1995–2015年陕北黄土丘陵区土地利用变化的垂直分布格局测度（英文）
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摘要
The mountainous and hilly region plays an important role in ecological safety and production in China. However, recent studies have poorly characterized the parallel structure of land use in the valleys of the mountainous and hilly region using topographic factors(e.g.elevation, slope, aspect). Here, the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province is used as a representative case area to analyze the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion using the relative elevation concept and the HAND index. The differences in the vertical structure of land-use conversion between absolute elevation and relative elevation were compared. We found that the classifications of absolute and relative elevation had similar proportions of each relative elevation grade in each absolute elevation grade. Cropland,woodland, and grassland were distributed evenly in each grade of absolute/relative elevation,while water body, built-up land and unused land were more likely to spread in low grades of relative elevation than those of absolute elevation. The land-use conversion(i.e. loss of cropland and gain in woodland and built-up land) showed an apparently stepped distribution with relative elevation classification, suitable for revealing vertical distributions of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region. Cropland transformed to woodland was mainly distributed in high grade of relative elevation, decreasing with a decrease in grades, while built-up land transformed from cropland and grassland was mainly distributed in low grade of relative elevation, decreasing with increases in grades. The grade of relative elevation where cropland transformed to woodland descended with the implementation of the Grain for Green Project. Our results suggest that it is better to analyze the vertical distribution of land-use conversion with relative elevation classification in hilly regions.
The mountainous and hilly region plays an important role in ecological safety and production in China. However, recent studies have poorly characterized the parallel structure of land use in the valleys of the mountainous and hilly region using topographic factors(e.g.elevation, slope, aspect). Here, the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province is used as a representative case area to analyze the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion using the relative elevation concept and the HAND index. The differences in the vertical structure of land-use conversion between absolute elevation and relative elevation were compared. We found that the classifications of absolute and relative elevation had similar proportions of each relative elevation grade in each absolute elevation grade. Cropland,woodland, and grassland were distributed evenly in each grade of absolute/relative elevation,while water body, built-up land and unused land were more likely to spread in low grades of relative elevation than those of absolute elevation. The land-use conversion(i.e. loss of cropland and gain in woodland and built-up land) showed an apparently stepped distribution with relative elevation classification, suitable for revealing vertical distributions of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region. Cropland transformed to woodland was mainly distributed in high grade of relative elevation, decreasing with a decrease in grades, while built-up land transformed from cropland and grassland was mainly distributed in low grade of relative elevation, decreasing with increases in grades. The grade of relative elevation where cropland transformed to woodland descended with the implementation of the Grain for Green Project. Our results suggest that it is better to analyze the vertical distribution of land-use conversion with relative elevation classification in hilly regions.
The mountainous and hilly region plays an important role in ecological safety and production in China. However, recent studies have poorly characterized the parallel structure of land use in the valleys of the mountainous and hilly region using topographic factors(e.g.elevation, slope, aspect). Here, the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province is used as a representative case area to analyze the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion using the relative elevation concept and the HAND index. The differences in the vertical structure of land-use conversion between absolute elevation and relative elevation were compared. We found that the classifications of absolute and relative elevation had similar proportions of each relative elevation grade in each absolute elevation grade. Cropland,woodland, and grassland were distributed evenly in each grade of absolute/relative elevation,while water body, built-up land and unused land were more likely to spread in low grades of relative elevation than those of absolute elevation. The land-use conversion(i.e. loss of cropland and gain in woodland and built-up land) showed an apparently stepped distribution with relative elevation classification, suitable for revealing vertical distributions of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region. Cropland transformed to woodland was mainly distributed in high grade of relative elevation, decreasing with a decrease in grades, while built-up land transformed from cropland and grassland was mainly distributed in low grade of relative elevation, decreasing with increases in grades. The grade of relative elevation where cropland transformed to woodland descended with the implementation of the Grain for Green Project. Our results suggest that it is better to analyze the vertical distribution of land-use conversion with relative elevation classification in hilly regions.
引文
Bai Jianjun,Bai Jiangtao,Wang Lei,2014.Spatio-temporal change of vegetation NDVI and its relations with regional climate in northern Shaanxi Province in 2000-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(7):882-888.(in Chinese)
Cao Zhi,Li Yurui,Liu Yansui et al.,2018.When and where did the Loess Plateau turn“green”?Analysis of the tendency and breakpoints of the normalized difference vegetation index.Land Degradation&Development,29:162-175.
Chang Yue,Hou Kang,Li Xuxiang et al.,2018.Review of land use and land cover change research progress.IOPConference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,113:012087.
Chen Guojie,2007.Some considerations on strategy of development of mountain regions of China.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,22(2):126-131.(in Chinese)
Chen Yiping,Wang Kaibo,Lin Yishan et al.,2015.Balancing green and grain trade.Nature Geoscience,8:739-741.
de Lollo J A,Marteli A N,Lorandi R,2019.Flooding susceptibility identification using the HAND algorithm tool supported by land use/land cover data.In:IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings,San Francisco,California,2018,2:107-112.
Han Jianping,Jia Ningfeng,2010.Relationship between topographic factor and land use:A case study of Zhuanyaogou watershed.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,18(5):1071-1075.(in Chinese)
Huang Shoubo,1986.Advance in the investigation of the topographical microclimate in China(sum up).Geographical Research,5(2):90-101.(in Chinese)
Kumar R S,Chinnaiah K,Kumar B V S,2012.Detection studies of land use/land cover changes in Sandur Taluk,Bellary district,Karnataka,India,using remote sensing and GIS techniques.International Journal of Earth Sciences&Engineering,5(1):133-138.
Li Jingjing,Li Zhi,LüZhemin,2016.Analysis of spatiotemporal variations in land use on the Loess Plateau of China during 1986-2010.Environmental Earth Sciences,75(11):997.
Li Wangjun,LüChanghe,2015.Aridity trend and response to vegetation restoration in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(3):289-300.
Li Xiubin,2002.Explanation of land use changes.Progress in Geography,21(3):195-203.(in Chinese)
Li Yurui,Cao Zhi,Long Hualou et al.,2017.Dynamic analysis of ecological environment combined with land cover and NDVI changes and implications for sustainable urban-rural development:The case of Mu Us Sandy Land,China.Journal of Cleaner Production,142:697-715.
Liu Jiyuan,Liu Mingliang,Zhuang Dafang et al.,2003.Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995-2000.Science in China(Series D),46(4):373-384.
Liu Jiyuan,Zhang Zengxiang,Xu Xinliang et al.,2010.Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century.Journal of Geographical Sciences,20(4):483-494.
Liu Yansui,2018.Introduction to land use and rural sustainability in China.Land Use Policy,74(5):1-4.
Liu Yansui,Fang Fang,Li Yuheng,2014.Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making.Land Use Policy,40(4):6-12.
Liu Yansui,Guo Yanjun,Li Yurui et al.,2015.GIS-based effect assessment of soil erosion before and after gully land consolidation:A case study of Wangjiagou project region,Loess Plateau.Chinese Geographical Science,25:137-146.
Liu Yansui,Jin Xiaoyan,Hu Yecui,2006.Study on the pattern of rural distinctive eco-economy based on land resources:A case study of Suide county in Loess Hilly Areas.Journal of Natural Resources,21(5):738-745.(in Chinese)
Liu Yansui,Li Yuheng,2014.China’s land creation project stands firm.Nature,511:410.
Liu Yansui,Li Yuheng,2017.Revitalize the world's countryside.Nature,548(7667):275-277.
Liu Yansui,Yang Yuanyuan,Li Yurui et al.,2017.Conversion from rural settlements and arable land under rapid urbanization in Beijing during 1985-2010.Journal of Rural Studies,51:141-150.
Liu Yansui,Zhang Ziwen,Zhou Yang,2018a.Efficiency of construction land allocation in China:An econometric analysis of panel data.Land Use Policy,74:261-272.
Liu Zhengjia,Liu Yansui,Li Yurui,2018b.Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China.Ecological Indicators,95:370-378.
Liu Zhengjia,Liu Yansui,Li Yurui,2019.Extended warm temperate zone and opportunities for cropping system change in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Climatology,39:658-669.
LüYihe,Fu Bojie,Feng Xiaoming et al.,2012.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China.PLoS One,7:e31782.
Ning Jia,Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui et al.,2018.Spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010-2015.Journal of Geographical Sciences,28(5):547-562.
Nobre A D,Cuartas L A,Hodnett M et al.,2011.Height above the nearest drainage:A hydrologically relevant new terrain model.Journal of Hydrology,404(1/2):13-29.
Park T,Lee W K,Woo S Y et al.,2011.Assessment of land-cover change using GIS and remotely-sensed data:Acase study in Ain Snoussi area of northern Tunisia.Forest Science and Technology,7(2):75-81.
Qin C Z,Gao H R,Zhu L J et al.,2018.Spatial optimization of watershed best management practices based on slope position units.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,73(5):504-517.
Qin Chengzhi,Zhu Axing,Shi Xun et al.,2009.Quantification of spatial gradation of slope positions.Geomorphology,110:152-161.
Reis S,2008.Analyzing land use/land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS in Rize,North-East Turkey.Sensors,8(10):6188-6202.
RennóC D,Nobre A D,Cuartas L A et al.,2008.HAND,a new terrain descriptor using SRTM-DEM:Mapping terra-firme rainforest environments in Amazonia.Remote Sensing of Environment,112(9):3469-3481.
Tang Guoan,Yang Xin,2015.ArcGIS Geographic Information System Spatial Analysis Experiment Tutorial.2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Tarboton D G,1997.A new method for the determination of flow directions and contributing areas in grid digital elevation models.Water Resources Research,33(2):309-319.
Tesfa T K,Tarboton D G,Watson D W et al.,2011.Extraction of hydrological proximity measures from DEMs using parallel processing.Environmental Modelling&Software,26:1696-1709.
Wang Qixiang,Fan Xiaohui,Qin Zuodong et al.,2012.Changes trends of temperature and precipitation in the Loess Plateau region of China,1961-2010.Global and Planetary Change,92/93:138-147.
Wang Shuai,Fu Bojie,Piao Shilong et al.,2015.Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes.Nature Geoscience,9:38-41.
Xin Zhongbao,Xu Jiongxin,Zheng Wei,2008.Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover on the Chinese Loess Plateau(1981-2006):Impacts of climate changes and human activities.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,1:67-78.
Zhang Baoqing,Wu Pute,Zhao Xining et al.,2012.Changes in vegetation condition in areas with different gradients(1980-2010)on the Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,68(8):2427-2438.
Zhou Yi,Tang Guoan,Yang Xin et al.,2010.Positive and negative terrains on northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,20(1):64-76.
Zhu Liangjun,Zhu Axing,Qin Chengzhi et al.,2018.Automatic approach to deriving fuzzy slope positions.Geomorphology,304:173-183.
Cao Zhi,Li Yurui,Liu Yansui et al.,2018.When and where did the Loess Plateau turn“green”?Analysis of the tendency and breakpoints of the normalized difference vegetation index.Land Degradation&Development,29:162-175.
Chang Yue,Hou Kang,Li Xuxiang et al.,2018.Review of land use and land cover change research progress.IOPConference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,113:012087.
Chen Guojie,2007.Some considerations on strategy of development of mountain regions of China.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,22(2):126-131.(in Chinese)
Chen Yiping,Wang Kaibo,Lin Yishan et al.,2015.Balancing green and grain trade.Nature Geoscience,8:739-741.
de Lollo J A,Marteli A N,Lorandi R,2019.Flooding susceptibility identification using the HAND algorithm tool supported by land use/land cover data.In:IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings,San Francisco,California,2018,2:107-112.
Han Jianping,Jia Ningfeng,2010.Relationship between topographic factor and land use:A case study of Zhuanyaogou watershed.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,18(5):1071-1075.(in Chinese)
Huang Shoubo,1986.Advance in the investigation of the topographical microclimate in China(sum up).Geographical Research,5(2):90-101.(in Chinese)
Kumar R S,Chinnaiah K,Kumar B V S,2012.Detection studies of land use/land cover changes in Sandur Taluk,Bellary district,Karnataka,India,using remote sensing and GIS techniques.International Journal of Earth Sciences&Engineering,5(1):133-138.
Li Jingjing,Li Zhi,LüZhemin,2016.Analysis of spatiotemporal variations in land use on the Loess Plateau of China during 1986-2010.Environmental Earth Sciences,75(11):997.
Li Wangjun,LüChanghe,2015.Aridity trend and response to vegetation restoration in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(3):289-300.
Li Xiubin,2002.Explanation of land use changes.Progress in Geography,21(3):195-203.(in Chinese)
Li Yurui,Cao Zhi,Long Hualou et al.,2017.Dynamic analysis of ecological environment combined with land cover and NDVI changes and implications for sustainable urban-rural development:The case of Mu Us Sandy Land,China.Journal of Cleaner Production,142:697-715.
Liu Jiyuan,Liu Mingliang,Zhuang Dafang et al.,2003.Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995-2000.Science in China(Series D),46(4):373-384.
Liu Jiyuan,Zhang Zengxiang,Xu Xinliang et al.,2010.Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century.Journal of Geographical Sciences,20(4):483-494.
Liu Yansui,2018.Introduction to land use and rural sustainability in China.Land Use Policy,74(5):1-4.
Liu Yansui,Fang Fang,Li Yuheng,2014.Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making.Land Use Policy,40(4):6-12.
Liu Yansui,Guo Yanjun,Li Yurui et al.,2015.GIS-based effect assessment of soil erosion before and after gully land consolidation:A case study of Wangjiagou project region,Loess Plateau.Chinese Geographical Science,25:137-146.
Liu Yansui,Jin Xiaoyan,Hu Yecui,2006.Study on the pattern of rural distinctive eco-economy based on land resources:A case study of Suide county in Loess Hilly Areas.Journal of Natural Resources,21(5):738-745.(in Chinese)
Liu Yansui,Li Yuheng,2014.China’s land creation project stands firm.Nature,511:410.
Liu Yansui,Li Yuheng,2017.Revitalize the world's countryside.Nature,548(7667):275-277.
Liu Yansui,Yang Yuanyuan,Li Yurui et al.,2017.Conversion from rural settlements and arable land under rapid urbanization in Beijing during 1985-2010.Journal of Rural Studies,51:141-150.
Liu Yansui,Zhang Ziwen,Zhou Yang,2018a.Efficiency of construction land allocation in China:An econometric analysis of panel data.Land Use Policy,74:261-272.
Liu Zhengjia,Liu Yansui,Li Yurui,2018b.Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China.Ecological Indicators,95:370-378.
Liu Zhengjia,Liu Yansui,Li Yurui,2019.Extended warm temperate zone and opportunities for cropping system change in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Climatology,39:658-669.
LüYihe,Fu Bojie,Feng Xiaoming et al.,2012.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China.PLoS One,7:e31782.
Ning Jia,Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui et al.,2018.Spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010-2015.Journal of Geographical Sciences,28(5):547-562.
Nobre A D,Cuartas L A,Hodnett M et al.,2011.Height above the nearest drainage:A hydrologically relevant new terrain model.Journal of Hydrology,404(1/2):13-29.
Park T,Lee W K,Woo S Y et al.,2011.Assessment of land-cover change using GIS and remotely-sensed data:Acase study in Ain Snoussi area of northern Tunisia.Forest Science and Technology,7(2):75-81.
Qin C Z,Gao H R,Zhu L J et al.,2018.Spatial optimization of watershed best management practices based on slope position units.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,73(5):504-517.
Qin Chengzhi,Zhu Axing,Shi Xun et al.,2009.Quantification of spatial gradation of slope positions.Geomorphology,110:152-161.
Reis S,2008.Analyzing land use/land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS in Rize,North-East Turkey.Sensors,8(10):6188-6202.
RennóC D,Nobre A D,Cuartas L A et al.,2008.HAND,a new terrain descriptor using SRTM-DEM:Mapping terra-firme rainforest environments in Amazonia.Remote Sensing of Environment,112(9):3469-3481.
Tang Guoan,Yang Xin,2015.ArcGIS Geographic Information System Spatial Analysis Experiment Tutorial.2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Tarboton D G,1997.A new method for the determination of flow directions and contributing areas in grid digital elevation models.Water Resources Research,33(2):309-319.
Tesfa T K,Tarboton D G,Watson D W et al.,2011.Extraction of hydrological proximity measures from DEMs using parallel processing.Environmental Modelling&Software,26:1696-1709.
Wang Qixiang,Fan Xiaohui,Qin Zuodong et al.,2012.Changes trends of temperature and precipitation in the Loess Plateau region of China,1961-2010.Global and Planetary Change,92/93:138-147.
Wang Shuai,Fu Bojie,Piao Shilong et al.,2015.Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes.Nature Geoscience,9:38-41.
Xin Zhongbao,Xu Jiongxin,Zheng Wei,2008.Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover on the Chinese Loess Plateau(1981-2006):Impacts of climate changes and human activities.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,1:67-78.
Zhang Baoqing,Wu Pute,Zhao Xining et al.,2012.Changes in vegetation condition in areas with different gradients(1980-2010)on the Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,68(8):2427-2438.
Zhou Yi,Tang Guoan,Yang Xin et al.,2010.Positive and negative terrains on northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,20(1):64-76.
Zhu Liangjun,Zhu Axing,Qin Chengzhi et al.,2018.Automatic approach to deriving fuzzy slope positions.Geomorphology,304:173-183.