关于季节放牧地月适宜载畜量计算方法的探讨——以青海省荷日恒村为例
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摘要
草地月适宜载畜量的计算,能够有效反映草地季节性草畜矛盾,帮助决策者及时调整放牧策略。本研究提出一种将基于遥感和地面调查建立的月牧草产量遥感经验模型与牧草产量月动态系数相结合的方法,用于估算月草地适宜载畜量,并在青海省河南县荷日恒村的季节牧场对该方法进行应用。结果表明,该方法能有效地反映各月适宜载畜量动态,使年内放牧地载畜平衡状况更明晰。荷日恒村放牧地在7月末草地产量达到最高,8月开始逐渐减少,除7月外,其他各月均有不同程度的超载。综合目前荷日恒村放牧地现实载畜情况和对补饲量的评估,本研究认为应以8月末适宜载畜量作为该村合理放牧量。本研究提出的月适宜载畜量计算方法,更有助于合理放牧数量的确定和草畜平衡状况的评估,为当地合理利用草地资源及可持续发展提供理论依据。
Calculation of the most appropriate monthly livestock carrying capacity can help with monitoring the seasonal conflict between grass supply and livestock and enable grassland managers to adjust grazing strategies in a timely fashion.As a contribution to effective grassland management,the paper provides a calculation method in which an empirical model based on remote sensing and ground investigation data is combined with monthly dynamic coefficients of grassland yield.This approach was applied to seasonal pasture at Heriheng Village,Henan County,Qinghai Province.The results show that this method can effectively reflect the dynamic changes in proper carrying capacity and identify the appropriate balance between grassland and livestock during the year.In our study region,grassland yield is highest in July and then begins declining gradually.Apart from July,overloading at different levels occurs in all the other months.Based on the current grazing level and the analysis of forage supply,it is proposed that the stocking level in late August should be taken as the most reasonable grazing level.The method of calculating the most suitable monthly livestock carrying capacity,proposed by this paper,can help determine appropriate grazing levels,estimate the ideal balance between grassland and livestock,and provide a theoretical reference for rational utilization and sustainable development of grassland resources.
Calculation of the most appropriate monthly livestock carrying capacity can help with monitoring the seasonal conflict between grass supply and livestock and enable grassland managers to adjust grazing strategies in a timely fashion.As a contribution to effective grassland management,the paper provides a calculation method in which an empirical model based on remote sensing and ground investigation data is combined with monthly dynamic coefficients of grassland yield.This approach was applied to seasonal pasture at Heriheng Village,Henan County,Qinghai Province.The results show that this method can effectively reflect the dynamic changes in proper carrying capacity and identify the appropriate balance between grassland and livestock during the year.In our study region,grassland yield is highest in July and then begins declining gradually.Apart from July,overloading at different levels occurs in all the other months.Based on the current grazing level and the analysis of forage supply,it is proposed that the stocking level in late August should be taken as the most reasonable grazing level.The method of calculating the most suitable monthly livestock carrying capacity,proposed by this paper,can help determine appropriate grazing levels,estimate the ideal balance between grassland and livestock,and provide a theoretical reference for rational utilization and sustainable development of grassland resources.
引文
[1]Galt D,Molinar F,Navarro J.Grazing Capacity and Stocking Rate.Rangelands,2000,22(6):7-11.
[2]苏大学,杨智,贠旭疆.NY/T 635-2015天然草地合理载畜量的计算.北京:中国标准出版社,2015.Su D X,Yang Z,Yun X J.NT/Y 635-2015Calculation of Proper Carrying Capacity of Rangelands.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2015.(in Chinese)
[3]徐敏云,高立杰,李运起.草地载畜量研究进展:参数和计算方法.草业学报,2014,23(4):311-321.Xu M Y,Gao L J,Li Y Q.A review on grassland carrying capacity:Parameters and calculation methods.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,23(4):311-321.(in Chinese)
[4]李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(3):草畜平衡核算方法改革.草业科学,2011,12(28):2190-2194.Li Q F.Series of studies on balance control between animal demanding and feed availability(3):Improvement of current estimation methods for animal-feed balance.Pratacultural Science,2011,12(28):2190-2194.(in Chinese)
[5]梁天刚,崔霞,冯琦胜,王莺,夏文韬.2001-2008年甘南牧区草地地上生物量与载畜量遥感动态监测.草业学报,2009,18(6):12-22.Liang T G,Cui X,Feng Q S,Wang Y,Xia W T.Remotely sensed dynamics monitoring of grassland aboveground biomass and carrying capacity during 2001-2008in Gannan pastoral area.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,20009,18(6):12-22.(in Chinese)
[6]张福平,王虎威,朱艺文,张枝枝,李肖娟.祁连县天然草地地上生物量及草畜平衡研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(7):1183-1192.Zhang F P,Wang H W,Zhu Y W,Zhang Z Z,Li X Q.Study on the aboveground biomass of natural grassland and balance between forage and livestock in Qilian County.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(7):1183-1192.(in Chinese)
[7]李青丰,齐智鑫.草畜平衡管理系列研究(5):牧草产量月动态变化.草业科学,2012(2):280-284.Li Q F,Qi Z X.Animal demanding-feed availability balance control series studies(5):Herbage yield monthly change.Pratacultural Science,2012(2):280-284.(in Chinese)
[8]中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司,全国畜牧兽医总站.中国草地资源.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996:353.Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary and General Station of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of the Ministry of Agriculture.Rangeland Resources of China.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1996:353.(in Chinese)
[9]闫俊杰,乔木,周宏飞,周生斌,卢磊,宋鹏.基于MODIS/NDVI的新疆伊犁河谷植被变化.干旱区地理,2013,36(3):512-519.Yan J J,Qiao M,Zhou H F,Zhou S B,Lu L,Song P.Vegetation dynamics in Ili River valley of Xinjiang based on MODIS/NDVI.Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):512-519.(in Chinese)
[10]蒋蕊竹,李秀启,朱永安,张治国.基于MODIS黄河三角洲湿地NPP与NDVI相关性的时空变化特征.生态学报,2011,31(22):6708-6716.Jiang R Z,Li X Q,Zhu Y A,Zhang Z G.Spatial-temporal variation of NPP and NDVI correlation in wetland of Yellow River Delta based on MODIS data.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(22):6708-6716.(in Chinese)
[11]李辉霞,刘国华,傅伯杰.基于NDVI的三江源地区植被生长对气候变化和人类活动的响应研究.生态学报,2011,31(19):5495-5504.Li H X,Liu G H,Fu B J.Response of vegetation to climate change and human activity based on NDVI in the Three River Headwaters region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(19):5495-5504.(in Chinese)
[12]刘斌,孙艳玲,王永财,张悦.基于SPOT/NDVI华北地区植被变化动态监测与评价.干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(9):98-103.Liu B,Sun Y L,Wang Y C,Zhang Y.Monitoring and assessment of vegetation variation in north China based on SPOT/NDVI.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(9):98-103.(in Chinese)
[13]陈琼,周强,张海峰,刘峰贵.三江源地区基于植被生长季的NDVI对气候因子响应的差异性研究.生态环境学报,2010,19(6):1284-1289.Chen Q,Zhou Q,Zhang H F,Liu F G.Spatial disparity of NDVI response in vegetation growing season to climate change in the Three River Headwaters Region.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(6):1284-1289.(in Chinese)
[14]陈进发,刘畅,徐剑波.基于TM-NDVI的草地生产力遥感监测研究.安徽农业科学,2011,39(12):7365-7366.Chen J F,Liu C,Xu J B.Research on the remote sensing monitoring of grass productivity based on TM-NDVI.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(12):7365-7366.(in Chinese)
[15]金云翔,徐斌,杨秀春,李金亚,王道龙,马海龙.内蒙古锡林郭勒盟草原产草量动态遥感估算.中国科学:生命科学,2011,41(12):1185-1195.Jin Y X,Xu B,Yang X C,Li J Y,Wang D L,Ma H L.Remote sensing dynamic estimation of grass production in Xilinguole,Inner Mongolia.Scientia Sinica,2011,41(12):1185-1195.(in Chinese)
[16]牛志春,倪绍祥.青海湖环湖地区草地植被生物量遥感监测模型.地理学报,2003,58(5):695-702.Niu Z C,Ni S X.Study on model for monitoring of grassland biomass around Qinghai lake assisted by remote sensing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(5):695-702.(in Chinese)
[17]李文娟,九次力,谭忠厚,马轩龙,陈全功.青海省草地生产力及草畜平衡状况研究.资源科学,2012,34(2):367-372.Li W J,Jiu C L,Tan Z H,Ma X L,Chen Q G.Natural grassland productivity and the livestock-feeds balance in Qinghai Province.Resources Science,2012,34(2):367-372.(in Chinese)
[18]张子安.河南县荷日恒村推进畜牧业精准扶贫的几点思考.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2017,47(2):70-71.Zhang Z A.Some thoughts on the precise poverty alleviation of animal husbandry about Heriheng Village,Henan County.Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2017,47(2):70-71.(in Chinese)
[19]Fan J,Shao Q,Liu J,Wang J,Harris W,Chen Z,Zhong H,Xu X,Liu R.Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,170(1-4):571-584.
[20]樊江文,邵全琴,王军邦,陈卓奇,钟华平.三江源草地载畜压力时空动态分析.中国草地学报,2011,33(3):64-72.Fan J W,Shao Q Q,Wang J B,Chen Z Q,Zhong H P.An analysis of temporal-spatial dynamics of grazing pressure on grassland in Three Rivers Headwater Region.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2011,33(3):64-72.(in Chinese)
[21]NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Sheep.Washington DC:National Academy Press,1985.
[22]杜雪燕,柴沙驼,王迅,刘书杰,张晓卫.河南县高山嵩草草地牧草营养价值与载畜量研究.河南农业科学,2015,44(11):141-146.Du X Y,Chai S T,Wang X,Liu S J,Zhang X W.Study on nutritional value and carrying capacity of Kobresia pygmea pasture in Henan County.Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2015,44(11):141-146.(in Chinese)
[23]李英年.高寒草甸地区冷季水分资源及对牧草产量的可能影响.草业学报,2001,10(3):15-20.Li Y N.Cold season resource and its effects on herbage production in the alphine meadow region.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2001,10(3):15-20.(in Chinese)
[24]Briske D D,Fuhlendorf S D,Smeins F E.Vegetation dynamics on rangelands:A critique of the current paradigms.Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,40(4):601-614.
[25]Holechek J L.An approach for setting the stocking rate.Rangelands,1988,10(1):10-14.
[26]Holechek J L,Gomez H,Molinar F,Galt D.Grazing studies:What we’ve learned.Rangelands,1999,21(2):12-16.
[27]覃照素,黄远林,李祥妹.基于牧户行为的草地管理模式:以西藏自治区为例.草业科学,2016,33(2):313-321.Qin Z S,Huang Y L,Li X M.Grassland management of herdsmen’s decision making:A case of Tibetan Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(2):313-321.(in Chinese)
[28]韦惠兰,祁应军.基于遥感监测的青藏高原草地退化及其人文驱动力分析.草业科学,2016,33(12):2576-2586.Wei H L,Qi Y J.Analysis of grassland degradation of the Tibet Plateau and human driving forces based on remote sensing.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(12):2576-2586.(in Chinese)
[2]苏大学,杨智,贠旭疆.NY/T 635-2015天然草地合理载畜量的计算.北京:中国标准出版社,2015.Su D X,Yang Z,Yun X J.NT/Y 635-2015Calculation of Proper Carrying Capacity of Rangelands.Beijing:Standards Press of China,2015.(in Chinese)
[3]徐敏云,高立杰,李运起.草地载畜量研究进展:参数和计算方法.草业学报,2014,23(4):311-321.Xu M Y,Gao L J,Li Y Q.A review on grassland carrying capacity:Parameters and calculation methods.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,23(4):311-321.(in Chinese)
[4]李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(3):草畜平衡核算方法改革.草业科学,2011,12(28):2190-2194.Li Q F.Series of studies on balance control between animal demanding and feed availability(3):Improvement of current estimation methods for animal-feed balance.Pratacultural Science,2011,12(28):2190-2194.(in Chinese)
[5]梁天刚,崔霞,冯琦胜,王莺,夏文韬.2001-2008年甘南牧区草地地上生物量与载畜量遥感动态监测.草业学报,2009,18(6):12-22.Liang T G,Cui X,Feng Q S,Wang Y,Xia W T.Remotely sensed dynamics monitoring of grassland aboveground biomass and carrying capacity during 2001-2008in Gannan pastoral area.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,20009,18(6):12-22.(in Chinese)
[6]张福平,王虎威,朱艺文,张枝枝,李肖娟.祁连县天然草地地上生物量及草畜平衡研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(7):1183-1192.Zhang F P,Wang H W,Zhu Y W,Zhang Z Z,Li X Q.Study on the aboveground biomass of natural grassland and balance between forage and livestock in Qilian County.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(7):1183-1192.(in Chinese)
[7]李青丰,齐智鑫.草畜平衡管理系列研究(5):牧草产量月动态变化.草业科学,2012(2):280-284.Li Q F,Qi Z X.Animal demanding-feed availability balance control series studies(5):Herbage yield monthly change.Pratacultural Science,2012(2):280-284.(in Chinese)
[8]中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司,全国畜牧兽医总站.中国草地资源.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996:353.Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary and General Station of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of the Ministry of Agriculture.Rangeland Resources of China.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1996:353.(in Chinese)
[9]闫俊杰,乔木,周宏飞,周生斌,卢磊,宋鹏.基于MODIS/NDVI的新疆伊犁河谷植被变化.干旱区地理,2013,36(3):512-519.Yan J J,Qiao M,Zhou H F,Zhou S B,Lu L,Song P.Vegetation dynamics in Ili River valley of Xinjiang based on MODIS/NDVI.Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):512-519.(in Chinese)
[10]蒋蕊竹,李秀启,朱永安,张治国.基于MODIS黄河三角洲湿地NPP与NDVI相关性的时空变化特征.生态学报,2011,31(22):6708-6716.Jiang R Z,Li X Q,Zhu Y A,Zhang Z G.Spatial-temporal variation of NPP and NDVI correlation in wetland of Yellow River Delta based on MODIS data.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(22):6708-6716.(in Chinese)
[11]李辉霞,刘国华,傅伯杰.基于NDVI的三江源地区植被生长对气候变化和人类活动的响应研究.生态学报,2011,31(19):5495-5504.Li H X,Liu G H,Fu B J.Response of vegetation to climate change and human activity based on NDVI in the Three River Headwaters region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(19):5495-5504.(in Chinese)
[12]刘斌,孙艳玲,王永财,张悦.基于SPOT/NDVI华北地区植被变化动态监测与评价.干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(9):98-103.Liu B,Sun Y L,Wang Y C,Zhang Y.Monitoring and assessment of vegetation variation in north China based on SPOT/NDVI.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(9):98-103.(in Chinese)
[13]陈琼,周强,张海峰,刘峰贵.三江源地区基于植被生长季的NDVI对气候因子响应的差异性研究.生态环境学报,2010,19(6):1284-1289.Chen Q,Zhou Q,Zhang H F,Liu F G.Spatial disparity of NDVI response in vegetation growing season to climate change in the Three River Headwaters Region.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(6):1284-1289.(in Chinese)
[14]陈进发,刘畅,徐剑波.基于TM-NDVI的草地生产力遥感监测研究.安徽农业科学,2011,39(12):7365-7366.Chen J F,Liu C,Xu J B.Research on the remote sensing monitoring of grass productivity based on TM-NDVI.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(12):7365-7366.(in Chinese)
[15]金云翔,徐斌,杨秀春,李金亚,王道龙,马海龙.内蒙古锡林郭勒盟草原产草量动态遥感估算.中国科学:生命科学,2011,41(12):1185-1195.Jin Y X,Xu B,Yang X C,Li J Y,Wang D L,Ma H L.Remote sensing dynamic estimation of grass production in Xilinguole,Inner Mongolia.Scientia Sinica,2011,41(12):1185-1195.(in Chinese)
[16]牛志春,倪绍祥.青海湖环湖地区草地植被生物量遥感监测模型.地理学报,2003,58(5):695-702.Niu Z C,Ni S X.Study on model for monitoring of grassland biomass around Qinghai lake assisted by remote sensing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(5):695-702.(in Chinese)
[17]李文娟,九次力,谭忠厚,马轩龙,陈全功.青海省草地生产力及草畜平衡状况研究.资源科学,2012,34(2):367-372.Li W J,Jiu C L,Tan Z H,Ma X L,Chen Q G.Natural grassland productivity and the livestock-feeds balance in Qinghai Province.Resources Science,2012,34(2):367-372.(in Chinese)
[18]张子安.河南县荷日恒村推进畜牧业精准扶贫的几点思考.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2017,47(2):70-71.Zhang Z A.Some thoughts on the precise poverty alleviation of animal husbandry about Heriheng Village,Henan County.Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2017,47(2):70-71.(in Chinese)
[19]Fan J,Shao Q,Liu J,Wang J,Harris W,Chen Z,Zhong H,Xu X,Liu R.Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,170(1-4):571-584.
[20]樊江文,邵全琴,王军邦,陈卓奇,钟华平.三江源草地载畜压力时空动态分析.中国草地学报,2011,33(3):64-72.Fan J W,Shao Q Q,Wang J B,Chen Z Q,Zhong H P.An analysis of temporal-spatial dynamics of grazing pressure on grassland in Three Rivers Headwater Region.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2011,33(3):64-72.(in Chinese)
[21]NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Sheep.Washington DC:National Academy Press,1985.
[22]杜雪燕,柴沙驼,王迅,刘书杰,张晓卫.河南县高山嵩草草地牧草营养价值与载畜量研究.河南农业科学,2015,44(11):141-146.Du X Y,Chai S T,Wang X,Liu S J,Zhang X W.Study on nutritional value and carrying capacity of Kobresia pygmea pasture in Henan County.Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2015,44(11):141-146.(in Chinese)
[23]李英年.高寒草甸地区冷季水分资源及对牧草产量的可能影响.草业学报,2001,10(3):15-20.Li Y N.Cold season resource and its effects on herbage production in the alphine meadow region.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2001,10(3):15-20.(in Chinese)
[24]Briske D D,Fuhlendorf S D,Smeins F E.Vegetation dynamics on rangelands:A critique of the current paradigms.Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,40(4):601-614.
[25]Holechek J L.An approach for setting the stocking rate.Rangelands,1988,10(1):10-14.
[26]Holechek J L,Gomez H,Molinar F,Galt D.Grazing studies:What we’ve learned.Rangelands,1999,21(2):12-16.
[27]覃照素,黄远林,李祥妹.基于牧户行为的草地管理模式:以西藏自治区为例.草业科学,2016,33(2):313-321.Qin Z S,Huang Y L,Li X M.Grassland management of herdsmen’s decision making:A case of Tibetan Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(2):313-321.(in Chinese)
[28]韦惠兰,祁应军.基于遥感监测的青藏高原草地退化及其人文驱动力分析.草业科学,2016,33(12):2576-2586.Wei H L,Qi Y J.Analysis of grassland degradation of the Tibet Plateau and human driving forces based on remote sensing.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(12):2576-2586.(in Chinese)