旱地高产小麦品种籽粒含磷量差异与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系
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摘要
【目的】研究旱地高产小麦品种籽粒含磷量差异,明确籽粒含磷量与农艺性状、营养品质的关系,以期为旱地小麦科学施肥与高产优质品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】设置施肥(N 150 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 100 kg/hm~2)与不施肥两个处理,以123个小麦品种为试验材料,于2013—2016年在渭北旱塬连续三年进行田间试验,研究旱地高产小麦品种籽粒含磷量差异与生物量累积、产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系。【结果】小麦籽粒产量每增加1000 kg/hm~2,籽粒含磷量降低0.28 g/kg,两者呈显著负相关。高产品种的产量平均为6.9 t/hm~2,品种间籽粒含磷量差异显著,介于2.5～3.7 g/kg,变幅为51.1%。高磷组和低磷组产量及构成要素差异均不显著,高磷组品种的籽粒含氮量显著高于低磷组,含钾量与低磷组无显著差异;高磷组的籽粒与营养器官氮磷吸收量均高于低磷组,向籽粒转移氮、磷的能力无显著差异,转移钾的能力却低于低磷组品种。施肥后,两组品种籽粒与营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收量均增加,高磷组品种的增幅高于低磷组;氮磷钾向籽粒转移的能力均降低,高磷组品种转移钾的能力降幅更大。【结论】高产小麦品种中,高磷品种的籽粒含氮量与氮吸收量也更高,对施肥的响应也更显著。施肥后,高磷组的生物量与营养器官氮磷钾吸收量增幅均高于低磷组的,而养分收获指数降幅更大。因此,在选育高产小麦时,应选择籽粒含磷量适中的品种并提高养分收获指数。在小麦生产中,也要依据籽粒含磷量的高低,调整施肥方案,同步提高籽粒含氮量,实现旱地小麦高产优质。
【Objectives】The grain phosphorus content and its relationship to major agronomic and nutritional traits of the high-yielding wheat cultivars were studied in drylands, aiming to provide reference for optimizing fertilizer management and breeding new cultivars of both high yield and high nutritional quality. 【Methods】A field experiment was conducted in Weibei dryland during 2013 to 2016, there were 123 wheat cultivars grown under fertilization(N 150 kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 100 kg/hm~2) and no fertilization conditions. The biomass accumulation,yield components and NPK uptake were analyzed. The relationship between grain P contents and the main agronomic traits of the cultivars were discussed. 【Results】The average yield of the high-yielding wheat cultivars was 6.9 t/hm~2 and the grain P contents varied from 2.5 to 3.7 g/kg with a variation of 51.1%. The grain yields were significantly and negatively correlated with the P content, every increase of 1000 kg/hm~2 in yield would lead to a decrease of 0.28 g/kg in P content. The grain yields and yield components of the high-and lowgrain P cultivar groups were similar, while the high-P group had higher grain N contents and similar grain K contents, compared with those of low-P group. The high-P group accumulated higher N and P in grain and straw,but the N and P translocation from straw to grain were not significantly different between the two groups. The high-P group exhibited lower K translocation than the low-P group. Fertilization increased N, P and K uptake in grain and vegetative parts of both groups, with greater increase for the high-P group, but reduced the translocation of N, P and K from straw to grain, especially for the high-P group. 【Conclusions】The high-yielding and highgrain P content wheat cultivars have higher N content and uptake, and their response to fertilization is more significant. Fertilization will increase the biomass and N, P and K uptake, and consequently decrease the harvest index of the high-P cultivars. Therefore, cultivars with medium P contents and high P harvest indexes are encouraged in breeding high-yielding wheat. Fertilization regime should be adjusted according to the cultivar's grain P content for increasing grain N contents and acquiring high-yield and high-quality wheat products in dryland.
【Objectives】The grain phosphorus content and its relationship to major agronomic and nutritional traits of the high-yielding wheat cultivars were studied in drylands, aiming to provide reference for optimizing fertilizer management and breeding new cultivars of both high yield and high nutritional quality. 【Methods】A field experiment was conducted in Weibei dryland during 2013 to 2016, there were 123 wheat cultivars grown under fertilization(N 150 kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 100 kg/hm~2) and no fertilization conditions. The biomass accumulation,yield components and NPK uptake were analyzed. The relationship between grain P contents and the main agronomic traits of the cultivars were discussed. 【Results】The average yield of the high-yielding wheat cultivars was 6.9 t/hm~2 and the grain P contents varied from 2.5 to 3.7 g/kg with a variation of 51.1%. The grain yields were significantly and negatively correlated with the P content, every increase of 1000 kg/hm~2 in yield would lead to a decrease of 0.28 g/kg in P content. The grain yields and yield components of the high-and lowgrain P cultivar groups were similar, while the high-P group had higher grain N contents and similar grain K contents, compared with those of low-P group. The high-P group accumulated higher N and P in grain and straw,but the N and P translocation from straw to grain were not significantly different between the two groups. The high-P group exhibited lower K translocation than the low-P group. Fertilization increased N, P and K uptake in grain and vegetative parts of both groups, with greater increase for the high-P group, but reduced the translocation of N, P and K from straw to grain, especially for the high-P group. 【Conclusions】The high-yielding and highgrain P content wheat cultivars have higher N content and uptake, and their response to fertilization is more significant. Fertilization will increase the biomass and N, P and K uptake, and consequently decrease the harvest index of the high-P cultivars. Therefore, cultivars with medium P contents and high P harvest indexes are encouraged in breeding high-yielding wheat. Fertilization regime should be adjusted according to the cultivar's grain P content for increasing grain N contents and acquiring high-yield and high-quality wheat products in dryland.
引文
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[18]周玲,王朝辉,李可懿,等.不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种的氮磷利用差异分析[J].土壤,2011,43(4):558-564.Zhou L,Wang Z H,Li K Y,et al.Analyses of nitrogen and phosphorus use over winter wheat cultivars with different yields in dryland[J].Soils,2011,43(4):558-564.
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[20]Gill H S,Singh A,Setui S K,Behl R K.Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in different varieties of bread wheat(Triticum Aestivum L.)[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2004,50:563-572.
[21]王兰珍,米国华,陈范骏,等.不同产量结构小麦品种对缺磷反应的分析[J].作物学报,2003,29(6):867-870.Wang L Z,Mi G H,Chen F J,et al.Response to phosphorus deficiency of two winter wheat cultivars with different yield components[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2003,29(6):867-870.
[22]冯丽肖.磷素代谢及其影响小麦生长发育的机理模型研究[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2001.Feng L X.Study on simulation model of phosphorus effect on the growth and development of wheat[D].Baoding:MS Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei Province,2001.
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[24]Lázaro L,Abbate P E,Cogliatti D H,et al.Relationship between yield,growth and spike weight in wheat under phosphorus deficiency and shading[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2009,148(1):83-93.
[25]Guo Z F,Gustavo A S,Thorsten S.Genotypic variation in spike fertility traits and ovary size as determinants of floret and grain survival rate in wheat[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2016,67(14):4221-4230.
[26]Wang L F,Sun J T,Zhang Z B,et al.Winter wheat grain yield in response to different production practices and soil fertility in northern China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,176:10-17.
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[2]鲁如坤,时正元,钱承梁.土壤积累态磷研究Ⅲ.几种典型土壤中积累态磷的形态特征及其有效性[J].土壤,1997,2:57-60.Lu R K,Shi Z Y,Qian C L.Research of soil accumulation phosphorus:Ⅲ.Morphological characteristics and availability of accumulation phosphorus in several typical soils[J].Soils,1997,2:57-60.
[3]Devau N,Hinsinger P,Le Cadre E,et al.Fertilization and pH effects on processes and mechanisms controlling dissolved inorganic phosphorus in soils[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(10):2980-2996.
[4]王生录.黄土高原旱地磷肥残效及利用率研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,10(1):71-75.Wang S L.Study on residual effect of phosphorus fertilizer and use efficiency in dryland of Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(1):71-75.
[5]李廷亮,谢英荷,洪坚平,等.施磷水平对晋南旱地冬小麦产量及磷素利用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(6):658-665.Li T L,Xie Y H,Hong J P,et al.Effects of phosphorus application rates on winter wheat yield and phosphorus use efficiency in drylands of South Shanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(6):658-665.
[6]王荣辉,王朝辉,李生秀,等.施磷量对旱地小麦氮磷钾和干物质积累及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):115-121.Wang R H,Wang Z H,Li S X,et al.Effects of P rates on N P K and dry matter accumulation and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(1):115-121.
[7]姜宗庆,封超年,黄联联,等.施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(5):628-634.Jiang Z Q,Feng C N,Huang L L,et al.Effects of phosphorus application on dry matter production and phosphorus uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(5):628-634.
[8]史高玲,马鸿翔,娄来清,等.小麦株高和茎秆不同部位砷镉磷含量与籽粒砷镉磷含量的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(1):8-15.Shi G L,Ma H X,Lou L Q,et al.Relationship between arsenic,cadmium,and phosphorous concentrations in different parts of wheat straw,wheat plant height and grain arsenic,cadmium,and phosphorous concentrations[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(1):8-15.
[9]Shi G L,Zhu S,Bai S N,et al.The transportation and accumulation of arsenic,cadmium,and phosphorus in 12 wheat cultivars and their relationships with each other[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,299:94-102.
[10]刁超朋,王朝辉,李莎莎,等.旱地高产小麦品种籽粒氮含量差异与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,24(2):285-295.Diao C P,Wang Z H,Li S S,et al.Differences in grain nitrogen contents of high-yielding wheat cultivars and relation to NPK uptake and utilization in drylands[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2008,24(2):285-295.
[11]张勇,王德森,张艳,等.北方冬麦区小麦品种籽粒主要矿物质元素含量分布及其相关性分析[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(9):1871-1876.Zhang Y,Wang D S,Zhang Y,et al.Variation of major mineral elements concentration and their relationships in grain of Chinese wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(9):1871-1876.
[12]Barraclough P B,Howarth J R,Jones J,et al.Nitrogen efficiency of wheat:Genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2010,33(1):1-11.
[13]Zhan A,Zou C Q,Ye Y L,et al.Estimating on farm wheat yield response to potassium and potassium uptake requirement in China[J].Field Crops Research,2016,191:13-19.
[14]惠晓丽,王朝辉,罗来超,等.长期施用氮磷肥对旱地冬小麦籽粒产量和锌含量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(16):3175-3185.Hui X L,Wang Z H,Luo L C,et al.Winter wheat grain yield and Zn concentration affected by long-term N and P application in dryland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(16):3175-3185.
[15]吕长文,赵勇,唐道彬,等.不同类型甘薯品种氮、钾积累分配及其与产量性状的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(2):475-482.LüC W,Zhao Y,Tang D B,et al.Accumulation and translocation of nitrogen and potassium and their relationships with yielding traits for different type cultivars of sweet potato[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(2):475-482.
[16]Fan M S,Zhao F J,Fairweather-Tait S J,et al.Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years[J].Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,2008,22(4):315-324.
[17]Oury F X,Leenhardt F,Rémésy C,et al.Genetic variability and stability of grain magnesium,zinc and iron concentrations in bread wheat[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2006,25(2):177-185.
[18]周玲,王朝辉,李可懿,等.不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种的氮磷利用差异分析[J].土壤,2011,43(4):558-564.Zhou L,Wang Z H,Li K Y,et al.Analyses of nitrogen and phosphorus use over winter wheat cultivars with different yields in dryland[J].Soils,2011,43(4):558-564.
[19]车升国,袁亮,李燕婷,等.我国主要麦区小麦产量形成对磷素的需求[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):869-876.Che S G,Yuan L,Li Y T,et al.Phosphorus requirement for yield formation of wheat in main wheat production regions of China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(4):869-876.
[20]Gill H S,Singh A,Setui S K,Behl R K.Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in different varieties of bread wheat(Triticum Aestivum L.)[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2004,50:563-572.
[21]王兰珍,米国华,陈范骏,等.不同产量结构小麦品种对缺磷反应的分析[J].作物学报,2003,29(6):867-870.Wang L Z,Mi G H,Chen F J,et al.Response to phosphorus deficiency of two winter wheat cultivars with different yield components[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2003,29(6):867-870.
[22]冯丽肖.磷素代谢及其影响小麦生长发育的机理模型研究[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2001.Feng L X.Study on simulation model of phosphorus effect on the growth and development of wheat[D].Baoding:MS Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei Province,2001.
[23]吴梅菊,刘荣根.磷肥对小麦分蘖动态和产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,1998,(1):48-49.Wu M J,Liu R G.Effects of phosphate fertilizer on tillering dynamics and yield of wheat[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,1998,(1):48-49.
[24]Lázaro L,Abbate P E,Cogliatti D H,et al.Relationship between yield,growth and spike weight in wheat under phosphorus deficiency and shading[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2009,148(1):83-93.
[25]Guo Z F,Gustavo A S,Thorsten S.Genotypic variation in spike fertility traits and ovary size as determinants of floret and grain survival rate in wheat[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2016,67(14):4221-4230.
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