西湖景区土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染水平、来源分析和空间分布特征
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摘要
为考察杭州西湖景区土壤环境中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的污染情况,本研究采集了西湖景区4种不同土地利用类型土壤共42个土壤样品,利用气相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)对所有样品中6种PAEs的含量水平和组成情况进行了分析,并采用主成分分析法和普通克里金插值法对不同土地利用类型土壤中PAEs的来源与空间分布进行了详细探讨.结果表明,西湖景区6种邻苯二甲酸酯累计含量(ΣPAEs)范围为597. 6～7 360. 1μg·kg~(-1),邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)是3种主要的PAEs污染物,三者总含量平均值贡献率高达98. 43%,而DEHP作为含量最高的PAEs单体贡献率为66. 28%;不同土地利用类型土壤中的PAEs组成由于其来源不同而具有差异性,交通运输与游客活动是西湖景区内PAEs的主要来源; 6种PAEs主要分布在西湖景区的东北区域,呈现出由北向南、自东向西递减趋势.
To investigate pollution from phthalate esters( PAEs) in the soils of the West Lake Scenic Area,Hangzhou,Zhejiang province,a total of 42 samples were collected from 4 species of soil with different uses. The concentrations and composition of 6 PAEs were analyzed by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry( GC-MS/MS). The sources and spatial distribution of PAEs in the different soil species were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis( PCA) and Ordinary Kriging( OK) methods. It was found that the total concentrations of the 6 PAEs( Σ PAEs) ranged from 597. 6 μg·kg~(-1) to 7 360. 1 μg·kg~(-1),of which Dimethyl Phthalate( DMP),Di-n-buthyl Phthalate( DBP),and Di-( 2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate( DEHP) were most abundant( 98. 43% ofΣ PAEs). As major pollutant,DEHP contributed as much as 66. 28% to Σ PAEs. The composition of PAEs in different soil species differed due to source differences; transportation and tourist activities were the main sources of these PAEs. The 6 PAEs were mainly distributed in the northwestern portion of the West Lake Scenic Area,decreasing from north to south and from east to west.
To investigate pollution from phthalate esters( PAEs) in the soils of the West Lake Scenic Area,Hangzhou,Zhejiang province,a total of 42 samples were collected from 4 species of soil with different uses. The concentrations and composition of 6 PAEs were analyzed by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry( GC-MS/MS). The sources and spatial distribution of PAEs in the different soil species were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis( PCA) and Ordinary Kriging( OK) methods. It was found that the total concentrations of the 6 PAEs( Σ PAEs) ranged from 597. 6 μg·kg~(-1) to 7 360. 1 μg·kg~(-1),of which Dimethyl Phthalate( DMP),Di-n-buthyl Phthalate( DBP),and Di-( 2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate( DEHP) were most abundant( 98. 43% ofΣ PAEs). As major pollutant,DEHP contributed as much as 66. 28% to Σ PAEs. The composition of PAEs in different soil species differed due to source differences; transportation and tourist activities were the main sources of these PAEs. The 6 PAEs were mainly distributed in the northwestern portion of the West Lake Scenic Area,decreasing from north to south and from east to west.
引文
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[3] Wang L J,Zhang W J,Tao W D,et al. Investigating into composition,distribution,sources and health risk of phthalic acid esters in street dust of Xi'an city, Northwest China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2017,39(4):865-877.
[4] Mo C H,Cai Q Y,Tang S R,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in vegetables from nine farms of the Pearl River Delta,South China[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,56(2):181-189.
[5] Huang Y F,Pan W C,Tsai Y A,et al. Concurrent exposures to nonylphenol, bisphenol a, phthalates, and organophosphate pesticides on birth outcomes:a cohort study in Taipei,Taiwan[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2017,607-608:1126-1135.
[6] Sun J Q,Wu X Q,Gan J. Uptake and metabolism of phthalate esters by edible plants[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(14):8471-8478.
[7] Horn O,Nalli S,Cooper D,et al. Plasticizer metabolites in the environment[J]. Water Research,2004,38(17):3693-3698.
[8] Park M A,Hwang K A,Lee H R,et al. Cell growth of BG-1ovarian cancer cells is promoted by di-n-butyl phthalate and hexabromocyclododecane via upregulation of the cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 genes[J]. Molecular Medicine Reports,2012,5(3):761-766.
[9] Barlow N J,Mcintyre B S,Foster P M D. Male reproductive tract lesions at 6,12, and 18 months of age following in utero exposure to di(n-butyl)Phthalate[J]. Toxicologic Pathology,2004,32(1):79-90.
[10]周文敏,傅德黔,孙宗光.中国水中优先控制污染物黑名单的确定[J].环境科学研究,1991,4(6):9-12.Zhou W M,Fu D Q,Sun Z G. Determination of black list of China's priority pollutants in water[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,1991,4(6):9-12.
[11] Jin Z F,Chen L X,Li F L,et al. Effects of water transfer on water quality and estimation of the pollutant fluxes from different sources into West Lake, Hangzhou city, China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(3):1091-1101.
[12]施伊丽,万瑜,金赞芳.杭州西湖底泥氮释放通量及影响因素研究[J].环境科技,2016,29(1):46-50.Shi Y L,Wan Y,Jin Z F. Study on release of Nitrogen from sediment and its influencing factors in Hangzhou West Lake[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,29(1):46-50.
[13]张海珍,唐宇力,陆骏,等.西湖景区土壤典型重金属污染物的来源及空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1516-1522.Zhang H Z, Tang Y L, Lu J, et al. Sources and spatial distribution of typical heavy metal pollutants in soils in Xihu Scenic Area[J] Environmental Science,2014,35(4):1516-1522.
[14]赵赟.西湖景区植物—土壤系统重金属的空间分布特征及其影响因子[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.Zhao Y. Spatial distribution and impact factors of heavy metals in plant-soil system in West Lake scenic area[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[15] Zeng F,Cui K Y,Xie Z Y,et al. Distribution of phthalate esters in urban soils of subtropical city,Guangzhou,China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(2-3):1171-1178.
[16]杨志豪,何明靖,杨婷,等.邻苯二甲酸酯在重庆市城市土壤中的污染分布特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3358-3364.Yang Z H,He M J,Yang T,et al. Occurrence and distribution of phthalate esters in urban soils of Chongqing city[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3358-3364.
[17] Wang L J,Liu M M,Tao W D,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in urban soil in the typical semi-arid city of Xi'an, Northwest China[J].Chemosphere,2018,191:467-476.
[18]徐雪,王利军,卢新卫.咸阳市郊菜地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1912-1919.Xu X,Wang L J,Lu X W. Pollution of phthalic acid esters(PAEs)in vegetable soils in Xianyang suburbs,Northwest China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1912-1919.
[19] Wang J,Chen G C,Christie P,et al. Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters(PAEs)in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,523:129-137.
[20]梁浩花,王亚娟,陶红,等.银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(9):3703-3713.Liang H H,Wang Y J,Tao H,et al. Pollution characteristics of phthalate esters(PAEs)in soils of facility vegetable bases and health risk assessment in eastern suburb of Yinchuan[J] Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(9):3703-3713.
[21] Gibson R, Wang M J, Padgett E, et al. Analysis of 4-nonylphenols,phthalates,and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and biosolids[J]. Chemosphere,2005,61(9):1336-1344.
[22] Vikelse J,Thomsen M,Carlsen L. Phthalates and nonylphenols in profiles of differently dressed soils[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2002,296(1-3):105-116.
[23]krbi'c B D,Ji Y Q,-Durii'c-Mladenovi'c N,et al. Occurence of the phthalate esters in soil and street dust samples from the Novi Sad city area,Serbia,and the influence on the children's and adults'exposure[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,312:272-279.
[24] Zhao J,Ji Y Q,Zhu Z Y,et al. PAEs occurrence and sources in road dust and soil in/around parks in May in Tianjin,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,147:238-244.
[25]鲁磊安,陈学斌,赵海明,等.珠三角地区稻田土壤和谷粒中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布特征及人体健康暴露风险[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(7):1242-1248.Lu L A,Chen X B,Zhao H M,et al. Distribution of phthalic acid esters(PAEs)in paddy soil and grains of rice in the Pearl River Delta region and the health risk assessment[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(7):1242-1248.
[26]冯艳红,张亚,郑丽萍,等.江苏省不同地区设施菜地土壤-蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(4):308-316.Feng Y H, Zhang Y, Zheng L P, et al. Distribution characteristics of phthalic acid esters in soil and vegetables under greenhouse in different areas of Jiangsu province,China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(4):308-316.
[27]吴山,李彬,梁金明,等.汕头市蔬菜产区土壤-蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1889-1896.Wu S,Li B,Liang J M,et al. Distribution characteristics of phthalic acid esters in soils and vegetables in vegetable producing areas of Shantou city,China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(10):1889-1896.
[28]李辉.邻苯二甲酸酯类和吡咯烷酮类高风险农药助剂的检测方法研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2018.Li H. Study on the detection technology of two types of high risk pesticide adjuvants:phthalate acid esters and pyrrolidons[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dissertation,2018.
[29] Niu L L,Xu Y, Xu C, et al. Status of phthalate esters contamination in agricultural soils across China and associated health risks[J]. Environmental Pollution,2014,195:16-23.
[30] Lan Q,Cui K Y,Zeng F,et al. Characteristics and assessment of phthalate esters in urban dusts in Guangzhou city,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(8):4921-4929.
[31] Chen Y,Lv D,Li X H,et al. PM2. 5-bound phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Beijing:seasonal distributions and human exposure via inhalation[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,241:369-377.
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