李庆短跑训练理念研究
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摘要
采用文献资料调研、实地跟踪和专家访谈等方法对我国著名短跑教练李庆的训练理念进行了深入和系统的分析,结果表明,李庆主张"以长带短"的短跑训练理念,在速度训练中重视神经-肌肉系统的兴奋性、重视神经对肌肉的控制以及动作幅度和节奏的变化,在速度耐力训练中重视平均强度和量的积累,主张"高量"模式,在力量训练中重视跳跃练习,强调发力速度,注重力量素质的平衡发展与转化,在技术训练中注重"扬长避短",重视全程速度节奏,追求最佳步长-身高比,强调技术动作的简洁、流畅和放松,在一般身体训练中重视髋关节的灵活性及其附属肌群的力量和有氧能力的发展,在年周期、中周期和微周期的构建中分别遵循"双高峰""先基后专"和"跳跃式"的负荷原则,并将"防伤控病"视为短跑训练的首要任务。
Based on literature review, on-the-spot investigation and expert interview, this paper systematically analyzed LI Qing's theory of sprinting training. Results: LI Qing advocates the theory of"improving sprint performance by emphasizing speed endurance" in sprinting training. During the speed training, LI Qing focuses on the excitability of the neuron-muscular system, the control of the nerve on muscle and the movement and frequency change. During the speed endurance training, LI Qing pays more attentions on the average intensity and the accumulation of training volume, especially, "high-volume"pattern. During the strength training, LI Qing emphasizes the jumping practice, the rate of force development,the balance and transformation of basic strength. During the technical training, LI Qing adopts athlete's good points and avoids their shortcomings, emphasizes the speed rhythm, the ratio of height to step length, the conciseness, fluency and relaxation of sprinting technique. During the general fitness training, LI Qing focuses on the flexibility of the hip joint and the strength of its auxiliary muscles and aerobic endurance.When designing the annual-cycle, meso-cycle and micro-cycle training plan, LI Qing follows the principles of "double peak", "early-general and late-specific" and "step", respectively. At the same time, LI Qing treats"injury prevention" as the primary task of sprint training.
Based on literature review, on-the-spot investigation and expert interview, this paper systematically analyzed LI Qing's theory of sprinting training. Results: LI Qing advocates the theory of"improving sprint performance by emphasizing speed endurance" in sprinting training. During the speed training, LI Qing focuses on the excitability of the neuron-muscular system, the control of the nerve on muscle and the movement and frequency change. During the speed endurance training, LI Qing pays more attentions on the average intensity and the accumulation of training volume, especially, "high-volume"pattern. During the strength training, LI Qing emphasizes the jumping practice, the rate of force development,the balance and transformation of basic strength. During the technical training, LI Qing adopts athlete's good points and avoids their shortcomings, emphasizes the speed rhythm, the ratio of height to step length, the conciseness, fluency and relaxation of sprinting technique. During the general fitness training, LI Qing focuses on the flexibility of the hip joint and the strength of its auxiliary muscles and aerobic endurance.When designing the annual-cycle, meso-cycle and micro-cycle training plan, LI Qing follows the principles of "double peak", "early-general and late-specific" and "step", respectively. At the same time, LI Qing treats"injury prevention" as the primary task of sprint training.
引文
[1]陈小平.力量训练的发展动向与趋势[J].体育科学,2004,24(9):36-40.
[2]姜自立,李庆.高水平短跑运动员速度耐力训练特征探究——以清华大学男子短跑队为例[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2016,35(3):101-107.
[3]姜自立,李庆.我国高水平短跑运动员速度耐力训练现状[J].上海体育学院学报,2017,41(5):75-81.
[4]姜自立,李庆.对短跑力量训练的再思考[J].山东体育学院学报,2017,33(5):86-93.
[5]姜自立,李庆,曹人天.对现代短跑技术若干问题的重新审视[J].体育学刊,2016,23(4):6-11.
[6]姜自立,李庆,邓晖.高水平男子短跑运动员步长和步频的评价标准与发展规律[J].河北体育学院学报,2016,30(3):64-72.
[7]李庆.第二十三届世界大学生运动会男子百米冠军胡凯的训练特点[J].中国学校体育,2006,25(6):42-43.
[8]李庆,李景丽,顾扬,等.现代运动训练周期理论的思考和讨论[J].体育科学,2004,24(6):52-55.
[9]蔚世超,薛岚.美国大学篮球教练员训练理念研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2013,36(8):128-133.
[10]魏书涛,刘宇,钟运健,等.短跑支撑期股后肌损伤的动力学分析[J].中国运动医学杂志,2009,28(6):639-643.
[11]CLARK D A,SABICK M B,PFEIFFER R P,et al.Influence of towing force magnitude on the kinematics of supramaximal sprinting[J].J Strength Cond Res,2009,23(4):1162-1168.
[12]FRIDéN J,LIEBER R L.Structural and mechanical basis of exer-ciseinduced muscle injury[J].Med Sci Sport Exerc,1992,24(5):521-530.
[13]HAMNER S R,SETH A,DELP S L.Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running[J].J Biomech,2010,43(14):2709-2716.
[14]HOWATSON G,MILAK A.Exercise-induced muscle damage following a bout of sport specific repeated sprints.[J].J Strength Cond Res,2009,23(8):2419-2424.
[15]MCARDLE W D,KATCH F I,KATCH V L.Exercise Physiology:Nutrition,Energy,and Human Performance[M].Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,2010.
[16]SCHIFFER J.Training to overcome the speed plateau[J].N Stud Athl,2011,26(1):7-11.
[2]姜自立,李庆.高水平短跑运动员速度耐力训练特征探究——以清华大学男子短跑队为例[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2016,35(3):101-107.
[3]姜自立,李庆.我国高水平短跑运动员速度耐力训练现状[J].上海体育学院学报,2017,41(5):75-81.
[4]姜自立,李庆.对短跑力量训练的再思考[J].山东体育学院学报,2017,33(5):86-93.
[5]姜自立,李庆,曹人天.对现代短跑技术若干问题的重新审视[J].体育学刊,2016,23(4):6-11.
[6]姜自立,李庆,邓晖.高水平男子短跑运动员步长和步频的评价标准与发展规律[J].河北体育学院学报,2016,30(3):64-72.
[7]李庆.第二十三届世界大学生运动会男子百米冠军胡凯的训练特点[J].中国学校体育,2006,25(6):42-43.
[8]李庆,李景丽,顾扬,等.现代运动训练周期理论的思考和讨论[J].体育科学,2004,24(6):52-55.
[9]蔚世超,薛岚.美国大学篮球教练员训练理念研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2013,36(8):128-133.
[10]魏书涛,刘宇,钟运健,等.短跑支撑期股后肌损伤的动力学分析[J].中国运动医学杂志,2009,28(6):639-643.
[11]CLARK D A,SABICK M B,PFEIFFER R P,et al.Influence of towing force magnitude on the kinematics of supramaximal sprinting[J].J Strength Cond Res,2009,23(4):1162-1168.
[12]FRIDéN J,LIEBER R L.Structural and mechanical basis of exer-ciseinduced muscle injury[J].Med Sci Sport Exerc,1992,24(5):521-530.
[13]HAMNER S R,SETH A,DELP S L.Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running[J].J Biomech,2010,43(14):2709-2716.
[14]HOWATSON G,MILAK A.Exercise-induced muscle damage following a bout of sport specific repeated sprints.[J].J Strength Cond Res,2009,23(8):2419-2424.
[15]MCARDLE W D,KATCH F I,KATCH V L.Exercise Physiology:Nutrition,Energy,and Human Performance[M].Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,2010.
[16]SCHIFFER J.Training to overcome the speed plateau[J].N Stud Athl,2011,26(1):7-11.
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