基于创新产出的城市科技创新空间演化特征分析——以上海市为例
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摘要
创新空间既有研究以企业视角、宏观尺度、静态观察为主,缺乏对城市尺度创新空间测度方法的探索,难以有效分析城市创新活动空间演化特征。在梳理创新空间相关研究基础上,基于探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)原理,改进并提出城市创新空间定量测度方法,并以专利申请数作为创新产出的衡量指标,对上海2000年至2015年间市域创新产出空间分布和创新中心演化特征进行分析。通过对获取的接近70万条专利申请数据进行精确空间定位,发现16年间的历时性演化呈现快速交通导向下的均质化扩散和多中心结构趋向。基于不同创新主体的研究则揭示了企业、个人、行业组织、高校和科研机构对创新空间演化路径的影响。其中,依托工业园区发展的企业主导了创新活动的空间扩散,决定了创新空间格局的演化。
Extant literature on innovation space has been preoccupied by firm perspective, macro scale and static observation. Methodological constraints on measuring innovation at urban scale prevent researchers from in-depth analysis of innovation space characteristics. Based on ESDA method, this research proposes an improved and valid way to measure innovation, which is worthy of promotion. Based on patent data and taking Shanghai as an example, the method is applied to observe innovation space evolution in Shanghai from 2000 to 2015. It finds that innovation outputs spread along rapid express corridor and evolve polycentric. This research also reveals how firms, individuals, authorities, universities and research institutions play a role in innovation space evolution path in which, firms relying on the booming industrial parks are the main determinants on innovation space structure development. This research offers a new perspective and approach towards urban innovation studies and generates significant implications for innovation theory and practice.
Extant literature on innovation space has been preoccupied by firm perspective, macro scale and static observation. Methodological constraints on measuring innovation at urban scale prevent researchers from in-depth analysis of innovation space characteristics. Based on ESDA method, this research proposes an improved and valid way to measure innovation, which is worthy of promotion. Based on patent data and taking Shanghai as an example, the method is applied to observe innovation space evolution in Shanghai from 2000 to 2015. It finds that innovation outputs spread along rapid express corridor and evolve polycentric. This research also reveals how firms, individuals, authorities, universities and research institutions play a role in innovation space evolution path in which, firms relying on the booming industrial parks are the main determinants on innovation space structure development. This research offers a new perspective and approach towards urban innovation studies and generates significant implications for innovation theory and practice.
引文
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[21] Leydesdorff,L.,D.Kushnir,I.Rafols.Interactive overlay maps for US patent (USPTO) data based on International Patent Classification (IPC) [J].Scientometrics,2014.98(3):1583-1599.
[22] Getis,A.,J.Aldstadt.Constructing the spatial weights matrix using a local statistic [J].Geographical analysis,2004.36(2):90-104.
[23] Prasannakumar,V.,H.Vijith,R.Charutha,N.Geetha.Spatio-temporal clustering of road accidents:GIS based analysis and assessment [J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2011.21:317-325.
[2] Kresl,P.K.,E.H.Fry.The urban response to internationalization [M].Cheltenham,UK;Northampton,MA:Edward Elgar,2005.
[3] Florida,R.,P.Adler,C.Mellander.The city as innovation machine [J].Regional Studies,2017.51(1):86-96.
[4] 吴志强,陆天赞.引力和网络:长三角创新城市群落的空间组织特征分析 [J].城市规划学刊,2015(2):31-39.
[5] Smith,A.The wealth of nations [M].New York:Modern Library,1776/1937.
[6] Acs,Z.J.,D.B.Audretsch.Patents as a Measure of Innovative Activity [J].Kyklos,1989.42(2):171-180.
[7] Acs,Z.J.,L.Anselin,A.Varga.Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge [J].Research Policy,2002.31(7):1069-1085.
[8] Lim,U.The spatial distribution of innovative activity in U.S.metropolitan areas:Evidence from patent data [J].Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy,2003.33(2).
[9] Verspagen,B.,W.Schoenmakers.The spatial dimension of patenting by multinational firms in europe [J].Journal of Economic Geography,2004.4(1):23-42.
[10] 李国平,王春杨.我国省域创新产出的空间特征和时空演化——基于探索性空间数据分析的实证 [J].地理研究,2012.31(1):95-106.
[11] 张建伟,石江江,王艳华,等.长江经济带创新产出的空间特征和时空演化 [J].地理科学进展,2016.35(9):1119-1128.
[12] Feldman,M.P.,D.F.Kogler.Stylized facts in the geography of innovation[M].// B.H.Hall and N.Rosenberg.Handbook of the Economics of Innovation.Amsterdam,The Netherlands:Elsevier,2010.381-410.
[13] Richard,F.The rise of the creative class:and how it′s transforming work,leisure,community and everyday life [R].New York:Basic,2002.
[14] Florida,R.L.,M.Kenney.Venture capital-financed innovation and technological change in the USA [J].Research Policy,1988.17(3):119-137.
[15] Méndez,R.,S.S.Moral.Spanish cities in the knowledge economy:Theoretical debates and empirical evidence [J].European Urban and Regional Studies,2011.18(2):136-155.
[16] Birch,E.L.Downtown in the “new American city”[A].The annals of the American academy of political and social science,2009.626(1):134-153.
[17] Halbert,L.Collaborative and collective:Reflexive co-ordination and the dynamics of open innovation in the digital industry clusters of the Paris region [J].Urban Studies,2012.49(11):2357-2376.
[18] Teirlinck,P.,A.Spithoven.The spatial organization of innovation:Open innovation,external knowledge relations and urban structure [J].Regional Studies,2008.42(5):689-704.
[19] Ellison,G.,E.L.Glaeser.The geographic concentration of industry:does natural advantage explain agglomeration?[J].American Economic Review,1999.89(2):311-316.
[20] Chandra,Y.Mapping the evolution of entrepreneurship as a field of research (1990-2013):A scientometric analysis [J].PloS one,2018.13(1):e0190228.
[21] Leydesdorff,L.,D.Kushnir,I.Rafols.Interactive overlay maps for US patent (USPTO) data based on International Patent Classification (IPC) [J].Scientometrics,2014.98(3):1583-1599.
[22] Getis,A.,J.Aldstadt.Constructing the spatial weights matrix using a local statistic [J].Geographical analysis,2004.36(2):90-104.
[23] Prasannakumar,V.,H.Vijith,R.Charutha,N.Geetha.Spatio-temporal clustering of road accidents:GIS based analysis and assessment [J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2011.21:317-325.