基于面积-高程积分的地下水动态分析——以泾惠渠灌区为例
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摘要
为了研究泾惠渠灌区的地下水动态特征,探讨面积-高程积分在地下水动态分析中的可行性,利用ArcGIS空间分析工具计算了灌区地下水面积-高程积分数据,绘制了不同时期的地下水面积-高程积分曲线,分析了灌区地下水水位与储存量动态特征。结果显示:1978?—?2012年,泾惠渠灌区地下水面积-高程积分值为0.46、0.44、0.38、0.39,表明地下水水位与储存量整体呈下降趋势;1991?—?2012年,410.00?—?446.19 m水位区间面积由1978年的2.54下降为0,342.51?—?360.00 m水位区间面积多年持续增加,中等水位区间存在演化差异性,反映出不同时期地下水开发强度具有空间变异性;以1978年为基准,至2012年地下水储存量减少约7.08×10~8 m~3;降水、地表水引水量、人工开采是影响泾惠渠灌区地下水动态的重要因素,补排失衡是引起灌区地下水储存量下降的主要原因。研究表明:面积-高程积分曲线可以表征地下水水位空间结构特征和储存量的变化情况,利用面积-高程积分值能够近似估算地下水储存量变化量,证明了面积-高程积分在地下水动态研究中具有一定的实用性。
Background, aim, and scope Groundwater is an important water resources and a significant factor in maintaining regional environmental health and ecological balance. The combined effect of human activities and climate change has led to changes in the groundwater environment that inevitably have a corresponding impact on groundwater dependent ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate analysis of the dynamic characteristics of groundwater has important practical significance for making rational strategies of groundwater exploitation, the protection of ecological balance and the sustainable development of society and economy. The hypsometric integral is a quantitative index to study the relationship between the horizontal cross-sectional area and its elevation, which is a kind of the quantitative analysis to reflect the status and erosion trend of the geomorphology. It is widely used in the research of geomorphic evolution, evaluation of lithology and tectonics, hydrological characteristics analysis of drainage basin. From the perspective of spatial data model representation of ground objects, both the shallow groundwater surface and the drainage basin topography surface can be described by digital elevation model and have the same mathematical basis for the hypsometric integral analysis. By analyzing the variation characteristics of groundwater surface, the hypsometric integral analysis provides an applicable method for studying groundwater dynamics. Jinghuiqu irrigation district is an important food and vegetable production base in Shaanxi Province where residents mainly rely on groundwater. In recent years, the groundwater level and storage in the region has been impacted by industrial and agricultural activities. The study was carried out to analyze the groundwater dynamics in the region, and discuss the role of hypsometric integral in the groundwater dynamic analysis.Materials and methods Shallow groundwater level data in 4 periods of 1978, 1991, 2001 and 2012 was filtered by interval of about 10 a which derived from groundwater level monitoring data of Shaanxi Jinghui Canal Irrigation Administration. The normal distribution condition was verified and the abnormal data were eliminated using QQplot tool in the geostatistical analyst module of ArcGIS. Gaussian model was applied to fit the semivariogram and the Ordinal Kriging method was used to interpolate the data to get the groundwater surface raster data, covering the study area with a spatial resolution of 100 m for each grid. The descriptive statistical data of the groundwater level in the period of 1978 — 2012 was analyzed using ArcGIS and the hypsometric integral of each period is calculated.Using slice tool in ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, the groundwater level in different periods is reclassified to 11 classes. According to the definition of hypsometric curve, the proportion of the total area and the total height in the study area was calculated for the upper limit of each groundwater level class, hypsometric curves of 1978 — 2012 were depicted using Excel 2003. Results During the period of 1978 — 2012, the hypsometric integral of groundwater was 0.46, 0.44, 0.38 and 0.39, indicating that the groundwater level and storage was in a decreasing trend. In the period of 1991 — 2012, the area ratio in the groundwater level of 410.00 — 446.19 m decreased to 0,in comparison of 2.54% in 1978. The area in the groundwater level of 342.51 — 360.00 m increased continually in decades. The different trends of area ratio in groundwater level of 360.00 — 410.00 m showed the spatial variability of groundwater extraction in different periods. During 1978 and 1991, the area ratio difference in the groundwater level of 360.00 — 430.00 m was fair less, reflecting that the groundwater extraction was stable in the period. Since 2001, the area ratio within the groundwater level range has changed to different extent, reflecting the spatial evolution of groundwater extraction. In the period of 1978 — 2012, the groundwater storage decreased about7.08×10~8 m~3. Discussion The precipitation, amount of surface water use and groundwater exploitation was the most important factors impacting the groundwater dynamics. The unbalance of recharges and discharges was the main reason for the decrease of groundwater storage in the study area. In the period of 1978 — 2012, the precipitation showed a downward trend, the effective precipitation infiltration recharge decreased, and evaporation showed an upward trend, the evaporation discharge increased. With the decrease of surface irrigation water intake in the irrigation district, the irrigation infiltration recharge volume decreased from an annual average of 0.92×10~8 m~3 in the1980 s to the current annual average of 0.28×10~8 m~3, which aggravated the decline of the groundwater level. The ratio of irrigation canal irrigation varied drastically and ranged from 0.25 to 1.31. The average values in the 1990 s and the first decade of 21 st century were 0.90 and 0.83, respectively, which had exceeded the suitable irrigation ratio of 0.35 to 0.70. While the total amount of surface water irrigation declined, the ratio of well irrigation increased significantly, and the depth of groundwater burial increased year by year, indicated that the unbalance of groundwater recharge was increasingly serious. Conclusions The study shows that the hypsometric curve is useful to depict the distribution characteristics of groundwater level change and storage variation, and the amount of groundwater storage variation can be derived from the hypsometric integral value. It proves that the hypsometric integral is applicable in the groundwater dynamic analysis. Recommendations and perspectives While using the hypsometric integral to analyze the groundwater dynamics, the study area could be divided into smaller sub-areas,and the hypsometric integral value of each sub-area would be calculated separately to depict the spatial distribution characteristics of groundwater level and storage.
Background, aim, and scope Groundwater is an important water resources and a significant factor in maintaining regional environmental health and ecological balance. The combined effect of human activities and climate change has led to changes in the groundwater environment that inevitably have a corresponding impact on groundwater dependent ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate analysis of the dynamic characteristics of groundwater has important practical significance for making rational strategies of groundwater exploitation, the protection of ecological balance and the sustainable development of society and economy. The hypsometric integral is a quantitative index to study the relationship between the horizontal cross-sectional area and its elevation, which is a kind of the quantitative analysis to reflect the status and erosion trend of the geomorphology. It is widely used in the research of geomorphic evolution, evaluation of lithology and tectonics, hydrological characteristics analysis of drainage basin. From the perspective of spatial data model representation of ground objects, both the shallow groundwater surface and the drainage basin topography surface can be described by digital elevation model and have the same mathematical basis for the hypsometric integral analysis. By analyzing the variation characteristics of groundwater surface, the hypsometric integral analysis provides an applicable method for studying groundwater dynamics. Jinghuiqu irrigation district is an important food and vegetable production base in Shaanxi Province where residents mainly rely on groundwater. In recent years, the groundwater level and storage in the region has been impacted by industrial and agricultural activities. The study was carried out to analyze the groundwater dynamics in the region, and discuss the role of hypsometric integral in the groundwater dynamic analysis.Materials and methods Shallow groundwater level data in 4 periods of 1978, 1991, 2001 and 2012 was filtered by interval of about 10 a which derived from groundwater level monitoring data of Shaanxi Jinghui Canal Irrigation Administration. The normal distribution condition was verified and the abnormal data were eliminated using QQplot tool in the geostatistical analyst module of ArcGIS. Gaussian model was applied to fit the semivariogram and the Ordinal Kriging method was used to interpolate the data to get the groundwater surface raster data, covering the study area with a spatial resolution of 100 m for each grid. The descriptive statistical data of the groundwater level in the period of 1978 — 2012 was analyzed using ArcGIS and the hypsometric integral of each period is calculated.Using slice tool in ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, the groundwater level in different periods is reclassified to 11 classes. According to the definition of hypsometric curve, the proportion of the total area and the total height in the study area was calculated for the upper limit of each groundwater level class, hypsometric curves of 1978 — 2012 were depicted using Excel 2003. Results During the period of 1978 — 2012, the hypsometric integral of groundwater was 0.46, 0.44, 0.38 and 0.39, indicating that the groundwater level and storage was in a decreasing trend. In the period of 1991 — 2012, the area ratio in the groundwater level of 410.00 — 446.19 m decreased to 0,in comparison of 2.54% in 1978. The area in the groundwater level of 342.51 — 360.00 m increased continually in decades. The different trends of area ratio in groundwater level of 360.00 — 410.00 m showed the spatial variability of groundwater extraction in different periods. During 1978 and 1991, the area ratio difference in the groundwater level of 360.00 — 430.00 m was fair less, reflecting that the groundwater extraction was stable in the period. Since 2001, the area ratio within the groundwater level range has changed to different extent, reflecting the spatial evolution of groundwater extraction. In the period of 1978 — 2012, the groundwater storage decreased about7.08×10~8 m~3. Discussion The precipitation, amount of surface water use and groundwater exploitation was the most important factors impacting the groundwater dynamics. The unbalance of recharges and discharges was the main reason for the decrease of groundwater storage in the study area. In the period of 1978 — 2012, the precipitation showed a downward trend, the effective precipitation infiltration recharge decreased, and evaporation showed an upward trend, the evaporation discharge increased. With the decrease of surface irrigation water intake in the irrigation district, the irrigation infiltration recharge volume decreased from an annual average of 0.92×10~8 m~3 in the1980 s to the current annual average of 0.28×10~8 m~3, which aggravated the decline of the groundwater level. The ratio of irrigation canal irrigation varied drastically and ranged from 0.25 to 1.31. The average values in the 1990 s and the first decade of 21 st century were 0.90 and 0.83, respectively, which had exceeded the suitable irrigation ratio of 0.35 to 0.70. While the total amount of surface water irrigation declined, the ratio of well irrigation increased significantly, and the depth of groundwater burial increased year by year, indicated that the unbalance of groundwater recharge was increasingly serious. Conclusions The study shows that the hypsometric curve is useful to depict the distribution characteristics of groundwater level change and storage variation, and the amount of groundwater storage variation can be derived from the hypsometric integral value. It proves that the hypsometric integral is applicable in the groundwater dynamic analysis. Recommendations and perspectives While using the hypsometric integral to analyze the groundwater dynamics, the study area could be divided into smaller sub-areas,and the hypsometric integral value of each sub-area would be calculated separately to depict the spatial distribution characteristics of groundwater level and storage.
引文
安芷生,符淙斌.2001.全球变化科学的进展[J].地球科学进展,16(5):671-680.[An Z S,Fu C B.2001.The progress in global change science[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,16(5):671-680.]
常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.2015.面积高程积分值计算方法的比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,29(3):171-175.[Chang Z Y,Wang J,Bai S B,et al.2015.Comparison of hypsometric integral methods[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,29(3):171-175.]
程军.2016.泾惠渠灌区地下水过度开采的原因及治理浅析[J].科技经济导刊,(26):81-82.[Cheng J.2016.Analysis on the causes and control of groundwater overexploitation in Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China[J].Technology and Economic Guide,(26):81-82.]
代锋刚,蔡焕杰,刘晓明,等.2012.利用地下水模型模拟分析灌区适宜井渠灌水比例[J].农业工程学报,28(15):45-51.[Dai F G,Cai H J,Liu X M,et al.2012.Analysis of suitable irrigation water ratio of well to channel based on groundwater model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28(15):45-51.]
郭娇,王伟,石建省.2015.陕北洛河流域地貌演化阶段的定量分析[J].干旱区地理,38(6):1161-1168.[Guo J,Wang W,Shi J S.2015.A quantitative analysis of the stage of geomorphologic evolution in Luohe drainage basin,north of Shaanxi Province[J].Arid Land Geography,38(6):1161-1168.]
李佩成,李启垒,王金凤,等.2013.论灌区水文生态禀赋及建设生态文明[J].中国水利,(6):10-12.[Li P C,Li Q L,Wang J F,et al.2013.The characteristic of hydroecology irrigation area and ecological civilization construction[J].China Water Resources,(6):10-12.]
刘燕,朱红艳.2011.泾惠渠灌区水环境劣变特征及地下水调蓄能力分析[J].农业工程学报,27(6):19-24.[Liu Y,Zhu H Y.2011.Characteristics of inferior variation of water environment and regulating capacity of groundwater reservoir in Jinghui canal irrigation district of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,27(6):19-24.]
刘樯漪,程维明,郭良,等.2017.北天山流域地貌特征及其构造活动分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,33(4):79-85.[Liu Q Y,Cheng W M,Guo L,et al.2017.Geomorphology of northern Tianshan and its structural analysis[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,33(4):79-85.]
邵崇建,李勇,赵国华,等.2015.基于面积-高程积分对龙门山南段山前河流的构造地貌研究[J].现代地质,29(4):727-737.[Shao C J,Li Y,Zhao G H,et al.2015.Tectonic geomorphology analysis of piedmont rivers in the southern section of Longmenshan based on hypsometric integral[J].Geoscience,29(4):727-737.]
石扬旭,张友静,李鑫川,等.2017.流域下垫面特征对多年平均径流系数的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),45(12):138-147.[Shi Y X,Zhang Y J,Li X C,et al.2017.Influence of underlying surface characteristics of river basin on annual runoff coefficient[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),45(12):138-147.]
苏琦,袁道阳,谢虹,等.2015.祁连山西段党河流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,35(1):48-59.[Su Q,Yuan D Y,Xie H,et al.2015.Geomorphic features of the Danghe river drainage basin in western Qilian Shan mountain and its tectonic implications[J].Quaternary Sciences,35(1):48-59.]
王建莹,刘燕,姚阿漫.2015.泾惠渠灌区地下水位动态分析[J].灌溉排水学报,34(2):67-70.[Wang J Y,Liu Y,Yao A M.2015.Dynamics of the groundwater table in Jinghui canal irrigation district of China[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,34(2):67-70.]
徐斌.2015.基于空间分析建模的地下水环境演化分析系统[D].西安:长安大学.[Xu B.2015.Groundwater environment evolution analysis system based on spatial analysis and modeling[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University.]
叶遇春.1991.泾惠渠志[M].西安:三秦出版社.[Ye Y C.1991.Records of Jinghuiqu[M].Xi’an:Sanqin Press.]
张敬春,李川川,张梅,等.2011.格尔木河流域面积-高程积分值的地貌学分析[J].山地学报,29(3):257-268.[Zhang J C,Li C C,Zhang M,et al.2011.Geomorphologic analysis of the Golmud river drainage basin based on hypsometric integral value[J].Journal of Mountain Science,29(3):257-268.]
Béjar-Pizarro M,Ezquerro P,Herrera G,et al.2017.Mapping groundwater level and aquifer storage variations from InSARmeasurements in the Madrid aquifer,Central Spain[J].Journal of Hydrology,547:678-689.
Gao M X,Zeilinger G,Xu X W,et al.2013.DEM and GISanalysis of geomorphic indices for evaluating recent uplift of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Geomorphology,190(439):61-72.
Langbein W B.1947.Topographic characteristics of drainage basins[J].US Geological Society Water Supply Paper,968:125-157.
Lorenzo-Lacruz J,Garcia C,Morán-Tejeda E.2017.Groundwater level responses to precipitation variability in Mediterranean insular aquifers[J].Journal of Hydrology,552:516-531.
Mahmood S A,Gloaguen R.2011.Analyzing spatial autocorrelation for the hypsometric integral to discriminate neotectonics and lithologies using DEMs and GIS[J].Mapping Sciences&Remote Sensing,48(4):541-565.
Ntokos D,Lykoudi E,Rondoyanni T.2016.Geomorphic analysis in areas of low-rate neotectonic deformation:South Epirus(Greece)as a case study[J].Geomorphology,263:156-169.
Pike R J,Wilson S E.1971.Elevation-relief ratio,hypsometric integral,and geomorphic area-altitude analysis[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(4):1079-1084.
Strahler A N.1952.Hypsometric(Area-Altitude)analysis of erosional topography[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,63:1117-1142.
常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.2015.面积高程积分值计算方法的比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,29(3):171-175.[Chang Z Y,Wang J,Bai S B,et al.2015.Comparison of hypsometric integral methods[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,29(3):171-175.]
程军.2016.泾惠渠灌区地下水过度开采的原因及治理浅析[J].科技经济导刊,(26):81-82.[Cheng J.2016.Analysis on the causes and control of groundwater overexploitation in Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China[J].Technology and Economic Guide,(26):81-82.]
代锋刚,蔡焕杰,刘晓明,等.2012.利用地下水模型模拟分析灌区适宜井渠灌水比例[J].农业工程学报,28(15):45-51.[Dai F G,Cai H J,Liu X M,et al.2012.Analysis of suitable irrigation water ratio of well to channel based on groundwater model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28(15):45-51.]
郭娇,王伟,石建省.2015.陕北洛河流域地貌演化阶段的定量分析[J].干旱区地理,38(6):1161-1168.[Guo J,Wang W,Shi J S.2015.A quantitative analysis of the stage of geomorphologic evolution in Luohe drainage basin,north of Shaanxi Province[J].Arid Land Geography,38(6):1161-1168.]
李佩成,李启垒,王金凤,等.2013.论灌区水文生态禀赋及建设生态文明[J].中国水利,(6):10-12.[Li P C,Li Q L,Wang J F,et al.2013.The characteristic of hydroecology irrigation area and ecological civilization construction[J].China Water Resources,(6):10-12.]
刘燕,朱红艳.2011.泾惠渠灌区水环境劣变特征及地下水调蓄能力分析[J].农业工程学报,27(6):19-24.[Liu Y,Zhu H Y.2011.Characteristics of inferior variation of water environment and regulating capacity of groundwater reservoir in Jinghui canal irrigation district of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,27(6):19-24.]
刘樯漪,程维明,郭良,等.2017.北天山流域地貌特征及其构造活动分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,33(4):79-85.[Liu Q Y,Cheng W M,Guo L,et al.2017.Geomorphology of northern Tianshan and its structural analysis[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,33(4):79-85.]
邵崇建,李勇,赵国华,等.2015.基于面积-高程积分对龙门山南段山前河流的构造地貌研究[J].现代地质,29(4):727-737.[Shao C J,Li Y,Zhao G H,et al.2015.Tectonic geomorphology analysis of piedmont rivers in the southern section of Longmenshan based on hypsometric integral[J].Geoscience,29(4):727-737.]
石扬旭,张友静,李鑫川,等.2017.流域下垫面特征对多年平均径流系数的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),45(12):138-147.[Shi Y X,Zhang Y J,Li X C,et al.2017.Influence of underlying surface characteristics of river basin on annual runoff coefficient[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),45(12):138-147.]
苏琦,袁道阳,谢虹,等.2015.祁连山西段党河流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,35(1):48-59.[Su Q,Yuan D Y,Xie H,et al.2015.Geomorphic features of the Danghe river drainage basin in western Qilian Shan mountain and its tectonic implications[J].Quaternary Sciences,35(1):48-59.]
王建莹,刘燕,姚阿漫.2015.泾惠渠灌区地下水位动态分析[J].灌溉排水学报,34(2):67-70.[Wang J Y,Liu Y,Yao A M.2015.Dynamics of the groundwater table in Jinghui canal irrigation district of China[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,34(2):67-70.]
徐斌.2015.基于空间分析建模的地下水环境演化分析系统[D].西安:长安大学.[Xu B.2015.Groundwater environment evolution analysis system based on spatial analysis and modeling[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University.]
叶遇春.1991.泾惠渠志[M].西安:三秦出版社.[Ye Y C.1991.Records of Jinghuiqu[M].Xi’an:Sanqin Press.]
张敬春,李川川,张梅,等.2011.格尔木河流域面积-高程积分值的地貌学分析[J].山地学报,29(3):257-268.[Zhang J C,Li C C,Zhang M,et al.2011.Geomorphologic analysis of the Golmud river drainage basin based on hypsometric integral value[J].Journal of Mountain Science,29(3):257-268.]
Béjar-Pizarro M,Ezquerro P,Herrera G,et al.2017.Mapping groundwater level and aquifer storage variations from InSARmeasurements in the Madrid aquifer,Central Spain[J].Journal of Hydrology,547:678-689.
Gao M X,Zeilinger G,Xu X W,et al.2013.DEM and GISanalysis of geomorphic indices for evaluating recent uplift of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Geomorphology,190(439):61-72.
Langbein W B.1947.Topographic characteristics of drainage basins[J].US Geological Society Water Supply Paper,968:125-157.
Lorenzo-Lacruz J,Garcia C,Morán-Tejeda E.2017.Groundwater level responses to precipitation variability in Mediterranean insular aquifers[J].Journal of Hydrology,552:516-531.
Mahmood S A,Gloaguen R.2011.Analyzing spatial autocorrelation for the hypsometric integral to discriminate neotectonics and lithologies using DEMs and GIS[J].Mapping Sciences&Remote Sensing,48(4):541-565.
Ntokos D,Lykoudi E,Rondoyanni T.2016.Geomorphic analysis in areas of low-rate neotectonic deformation:South Epirus(Greece)as a case study[J].Geomorphology,263:156-169.
Pike R J,Wilson S E.1971.Elevation-relief ratio,hypsometric integral,and geomorphic area-altitude analysis[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(4):1079-1084.
Strahler A N.1952.Hypsometric(Area-Altitude)analysis of erosional topography[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,63:1117-1142.
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