[23]郝素秋,徐梦洁,蒋博.南京市城市建成区扩张的时空特征与驱动力分析.广东土地科学,2009,8(5):44-48.[Hao Suqiu,Xu Mengjie,Jiang Bo.The expansion characteristics of the buildup area of Nanjing city and the related driving forces.Guangdong Land Science,2009,8(5):44-48.]
[24]陆大道.我国的城镇化进程与空间扩张.城市规划学刊,2007,(4):47-52.[Lu Dadao.Urbanization process and spatial sprawl in China.Urban Planning Forum,2007,(4):47-52.]
[25]孙平军,丁四保,修春亮.北京市人口-经济-空间城市化耦合协调性分析.城市规划,2012,36(5):38-45.[Sun Pingjun,Ding Sibao,Xiu Chunliang.Analysis of the coordination of population-economy-space in Beijing.City Planning Review,2012,36(5):38-45.]
(1)南京第一条地铁于2005年开通,因而文中仅2015年轴线图包含地铁线路。
(2)21世纪以来,南京市主要进行了三次行政区划调整:2001年,江宁撤县建区;2002年,撤浦口区、江浦县,设立新浦口区,撤大厂区、六合区,设立新六合区;2013年,撤鼓楼区、下关区,设立新鼓楼区,撤秦淮区、白下区,设立新秦淮区。截至2015年,主城区包括玄武区、秦淮区、建邺区和鼓楼区。行政区划调整在一定程度上影响了各辖区人口密度和经济规模的变化趋势。
[2]徐东云,张雷,兰荣娟.城市空间扩展理论综述.生产力研究,2009,(6):168-170.[Xu Dongyun,Zhang Lei,Lan Rongjuan.A summary of urban spatial expansion theories.Productivity Research,2009,(6):168-170.]
[3]刘小平,黎夏,陈逸敏,等.景观扩张指数及其在城市扩展分析中的应用.地理学报,2009,64(12):1430-1438.[Liu Xiaoping,Li Xia,Chen Yimin,et al.Landscape expansion index and its applications to quantitative analysis of urban expansion.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1430-1438.]
[4]谭雪兰,欧阳巧玲,江喆,等.基于RS/GIS的长沙市城市空间扩展及影响因素.经济地理,2017,37(3):81-85.[Tan Xuelan,Ouyang Qiaoling,Jiang Zhe,et al.Urban spatial expansion and its influence factors based on RS/GIS:A case study in Changsha.Economic Geography,2017,37(3):81-85.]
[5]文雅,龚建周,胡银根,等.基于生态安全导向的城市空间扩展模拟与分析.地理研究,2017,36(3):518-528.[Wen Ya,Gong Jianzhou,Hu Yingen,et al.Simulation and analysis of urban land expansion conducted by ecological security.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):518-528.]
[6]Xu C,Liu M S,Zhang C,et al.The spatiotemporal dynamics of rapid urban growth in the Nanjing metropolitan region of China.Landscape Ecology,2007,22(60):925-937.
[7]刘盛和,吴传钧,沈洪泉.基于GIS的北京城市土地利用扩展模式.地理学报,2000,55(4):407-416.[Liu Shenghe,Wu Chuanjun,Shen Hongquan.A GIS based model of urban land use growth in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(4):407-416.]
[8]潘竟虎,戴维丽.1990-2010年中国主要城市空间形态变化特征.经济地理,2015,35(1):44-52.[Pan Jinghu,Dai Weili.Spatial-temporal characteristics in urban morphology of major cities in China during 1990-2010.Economic Geography,2015,35(1):44-52.]
[9]王海军,夏畅,张安琪,等.基于空间句法的扩张强度指数及其在城镇扩展分析中的应用.地理学报,2016,71(8):1302-1314.[Wang Haijun,Xia Chang,Zhang Anqi,et al.Space syntax expand intensity index and its applications to quantitative analysis of urban expansion.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(8):1302-1314.]
[10]吴宏安,蒋建军,周杰,等.西安城市扩张及其驱动力分析.地理学报,2005,60(1):143-150.[Wu Hongan,Jiang Jianjun,Zhou Jie,et al.Dynamics of urban expansion in Xi'an city using Landsat TM/ETM+data.Acta Geographica Sinica.2005,60(1):143-150.]
[11]冯志新,陈颖彪,千庆兰,等.东莞市交通路网格局对城市空间扩展影响研究.地球信息科学学报,2014,16(1):79-86.[Feng Zhixin,Chen Yingbiao,Qian Qinglan,et al.Relationship between the structure of urban traffic network and urban spatial expansion:A case study of Dongguan city.Journal of Geo-information Science,2014,16(1):79-86.]
[12]关兴良,蔺雪芹,胡仕林,等.武汉城市群交通运输体系与城镇空间扩展关联分析.地理科学进展,2014,33(5):702-712.[Guan Xingliang,Lin Xueqin,Hu Shilin,et al.Relationship between transportation system and urban spatial expansion in Wuhan urban agglomeration.Progress in Geography,2014,33(5):702-712.]
[13]Erickson R A.The evolution of the suburban space economy.Urban Geography,1983,4(2):95-121.
[14]胡浩.城市空间扩展与城市交通间关系与作用机制研究.上海:同济大学博士后研究报告,2010.[Hu Hao.The relationship and interaction mechanism between urban spatial expansion and urban traffic.Shanghai:Postdoctoral Report of Tongji University,2010.]
[15]Turner A.From axial to road-centre lines:A new representation for space syntax and a new model of route choice for transport network analysis.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2007,34(3):539-555.
[16]徐璐,徐建刚.空间句法在城市设计中的应用:以南京市河西地区空间结构分析为例.现代城市研究,2011,26(4):42-46.[Xu Lu,Xu Jiangang.The application of space syntax in urban design:case study of the spatial structure of Hexi district in Nanjing city.Modern Urban Research,2011,26(4):42-46.]
[17]肖扬,李志刚,宋小东.道路网络结构对住宅价格的影响机制:基于“经典”拓扑的空间句法,以南京为例.城市发展研究,2015,22(9):6-11.[Xiao Yang,Li Zhigang,Song Xiaodong.Estimating the value of street layout via local housing market:An empirical study of Nanjing,China.Urban Development Studies,2015,22(9):6-11.]
[18]盛强,韩林飞.北京旧城商业分布分析:基于运动网络的层级结构.天津大学学报:社会科学版,2013,15(2):122-130.[Sheng Qiang,Han Linfei.Distribution of shops and markets in old Beijing based on scale-structure in movement networks.Journal of Tianjin University:Social Sciences,2013,15(2):122-130.]
[19]田金欢,周昕,李志英,等.昆明城市空间结构发展的句法研究.城市规划,2016,40(6):41-49.[Tian Jinhuan,Zhou Xin,Li Zhiying,et al.Research on spatial structure evolution of Kunming based on space syntax.Spatial Planning Studies,2016,40(6):41-49.]
[20]徐海龙,尹海伟,孔繁花,等.基于潜力-约束和SLEUTH模型松散耦合的南京城市扩展模拟.地理研究,2017,36(3):529-540.[Xu Hailong,Yin Haiwei,Kong Fanhua,et al.Urban sprawl simulation based on the loose coupling between potential-limitation and SLEUTH model in Nanjing city.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):529-540.]
[21]高金龙,陈江龙,袁丰,等.南京市区建设用地扩张模式、功能演化与机理.地理研究,2014,33(10):1892-1907.[Gao Jinlong,Chen Jianglong,Yuan Feng,et al.Patterns,functions and underlying mechanisms of urban land expansion in Nanjing.Geographical Research,2014,33(10):1892-1907.]
[22]陈江龙,高金龙,徐梦月,等.南京大都市区建设用地扩张特征与机理.地理研究,2014,33(3):427-438.[Chen Jianglong,Gao Jinlong,Xu Mengyue,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of construction land expansion in Nanjing metropolitan area.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):427-438.]
[23]郝素秋,徐梦洁,蒋博.南京市城市建成区扩张的时空特征与驱动力分析.广东土地科学,2009,8(5):44-48.[Hao Suqiu,Xu Mengjie,Jiang Bo.The expansion characteristics of the buildup area of Nanjing city and the related driving forces.Guangdong Land Science,2009,8(5):44-48.]
[24]陆大道.我国的城镇化进程与空间扩张.城市规划学刊,2007,(4):47-52.[Lu Dadao.Urbanization process and spatial sprawl in China.Urban Planning Forum,2007,(4):47-52.]
[25]孙平军,丁四保,修春亮.北京市人口-经济-空间城市化耦合协调性分析.城市规划,2012,36(5):38-45.[Sun Pingjun,Ding Sibao,Xiu Chunliang.Analysis of the coordination of population-economy-space in Beijing.City Planning Review,2012,36(5):38-45.]
(1)南京第一条地铁于2005年开通,因而文中仅2015年轴线图包含地铁线路。
(2)21世纪以来,南京市主要进行了三次行政区划调整:2001年,江宁撤县建区;2002年,撤浦口区、江浦县,设立新浦口区,撤大厂区、六合区,设立新六合区;2013年,撤鼓楼区、下关区,设立新鼓楼区,撤秦淮区、白下区,设立新秦淮区。截至2015年,主城区包括玄武区、秦淮区、建邺区和鼓楼区。行政区划调整在一定程度上影响了各辖区人口密度和经济规模的变化趋势。