环青海湖地区草地对气候变化和人类活动的响应
|
摘要
以环青海湖地区为研究区,基于MODIS NPP数据、气象数据和Thornthwaite模型,估算了草地实际净初级生产力(actual net primary productivity,简称NPP_A)和潜在净初级生产力(potential net primary productivity,简称NPP_P),并将NPP_P和NPP_A的差作为人类活动对净初级生产力的影响(net primary productivity influenced by human,简称NPP_H),在此基础上,分析了草地NPP_A的时空变化以及气候变化和人类活动对草地的影响。结果表明:2000—2015年,环青海湖地区的年均草地NPP_A为176.93 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1);16年来环青海湖地区草地NPP_A呈波动增加趋势,在空间分布上,草地NPP_A从西到东呈逐渐增加的态势;16年来环青海湖地区87.42%的区域草地发生恢复,12.58%的区域发生退化,总体上草地以恢复为主;在气候变化和人类活动对草地恢复的影响中,由气候变化主导草地恢复的比例为10.98%,由人类活动主导草地恢复的比例为5.27%,而人类活动和气候变化共同主导草地恢复的比例为83.75%,气候变化和人类活动的共同作用是草地恢复的主导力量;在气候变化和人类活动对草地退化的影响中,仅由气候变化主导草地退化的比例为6.28%,由人类活动主导草地退化的比例为50.75%,两者共同主导的草地退化的比例为42.97%。可见,草地的局部退化主要是由于不合理的人类活动导致的,如过度放牧、草地开垦和土地覆盖变化等。
The actual(NPP_A)and potential(NPP_P)net primary productivity in the area around Qinghai Lake were calculated based on MODIS NPP data,meteorological data and Thornthwaite model.The difference between NPP_Pand NPP_Awas used to quantify the impacts of human activities on net primary productivity(NPP_H).The temporal and spatial changes of grassland NPP_A,as well as the effects of climate change and human activities on grassland were analyzed.From2000 to 2015,the average NPP_Awas 176.93 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1).In addition,NPP_Aexhibited a generally increasing trend between 2000 and 2015.In terms of spatial distribution,NPP_Aincreased gradually from west to east.87.42%of the grasslands were restored,whereas only 12.58%were degraded between 2000 and 2015.For the effects of climate change and human activities on grassland restoration,the climate change,human activities and their combined effect of climate change and human activities contributed to 10.98%,5.27%and 83.75%,respectively.For the effects of climate change and human activities on grassland degradation,the climate change,human activities and the combined effect of climate change and human activities contributed to6.28%,50.75%,and 42.97%,respectively.It is concluded that the grassland degradation in this area was mainly caused by irrational human activities,such as overgrazing,grassland reclamation and land cover change.
The actual(NPP_A)and potential(NPP_P)net primary productivity in the area around Qinghai Lake were calculated based on MODIS NPP data,meteorological data and Thornthwaite model.The difference between NPP_Pand NPP_Awas used to quantify the impacts of human activities on net primary productivity(NPP_H).The temporal and spatial changes of grassland NPP_A,as well as the effects of climate change and human activities on grassland were analyzed.From2000 to 2015,the average NPP_Awas 176.93 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1).In addition,NPP_Aexhibited a generally increasing trend between 2000 and 2015.In terms of spatial distribution,NPP_Aincreased gradually from west to east.87.42%of the grasslands were restored,whereas only 12.58%were degraded between 2000 and 2015.For the effects of climate change and human activities on grassland restoration,the climate change,human activities and their combined effect of climate change and human activities contributed to 10.98%,5.27%and 83.75%,respectively.For the effects of climate change and human activities on grassland degradation,the climate change,human activities and the combined effect of climate change and human activities contributed to6.28%,50.75%,and 42.97%,respectively.It is concluded that the grassland degradation in this area was mainly caused by irrational human activities,such as overgrazing,grassland reclamation and land cover change.
引文
伏洋,张国胜,李凤霞,等.2007.青海省草地生态环境变化态势及驱动力分析.草业科学,24(5):1-8.
伏洋,张国胜,李凤霞,等.2008.环青海湖地区生态与环境恢复治理途径.草业科学,25(7):4-10.
李传华,赵军.2013.2000-2010年石羊河流域NPP时空变化及驱动因子.生态学杂志,32(3):712-718.
李凤霞,伏洋,杨琼,等.2008.环青海湖地区气候变化及其环境效应.资源科学,30(3):348-353.
李新.2011.基于MODIS数据的内蒙古森林净初级生产力遥感估算研究(硕士学位论文).呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学.
罗玲,王宗明,毛德华,等.2012.松嫩平原西部草地净初级生产力及其对气候变化及人类活动的响应.生态学杂志,31(6):1533-1540.
罗玲,王宗明,宋开山,等.2009.吉林省西部草地NPP时空特征与影响因素.生态学杂志,28(11):2319-2325.
秦彧,宜树华,李乃杰,等.2012.青藏高原草地生态系统碳循环研究进展.草业学报,21(6):275-285.
申元村.1991.青海省自然地理.北京:海洋出版社.
沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,等.2016.中国草地资源现状分析.科学通报,61(2):139-154.
孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,等.2012.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设.地理学报,67(1):3-12.
孙力炜,张勃,侯春梅,等.2015.祁连山区植被净初级生产力的空间变化特征分析.遥感技术与应用,30(3):592-598.
王强,张廷斌,易桂花,等.2017.横断山区2004-2014年植被NPP时空变化及其驱动因子.生态学报,37(9):3084-3095.
王闰平,陈凯.2006.中国退耕还林还草现状及问题分析.中国农学通报,22(2):404-409.
王孝发,容旭翔.2012.青海省退牧还草工程与思考.青海草业,21(2):32-36.
王新闯,王世东,张合兵.2013.基于MOD17A3的河南省NPP时空格局.生态学杂志,32(10):2797-2805.
许隆君,杨帆.2014.退牧还草的效益与存在问题分析.安徽农业科学,42(21):7023-7026.
杨勇,李兰花,王保林,等.2015.基于改进的CASA模型模拟锡林郭勒草原植被净初级生产力.生态学杂志,34(8):2344-2352.
于格,鲁春霞,谢高地.2005.草地生态系统服务功能研究进展.资源科学,27(6):172-179.
张福平,王虎威,朱艺文,等.2017.祁连县天然草地地上生物量及草畜平衡研究.自然资源学报,32(7):1183-1192.
张镱锂,李炳元,郑度.2002.论青藏高原范围与面积.地理研究,21(1):1-8.
张镱锂,祁威,周才平,等.2013.青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)的时空分异.地理学报,68(9):1197-1211.
张颖,章超斌,王钊齐,等.2017.气候变化与人为活动对三江源草地生产力影响的定量研究.草业学报,26(5):1-14.
章力建.2009.关于加强我国草原资源保护的思考.中国草地学报,31(6):1-7.
郑度,姚檀栋.2004.青藏高原形成演化及其环境资源效应研究进展.中国基础科学,6(2):15-21.
Chen BX,Zhang XZ,Tao J,et al.2014.The impact of climate and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,189-190:11-18.
Chen H,Zhu Q,Peng C,et al.2013.The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,19:2940-2955.
Dirnbck T,Dullinger S,Grabherr G.2003.A regional impact assessment of climate and land-use change on alpine vegetation.Journal of Biogeography,30:401-417.
Field CB,Behrenfeld MJ,Randerson JT,et al.1998.Primary production of the biosphere:Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components.Science,281:237-240.
Harris RB.2010.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes.Journal of Arid Environments,74:1-12.
Huang K,Zhang YJ,Zhu JT,et al.2016.The influences of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Remote Sensing,8:1-18.
Mu S,Zhou S,Chen Y,et al.2013.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland,China.Global and Planetary Change,108:29-41.
Ni J.2000.A simulation of biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and their responses to global climate change.Mountain Research and Development,20:80-89.
Scurlock JMO,Johnson K,Olson RJ.2002.Estimating net primary productivity from grassland biomass dynamics measurements.Global Change Biology,8:736-753.
Wang XM,Chen FH,Dong ZB.2006.The relative role of climatic and human factors in desertification in semiarid China.Global Environmental Change,16:48-57.
Wu Z,Dijkstra P,Koch GW,et al.2011.Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change:Ameta-analysis of experimental manipulation.Global Change Biology,17:927-942.
Xu HJ,Wang XP,Zhang XX.2016.Alpine grassland response to climate factors and anthropogenic activities on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2012.Ecological Engineering,92:251-259.
Zheng YR,Xie ZX,Robert C,et al.2006.Did climate drive ecosystem change and induce desertification in Otindag sandy land,China over the past 40 years.Journal of Arid Environments,64:523-541.
伏洋,张国胜,李凤霞,等.2008.环青海湖地区生态与环境恢复治理途径.草业科学,25(7):4-10.
李传华,赵军.2013.2000-2010年石羊河流域NPP时空变化及驱动因子.生态学杂志,32(3):712-718.
李凤霞,伏洋,杨琼,等.2008.环青海湖地区气候变化及其环境效应.资源科学,30(3):348-353.
李新.2011.基于MODIS数据的内蒙古森林净初级生产力遥感估算研究(硕士学位论文).呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学.
罗玲,王宗明,毛德华,等.2012.松嫩平原西部草地净初级生产力及其对气候变化及人类活动的响应.生态学杂志,31(6):1533-1540.
罗玲,王宗明,宋开山,等.2009.吉林省西部草地NPP时空特征与影响因素.生态学杂志,28(11):2319-2325.
秦彧,宜树华,李乃杰,等.2012.青藏高原草地生态系统碳循环研究进展.草业学报,21(6):275-285.
申元村.1991.青海省自然地理.北京:海洋出版社.
沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,等.2016.中国草地资源现状分析.科学通报,61(2):139-154.
孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,等.2012.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设.地理学报,67(1):3-12.
孙力炜,张勃,侯春梅,等.2015.祁连山区植被净初级生产力的空间变化特征分析.遥感技术与应用,30(3):592-598.
王强,张廷斌,易桂花,等.2017.横断山区2004-2014年植被NPP时空变化及其驱动因子.生态学报,37(9):3084-3095.
王闰平,陈凯.2006.中国退耕还林还草现状及问题分析.中国农学通报,22(2):404-409.
王孝发,容旭翔.2012.青海省退牧还草工程与思考.青海草业,21(2):32-36.
王新闯,王世东,张合兵.2013.基于MOD17A3的河南省NPP时空格局.生态学杂志,32(10):2797-2805.
许隆君,杨帆.2014.退牧还草的效益与存在问题分析.安徽农业科学,42(21):7023-7026.
杨勇,李兰花,王保林,等.2015.基于改进的CASA模型模拟锡林郭勒草原植被净初级生产力.生态学杂志,34(8):2344-2352.
于格,鲁春霞,谢高地.2005.草地生态系统服务功能研究进展.资源科学,27(6):172-179.
张福平,王虎威,朱艺文,等.2017.祁连县天然草地地上生物量及草畜平衡研究.自然资源学报,32(7):1183-1192.
张镱锂,李炳元,郑度.2002.论青藏高原范围与面积.地理研究,21(1):1-8.
张镱锂,祁威,周才平,等.2013.青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)的时空分异.地理学报,68(9):1197-1211.
张颖,章超斌,王钊齐,等.2017.气候变化与人为活动对三江源草地生产力影响的定量研究.草业学报,26(5):1-14.
章力建.2009.关于加强我国草原资源保护的思考.中国草地学报,31(6):1-7.
郑度,姚檀栋.2004.青藏高原形成演化及其环境资源效应研究进展.中国基础科学,6(2):15-21.
Chen BX,Zhang XZ,Tao J,et al.2014.The impact of climate and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,189-190:11-18.
Chen H,Zhu Q,Peng C,et al.2013.The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,19:2940-2955.
Dirnbck T,Dullinger S,Grabherr G.2003.A regional impact assessment of climate and land-use change on alpine vegetation.Journal of Biogeography,30:401-417.
Field CB,Behrenfeld MJ,Randerson JT,et al.1998.Primary production of the biosphere:Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components.Science,281:237-240.
Harris RB.2010.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes.Journal of Arid Environments,74:1-12.
Huang K,Zhang YJ,Zhu JT,et al.2016.The influences of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Remote Sensing,8:1-18.
Mu S,Zhou S,Chen Y,et al.2013.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland,China.Global and Planetary Change,108:29-41.
Ni J.2000.A simulation of biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and their responses to global climate change.Mountain Research and Development,20:80-89.
Scurlock JMO,Johnson K,Olson RJ.2002.Estimating net primary productivity from grassland biomass dynamics measurements.Global Change Biology,8:736-753.
Wang XM,Chen FH,Dong ZB.2006.The relative role of climatic and human factors in desertification in semiarid China.Global Environmental Change,16:48-57.
Wu Z,Dijkstra P,Koch GW,et al.2011.Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change:Ameta-analysis of experimental manipulation.Global Change Biology,17:927-942.
Xu HJ,Wang XP,Zhang XX.2016.Alpine grassland response to climate factors and anthropogenic activities on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2012.Ecological Engineering,92:251-259.
Zheng YR,Xie ZX,Robert C,et al.2006.Did climate drive ecosystem change and induce desertification in Otindag sandy land,China over the past 40 years.Journal of Arid Environments,64:523-541.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |