川西鲜水河呷拉宗古滑坡发育特征与形成演化过程
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摘要
青藏高原东缘是中国乃至全球地形陡度最大、内外动力作用最强烈、天气变化极端频繁的区域,复杂的地质演化过程导致该区成为古滑坡分布最集中和复活危害最大的地区。本文以川西鲜水河断裂带呷拉宗古滑坡为研究对象,在野外调查、钻探和物探、InSAR监测、室内试验及数值模拟分析的基础上,对呷拉宗古滑坡的发育特征、形成演化过程及复活因素进行了分析研究。结果表明,①呷拉宗古滑坡形成于距今约42～30ka的晚更新世晚期,体积达3150×10~4 m~3,属巨型古滑坡;②鲜水河断裂活动是呷拉宗古滑坡形成的主控因素,历史强震的震裂效应形成古滑坡的雏形,后续的断裂蠕滑作用进一步造成坡体开裂,加剧大气降水渗入,并对裂缝有扩展作用;③SBAS-InSAR监测及数值模拟结果显示,目前该滑坡整体稳定性较好,但在多个部位存在不同程度的裂缝、陡坎及坍塌,局部变形强烈,在强震和极端降雨条件下可能发生较大规模复活滑动。建议加强采取排水和抗滑等防护措施。
The eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the region with greatest topographic steepness, strongest internal and external dynamic forces, and extremely frequent climate change. The complex geological evolution process has made the region the most concentrated distribution and the most dangerous area of revival of the ancient landslides. Based on field investigation, drilling and geophysical exploration, InSAR monitoring, laboratory tests and numerical simulation analysis, this study analyzed the development characteristics, formation and evolution process and revival factors of the Garazong ancient landslide in Xianshuihe fault zone of western Sichuan. The results show that(1) The Garazong ancient landslide was formed in the late Late Pleistocene, about 42～30 ka years ago, with a volume of 3150×10~4 m~3, and belongs to a giant ancient landslide.(2) The Xianshuihe fault activity is the main controlling factor for the formation of Garazong ancient landslide. The cracking effect of previous strong earthquakes may result in the formation of ancient landslide and subsequent fault creeping further causes the cracking of the slopes, which increases the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, and further expands the cracks.(3) SBAS-InSAR monitoring and numerical simulation results show that the overall stability of the landslide is good at present. But cracks, steep slopes and collapses in different degrees occur in many parts, with some suffering strong deformation, which can produce large-scale revival slides due to strong earthquakes and extreme rainfall conditions. It is suggested that drainage and anti-skid measures should be strengthened.
The eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the region with greatest topographic steepness, strongest internal and external dynamic forces, and extremely frequent climate change. The complex geological evolution process has made the region the most concentrated distribution and the most dangerous area of revival of the ancient landslides. Based on field investigation, drilling and geophysical exploration, InSAR monitoring, laboratory tests and numerical simulation analysis, this study analyzed the development characteristics, formation and evolution process and revival factors of the Garazong ancient landslide in Xianshuihe fault zone of western Sichuan. The results show that(1) The Garazong ancient landslide was formed in the late Late Pleistocene, about 42～30 ka years ago, with a volume of 3150×10~4 m~3, and belongs to a giant ancient landslide.(2) The Xianshuihe fault activity is the main controlling factor for the formation of Garazong ancient landslide. The cracking effect of previous strong earthquakes may result in the formation of ancient landslide and subsequent fault creeping further causes the cracking of the slopes, which increases the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, and further expands the cracks.(3) SBAS-InSAR monitoring and numerical simulation results show that the overall stability of the landslide is good at present. But cracks, steep slopes and collapses in different degrees occur in many parts, with some suffering strong deformation, which can produce large-scale revival slides due to strong earthquakes and extreme rainfall conditions. It is suggested that drainage and anti-skid measures should be strengthened.
引文
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Chen Guihua,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Chen Yuegau.2016.Late Quaternary slip-rates and slip partitioning on the southeastern Xianshuihe fault system,eastern Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition),90 (2):537～554.
Chen Jun,Guo Guo.2014.Rock Eningeering Systembased identification model for potential landslide.Journal of Engineering Geology,22 (3):456～463 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Xie Jizun,Feng Wenkai,Yang Shaoshuai,Li Changshun,Hu Yunpeng,Wang Qi.2017.Active characteristics and geohazard of Zemuhe fault and their influence on morphological evolution in Ezhang River.Journal of Engineering Geology,25 (3):772～783 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Yang Jiali.2013.Research on the formation mechanism & revival mechanism of the Jiaxi landslide in upstream of Yalong river.Master's thesis of Chengdu University of Technology,1～95 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin Yueping,Li Tingqiang,Tang Jun.2008.Landslide reactivation and emergency stabilization on Danba County Town in Sichuan Province.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27 (05):971～971 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Yin Zhiqiang,Sun Dong,Zhang Ying,Shao Hai,Chen Liang.2018.Study onspatial-temporal distribution characteristics and forming mechanism of landslides in the Meigu River basin.Quaternary Sciences,38 (6):1358～1368 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yongshuang,Hu Daogong,Wu Zhonghai,et al.2009.Crustal Stability and Major Engineering Geological Problems along Yunnan-Tibet Railway.Beijing:Geological Publishing House (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yongshuang,Guo Changbao,Lan Hengxing,Zhou Nengjuan,Yao Xin.2015.Reactivation mechanism of ancient giant landslides in the tectonically active zone:a case study in southwest China.Environmental Earth Science,74 (2):1719～1729.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yao Xin,Yu Kai,Du Guoliang,Guo Changbao.2016.Late-Quaternary slip rate and seismic activity of the Xianshuihe fault zone.Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition),90 (2):525～536.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yang Zhihua,Guo Changbao,Wang Tao,Wang Donghui,Du Guoliang.2017.Predicting landslide scenes under potential earthquake scenarios in the Xianshuihe fault zone,Southwest China.Journal of Mountain Science,14 (07):30～46.
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陈筠,郭果.2014.基于RES理论的潜在滑坡识别.工程地质学报,22(3):456～463.
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Chen Guihua,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Chen Yuegau.2016.Late Quaternary slip-rates and slip partitioning on the southeastern Xianshuihe fault system,eastern Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition),90 (2):537～554.
Chen Jun,Guo Guo.2014.Rock Eningeering Systembased identification model for potential landslide.Journal of Engineering Geology,22 (3):456～463 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Deng Jianhui,Chen Fei,Yin Hu,Gao Mingzhong,Meng Yulin,Huang Runtai.2007.Geological origin and stability evaluation of Siwancun landslide in Luding Country.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,26 (10):1945～1950 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Deng Tiangang,Long Dexiong.1986.Basic Strutures of the Xianshuiriver fault and the associated earthquakes.Journal of Seismological Research,9 (1):83～90 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Fan Jinghui,Qiu Kuotian,Xia Ye,Lin Man,Zhang Hongtao,Tu Pengfei,Liu Guang,Shu Siqi.2017.InSAR monitoring and synthetic analysis of the surface deformation of Fanjiaping landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.Geological Bulletin of China,36 (9):1665～1673 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Ge Xiaohong,Liu Junlai,Ren Shoumai,Yuan Sihua.2014.Tectonic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau:impacts on the formation of landforms,climate changes and ancient human migration in China.Geology in China,41 (3):698～714 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Changbao,Montgomery D R,Zhang Yongshuang,Wang Ke,Yang Zhuihua.2015.Quantitative assessment of landslide susceptibility along the Xianshuihe fault zone,Tibetan Plateau,China.Geomorphology,248:93～110.
Jin Zhangdong,Wang Jin,Li Jin,Zhang Fei.2018.Prolonged impacts of large earthquakes on erosion,weathering and the carbon cycle across the Longmen Shan orogen.Quaternary Sciences,38 (1):261～272 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Dongxu.2007.3D Model ofreversed S-shaped orogenic belts on the continental margin:with a discussion of the internal structure and uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Geomechanics,13 (1):31～41 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Jianzhong,Liu Yuping,Li Anming,Gao Yongjuan,Ren Jing,Liang Hong.2012.Structural landform analysis in Bailiya basin and strike-slip velocity in west-north section of Xianshuihe active faullt zone.Quaternary Sciences,32 (5):986～997 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Minghui,Wang Donghui,Gao Yanchao,Bai Yongjian.2014.Research on the geohazards induced by the M 7.9 Luhuo earthquake in Xianshuihe fault zone.Journal of Catastrophology,29 (1):37～41 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Tianshao.1997.The main characteristics of Xianahuihe fault zone earthquake surface rupture.The abstract of the sixth Chinese Society of Earthquake.
Liu Yong.2006.Study of the step-like landforms in western Sichuan Plateau,China.Master's thesis of Nanjing Normal University,1～56 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Pan Baotian,Gao Hongshan.Li Bingyuan,Li Jijun.2004.Slep-like landforms and uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,24 (1):50～57(in Chinese with English abstract).
Qian Hong.1989.Faulted landforms along the Xianshuihe fault zone and their seismological significance.Seismology and Geology,11 (4):43～49 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang Hanjun,Shi Lanbin,Xu Huaiji,Ying Shaofen,Li Zuxin,Liu Xingsong.1995.The Evidences for a strong Palaeoearthquake along the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone.Journal of Seismological Rresearch,18 (1):86～89 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Roger F,Calassou S,Lancelot J,Malavieille J,Mattauer M,Xu Zhiqin,Hao Ziwen,Hou Liwei.1995.Miocene emplacement and deformation of the Konga Shan granite (Xianshui He fault zone,west Sichuan,China):geodynamic implications.Earth & Planetary Science Letters,130 (1～4):201～216.
Ronchetti F,Borgatti L,Cervi F,Lucent C C,Veneziano M,Corsini A.2007.The Valoria landslide reactivation in 2005-2006 (Northern Apennines,Italy).Landslides,4 (2):189～195.
Wang Gongxian.1997.Sliding mechanism and prediction of critical sliding of Huangci landslide in Yongjing County,Gansu Province.Journal of Catastrophology,9(3):23～27 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie Jizun,Feng Wenkai,Yang Shaoshuai,Li Changshun,Hu Yunpeng,Wang Qi.2017.Active characteristics and geohazard of Zemuhe fault and their influence on morphological evolution in Ezhang River.Journal of Engineering Geology,25 (3):772～783 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Zhiqin.2007.The Mountain Plateau-the Tibetan Plateau to Split,Collision Orogeny and the Mechanism of Uplift.Beijing:Geological Publishing House (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Jiali.2013.Research on the formation mechanism & revival mechanism of the Jiaxi landslide in upstream of Yalong river.Master's thesis of Chengdu University of Technology,1～95 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin Yueping,Li Tingqiang,Tang Jun.2008.Landslide reactivation and emergency stabilization on Danba County Town in Sichuan Province.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27 (05):971～971 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin Yueping,Zheng Wamo,Liu Yuping,Zhang Jialong,Li Xiaochun.2010.Erratum to:Integration of GPS with InSAR to monitoring of the Jiaju landslide in Sichuan,China.Landslides,7 (3):391～391.
Yin Zhiqiang,Sun Dong,Zhang Ying,Shao Hai,Chen Liang.2018.Study onspatial-temporal distribution characteristics and forming mechanism of landslides in the Meigu River basin.Quaternary Sciences,38 (6):1358～1368 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yongshuang,Hu Daogong,Wu Zhonghai,et al.2009.Crustal Stability and Major Engineering Geological Problems along Yunnan-Tibet Railway.Beijing:Geological Publishing House (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yongshuang,Guo Changbao,Lan Hengxing,Zhou Nengjuan,Yao Xin.2015.Reactivation mechanism of ancient giant landslides in the tectonically active zone:a case study in southwest China.Environmental Earth Science,74 (2):1719～1729.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yao Xin,Yu Kai,Du Guoliang,Guo Changbao.2016.Late-Quaternary slip rate and seismic activity of the Xianshuihe fault zone.Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition),90 (2):525～536.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yang Zhihua,Guo Changbao,Wang Tao,Wang Donghui,Du Guoliang.2017.Predicting landslide scenes under potential earthquake scenarios in the Xianshuihe fault zone,Southwest China.Journal of Mountain Science,14 (07):30～46.
Zhang Yongshuang,Wu Ruian,Guo Changbao,Wang Lichao,Yao Xin,Yang Zhihua.2018.Research progress and prospect on reactivation of ancient landslides.Advances in Earth Science,33 (7):728～740 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhao Yong,Xu Mo,Guo Jian,Kang Xiaobing,Wang Yali.2015.Characteristics of accumulation and mechanism of Shuangjiaping ancient translational landslide in the Dadu River,China.Mountain in Research,33 (1):58～64 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Min.2016.Xinfeng landslide stability Moses Luding County town of Dadu River bank.Master's thesis of Southwest Jiaotong University,1～62 (in Chinese with English abstract).
陈筠,郭果.2014.基于RES理论的潜在滑坡识别.工程地质学报,22(3):456～463.
邓建辉,陈菲,尹虎,高明忠,蒙玉林,黄润太.2007.泸定县四湾村滑坡的地质成因与稳定评价.岩石力学与工程学报,26 (10):1945～1950.
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