雨强和地表糙度对坡面微地形及侵蚀的影响
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摘要
地表糙度是影响坡面侵蚀产沙的重要因素之一,以往研究多关注糙度对坡面产流产沙特征的影响,而较少关注不同糙度条件下坡面微地形变化和侵蚀产沙的关系。通过人工模拟降雨试验,结合Photoscan技术研究了不同雨强和地表糙度对坡面微地形及产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,降雨后光滑坡面和粗糙坡面4个微地形因子(地表糙度、地形起伏度、地表切割度、洼地蓄积量)数值均减小,且有随雨强增大,其减幅增大的趋势;相同雨强和降雨历时条件下,粗糙坡面微地形因子变化幅度大于光滑坡面,微地形因子变化量与侵蚀产沙量呈明显正相关;与光滑地表相比,粗糙地表只在降雨初期能有效减少产流,随着降雨时间延长,2种坡面的产流率趋于一致;在试验选取的4个雨强条件下,粗糙坡面和光滑坡面产流率均呈现先增大后趋于稳定的趋势。粗糙坡面产沙率和产流率变化规律一致,但光滑坡面产沙率表现出在产流初期迅速增大,而后呈降低并趋于稳定的趋势。研究结果可为揭示坡面土壤侵蚀机理和建立坡面侵蚀产沙模型提供参考。
Surface roughness is an important factor affecting sediment yield. Previous studies are focused on the effect of roughness on runoff and sediment characteristics rather than the relationship between microtopography changes and soil erosion and sediment yield process under different roughness conditions. In this study,the effects of rainfall intensity and land surface roughness on microtopography and runoff and sediment yield are studied by artificial rainfall experiments and Photoscan technique. Results reveal that in the experiment condition,four microtopographic factors,inclusive of surface roughness,relief amplitude,surface incision,and depression storage) decrease on both smooth and rough slopes after rainfall,and the decreasing trend aggravates with the further increasing of rainfall intensity. Under the same rainfall intensity and rainfall duration,microtopographic factors of rough slope change more dramatically than those of smooth slope. There is a significant positive correlation between the variation of topographic factors and the runoff and sediment yield parameters( runoff rate,sediment rate,accumulative runoff volume,and accumulative sediment yield),but the correlation is only based on the condition of the same initial slope treatment; under different slope treatments,the variation of microtopographic factors on the slope does not correspond with the amount of soil erosion.Compared with the smooth surface,the rough surface could effectively reduce runoff yield in the early stage of rainfall,and the yield on both slopes tends to be consistent with the elongation of rainfall duration.Under four rain intensities in the experiment,the runoff rates of rough slope and smooth slope both increase at first and then tend to be stable; the sediment yield and runoff rate of rough slope display the same trend; but on smooth slope,sediment yield increases rapidly at the early stage of runoff yield,and then decreases and finally tends to be stable. The research results provide reference for studying soil erosion mechanism and establishing hillslope erosion and sediment yield model.
Surface roughness is an important factor affecting sediment yield. Previous studies are focused on the effect of roughness on runoff and sediment characteristics rather than the relationship between microtopography changes and soil erosion and sediment yield process under different roughness conditions. In this study,the effects of rainfall intensity and land surface roughness on microtopography and runoff and sediment yield are studied by artificial rainfall experiments and Photoscan technique. Results reveal that in the experiment condition,four microtopographic factors,inclusive of surface roughness,relief amplitude,surface incision,and depression storage) decrease on both smooth and rough slopes after rainfall,and the decreasing trend aggravates with the further increasing of rainfall intensity. Under the same rainfall intensity and rainfall duration,microtopographic factors of rough slope change more dramatically than those of smooth slope. There is a significant positive correlation between the variation of topographic factors and the runoff and sediment yield parameters( runoff rate,sediment rate,accumulative runoff volume,and accumulative sediment yield),but the correlation is only based on the condition of the same initial slope treatment; under different slope treatments,the variation of microtopographic factors on the slope does not correspond with the amount of soil erosion.Compared with the smooth surface,the rough surface could effectively reduce runoff yield in the early stage of rainfall,and the yield on both slopes tends to be consistent with the elongation of rainfall duration.Under four rain intensities in the experiment,the runoff rates of rough slope and smooth slope both increase at first and then tend to be stable; the sediment yield and runoff rate of rough slope display the same trend; but on smooth slope,sediment yield increases rapidly at the early stage of runoff yield,and then decreases and finally tends to be stable. The research results provide reference for studying soil erosion mechanism and establishing hillslope erosion and sediment yield model.
引文
[1]郑子成,吴发启,何淑勤,等.地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,(10):19-24.
[2]施明新,吴发启,田国成.地表糙率对坡面流流速影响的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2015,(6):117-124.
[3]王志伟,陈志成,艾钊,等.不同雨强与坡度对沂蒙山区典型土壤坡面侵蚀产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,(6):17-20.
[4]梁志权,卓慕宁,郭太龙,等.不同雨强及坡度下坡面流的水动力特性[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):638-642.
[5]梁心蓝,赵龙山,吴佳,等.地表糙度与径流水力学参数响应规律模拟[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):123-131.
[6]吕悦来,李广毅.地表粗糙度与土壤风蚀[J].土壤学进展,1992,(6):38-42.
[7] JETTEN V,ROO A D,FAVIS-MORTLOCK D. Evaluation of Field-scale and Catchment-scale Soil Erosion Models[J]. Catena,1999,37(3/4):521-541.
[8] DARBOUX F,DAVY P,GASCUEL-ODOUX C,et al. Evolution of Soil Surface Roughness and Flowpath Connectivity in Overland Flow Experiments[J]. Catena,46(2/3):125-139.
[9] HUANG C,GASCUEL-ODOUX C,CROS-CAYOT S. Hillslope Topographic and Hydrologic Effects on Overland Flow and Erosion[J]. Catena,2002,46(2/3):177-188.
[10] GILLEY J E,FINKNER S C. Hydraulic Roughness Coefficients as Affected by Random Roughness[J]. Transactions of the ASAE,1991,34(3):897-903.
[11] GLASBEY C A,HORGAN G W,DARBYSHIRE J F.Image Analysis and Three-dimensional Modelling of Pores in Soil Aggregates[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,1991,42(3):479-486.
[12] PLANCHON O,ESTEVES M,SILVERA N,et al.Microrelief Induced by Tillage:Measurement and Modeling of Surface Storage Capacity[J]. Catena,2002,46(2):141-157.
[13] MITCHELL J K,JONES JR B A. Micro-relief Surface Depression Storage:Changes During Rainfall Events and Their Application to Rainfall-Runoff Models 1[J]. Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1978,14(4):777-802.
[14] LINDEN D R,DOREN D M V. Parameters for Characterizing Tillage-induced Soil Surface Roughness1[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1986, 50(6):1560-1565.
[15] DARBOUX F C H. Does Soil Surface Roughness Increase or Decrease Water and Particle Transfers?[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69(3):748-756.
[16] HELMING K,ROMKENS M J M,PRASAD S N. Surface Roughness Related Processes of Runoff and Soil Loss:A Flume Study[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62(1):243-250.
[17]张青峰,王健,赵龙山,等.基于M-DEM黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,(9):149-153.
[18]吴发启,贾锐鱼.地表糙度的量测方法及对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响[J].西北林学院学报,1998,(2):15-19.
[19]赵龙山,张青峰,王健,等.黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应[J].土壤学报,2013,(4):637-642.
[20] COGO N P,MOLDENHAUER W C,FOSTER G R.Effect of Crop Residue,Tillage-Induced Roughness,and Runoff Velocity on Size Distribution of Eroded Soil Aggregates[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47(5):1005-1008.
[21] BERTUZZI P, RAUWS G, COURAULT D. Testing Roughness Indices to Estimate Soil Roughness Changes Due to Simulated Rainfall[J]. Soil&Tillage Research,1990,17(1):87-99.
[22] KAMPHORST E C,JETTEN V,GUERIF J,et al. Predicting Depressional Storage from Soil Surface Roughness[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(5):1749-1758.
[23] ENGMAN E T. Roughness Coefficients for Routing Surface Runoff[J]. Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,1986,112(1):39-53.
[24]汤国安. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[25]张磊.基于核心地形因子分析的黄土地貌形态空间格局研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2013.
[26] JENSON K,DOMINGUE O. Extracting Topographic Structure From Digital Elevation Data for Geographic System Analysis[J]. Sensing,1988,54(11):1593-1600.
[27]陈俊杰,孙莉英,刘俊体,等.坡度对坡面细沟侵蚀的影响——基于三维激光扫描技术[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,(3):1-5.
[28]秦凤.紫色土区地表微地形变化特征及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
[2]施明新,吴发启,田国成.地表糙率对坡面流流速影响的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2015,(6):117-124.
[3]王志伟,陈志成,艾钊,等.不同雨强与坡度对沂蒙山区典型土壤坡面侵蚀产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,(6):17-20.
[4]梁志权,卓慕宁,郭太龙,等.不同雨强及坡度下坡面流的水动力特性[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):638-642.
[5]梁心蓝,赵龙山,吴佳,等.地表糙度与径流水力学参数响应规律模拟[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):123-131.
[6]吕悦来,李广毅.地表粗糙度与土壤风蚀[J].土壤学进展,1992,(6):38-42.
[7] JETTEN V,ROO A D,FAVIS-MORTLOCK D. Evaluation of Field-scale and Catchment-scale Soil Erosion Models[J]. Catena,1999,37(3/4):521-541.
[8] DARBOUX F,DAVY P,GASCUEL-ODOUX C,et al. Evolution of Soil Surface Roughness and Flowpath Connectivity in Overland Flow Experiments[J]. Catena,46(2/3):125-139.
[9] HUANG C,GASCUEL-ODOUX C,CROS-CAYOT S. Hillslope Topographic and Hydrologic Effects on Overland Flow and Erosion[J]. Catena,2002,46(2/3):177-188.
[10] GILLEY J E,FINKNER S C. Hydraulic Roughness Coefficients as Affected by Random Roughness[J]. Transactions of the ASAE,1991,34(3):897-903.
[11] GLASBEY C A,HORGAN G W,DARBYSHIRE J F.Image Analysis and Three-dimensional Modelling of Pores in Soil Aggregates[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,1991,42(3):479-486.
[12] PLANCHON O,ESTEVES M,SILVERA N,et al.Microrelief Induced by Tillage:Measurement and Modeling of Surface Storage Capacity[J]. Catena,2002,46(2):141-157.
[13] MITCHELL J K,JONES JR B A. Micro-relief Surface Depression Storage:Changes During Rainfall Events and Their Application to Rainfall-Runoff Models 1[J]. Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1978,14(4):777-802.
[14] LINDEN D R,DOREN D M V. Parameters for Characterizing Tillage-induced Soil Surface Roughness1[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1986, 50(6):1560-1565.
[15] DARBOUX F C H. Does Soil Surface Roughness Increase or Decrease Water and Particle Transfers?[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69(3):748-756.
[16] HELMING K,ROMKENS M J M,PRASAD S N. Surface Roughness Related Processes of Runoff and Soil Loss:A Flume Study[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62(1):243-250.
[17]张青峰,王健,赵龙山,等.基于M-DEM黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,(9):149-153.
[18]吴发启,贾锐鱼.地表糙度的量测方法及对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响[J].西北林学院学报,1998,(2):15-19.
[19]赵龙山,张青峰,王健,等.黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应[J].土壤学报,2013,(4):637-642.
[20] COGO N P,MOLDENHAUER W C,FOSTER G R.Effect of Crop Residue,Tillage-Induced Roughness,and Runoff Velocity on Size Distribution of Eroded Soil Aggregates[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47(5):1005-1008.
[21] BERTUZZI P, RAUWS G, COURAULT D. Testing Roughness Indices to Estimate Soil Roughness Changes Due to Simulated Rainfall[J]. Soil&Tillage Research,1990,17(1):87-99.
[22] KAMPHORST E C,JETTEN V,GUERIF J,et al. Predicting Depressional Storage from Soil Surface Roughness[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(5):1749-1758.
[23] ENGMAN E T. Roughness Coefficients for Routing Surface Runoff[J]. Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,1986,112(1):39-53.
[24]汤国安. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[25]张磊.基于核心地形因子分析的黄土地貌形态空间格局研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2013.
[26] JENSON K,DOMINGUE O. Extracting Topographic Structure From Digital Elevation Data for Geographic System Analysis[J]. Sensing,1988,54(11):1593-1600.
[27]陈俊杰,孙莉英,刘俊体,等.坡度对坡面细沟侵蚀的影响——基于三维激光扫描技术[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,(3):1-5.
[28]秦凤.紫色土区地表微地形变化特征及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
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