日调节电站库区生态水文情势评价——以湘江干流衡阳站为例
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摘要
河流生态水文情势对生态系统起着决定性作用,定量评估日调节电站库区中部生态水文情势影响,可为日调节电站的生态调度,维持河流生态健康等提供科技支撑。采用变动范围法(RVA)对湘江干流大源渡枢纽库区衡阳水文站1959～2015年逐日流量、水位及流速指标进行分析,采用生物多样性指标SI初步评估库区生物多样性的变化。结果表明:日调节电站蓄水后,库区中部生态水文变化特征及生态影响为:流速IHA指标整体改变度达到81%,流量IHA指标整体改变度为43%;4～7月月均流速降低(高度改变)不利于"四大家鱼"产卵活动;库区年极小值流量的增加利于保障自然栖息地和植物群落;年极值流速降低在改变库区河道地貌的同时加大生态环境风险;流量、流速年最小值出现时间发生100%改变,影响生物的生命活动;流量低脉冲历时和流速高脉冲历时高度改变,不利于刺激家鱼产卵繁殖活动;枢纽蓄水后SI值降低,生物多样性降低。
The river ecological hydrological situation plays a decisive role in the ecosystem, to evaluate quantitatively the influence of ecological and hydrological situation of daily Regulating power station reservoir area, it can provide scientific and technological support for the ecological operation of power stations and the maintenance of the ecological health of rivers. In this paper, variation range method(RVA) was used to analyze the daily flow rate, water level and flow velocity indicators of Hengyang hydrological station in Dayuandu junction reservoir area of Xiangjiang river main stream from 1959 to 2015, and the change of biodiversity in the reservoir area was preliminarily evaluated by the biodiversity index SI. The results show that after daily regulation of water storage in the power station, the characteristics and ecological influence of the ecological and hydrological changes in the reservoir area are as follows: The overall change degree of flow rate IHA index reached 81%, and the overall change degree of flow velocity IHA index reached 43%; In 4-7 month, the monthly average flow velocity decreased(height changed), which was not conducive to the spawning activities of "The four major Chinese carps"; The increase of annual minimum flow in the reservoir area is beneficial to the protection of natural habitats and plant communities; The decrease of annual extreme flow velocity increases the risk of ecological environment while changing the river landform in the reservoir area; The minimum annual value of flow rate and flow velocity changes by 100%, affecting the life activities of organisms; The changes of low flow rate pulse duration and high flow velocity pulse duration are not conducive to stimulate spawning and reproduction of domestic fish, After impoundment, SI value and biodiversity decreased.
The river ecological hydrological situation plays a decisive role in the ecosystem, to evaluate quantitatively the influence of ecological and hydrological situation of daily Regulating power station reservoir area, it can provide scientific and technological support for the ecological operation of power stations and the maintenance of the ecological health of rivers. In this paper, variation range method(RVA) was used to analyze the daily flow rate, water level and flow velocity indicators of Hengyang hydrological station in Dayuandu junction reservoir area of Xiangjiang river main stream from 1959 to 2015, and the change of biodiversity in the reservoir area was preliminarily evaluated by the biodiversity index SI. The results show that after daily regulation of water storage in the power station, the characteristics and ecological influence of the ecological and hydrological changes in the reservoir area are as follows: The overall change degree of flow rate IHA index reached 81%, and the overall change degree of flow velocity IHA index reached 43%; In 4-7 month, the monthly average flow velocity decreased(height changed), which was not conducive to the spawning activities of "The four major Chinese carps"; The increase of annual minimum flow in the reservoir area is beneficial to the protection of natural habitats and plant communities; The decrease of annual extreme flow velocity increases the risk of ecological environment while changing the river landform in the reservoir area; The minimum annual value of flow rate and flow velocity changes by 100%, affecting the life activities of organisms; The changes of low flow rate pulse duration and high flow velocity pulse duration are not conducive to stimulate spawning and reproduction of domestic fish, After impoundment, SI value and biodiversity decreased.
引文
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[2] 武会先,王万战,宋学东.河流生命:为人类和自然管理水[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005:1-254.WU H X,WANG W Z,SONG X D.Rivers for life managing water for people and nature[M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2005:1-254.
[3] 陈栋为,陈晓宏,李翀,等.基于RVA法的水利工程对河流水文情势改变的累积效应研究:以东江流域为例[J].水文,2011,31(2):54-57.CHEN D W,CHEN X H,LI C,et al.Research on accumulated effect of hydraulic structures on river regime alteration based on RVA method:A case study of Dongjiang River Basin[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2011,31(2):54-57.
[4] 杨宇.中华鲟葛洲坝栖息地水力特性研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.YANG Y.Study on hydraulic charateristics of chinese sturgeon habitat in Yangtz River[D].Nanjing:HoHai University,2007.
[5] 班璇,李大美.大型水利工程对中华鲟生态水文学特征的影响[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2007,40(3):10-13.BAN X,LI D M.Ecological hydrological influence of large water conservancy projects on Acipenser Sinensis in Yangtze River[J].Engineering Journal of Wuhan University,2007,40(3):10-13.
[6] 柏海霞.长江宜都四大家鱼产卵场地形特征及生态水力因子分析[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2015.BO H X.Analysis on topographical characteristics and ecological hydrodynamic factors of the four major Chinese carps’yidu spawning ground in Yangtze River[D].Beijing:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2015.
[7] 陈永柏.三峡水库运行影响中华鲟繁殖的生态水文学机制及其保护对策研究[D].北京:中国科学院,2007.CHEN Y B.Studies on the influences of the operation of The Three Gorges Dam on reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis:The ecohydrological mechanism and conservation strategy [D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.
[8] 郭文献,王鸿翔,徐建新,等.三峡水库对下游重要鱼类产卵期生态水文情势影响研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(3):22-38.GUO W X,WANG H X,XU J X,et al.Effects of Three Gorges reservoir on the downstream eco-hydrological regimes during the spawning of important fishes[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2011,30(3):22-38.
[9] 李建,夏自强,戴会超,等.三峡初期蓄水对典型鱼类栖息地适宜性的影响[J].水利学报,2013,44(8):892-899.LI J,XIA Z Q,DAI H C,et al.Effect of the Three Gorges Reservoir initial filling on downstream habitat suitability of the typical fishes [J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2013,44(8):892-899.
[10] 王琲.基于河流鱼类适宜生境控制的梯级水库优化调度方法研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2016.WANG F.The research on the method of optimal operation of cascade reservoirs based on suitable habitats for River Fishes [D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2016.
[11] 杨娜,梅亚东,尹志伟.建坝对下游河道水文情势影响 RVA 评价方法的改进[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(5):560-564.YANG N,MEI Y D,YIN Z W.Impact assessment of damson the flow regime of lower river by improved RVA[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(5):560-564.
[12] 周召梅,李强.长沙综合枢纽工程对湘江水文情势水生态环境影响及对策[J].水利科技与经济,2010,16(9):986-988.ZHUO Z M,LI Q.Effects on hydrological condition and hydrophytic environment of Xiangjiang River for Chang sha hydropower project and protective countermeasures[J].Water Conservancy Scienceand Technology and Economy,2010,16(9):986-988.
[13] 李晓鹏.湘江长沙综合枢纽库区水环境承载力研究[D] .长沙:湖南师范大学,2014.LI X P.Research on water environment carrying capacity of changsha multipurpose hydraulic project reservoir area in Xing River[D].Changsha:Hunan Normal University,2014.
[14] YUANNA L.CHANGSHAN W,CHANGBO J,et al.Simulating the impacts of an upstream dam on pollutant transport:A case study on the Xiangjiang River,China[J].Water,2016,8,516.
[15] 武万国.基于EFDC模型的湘江下游河道水质数值模拟研究[D].长沙理工大学硕士学位论文,长沙,2018.WU W G .Study on numerical simulation of water quality in Xiang Jiang River based on EFDC model[D].Thesis for Master of Science.Changsha University of Science&Technology,Changsha,2018.
[16] 孙豪文.基于WASP模型的湘江中下游水质模拟研究[D].长沙:长沙理工大学,2013.SUN H W.The Water quality simulation studies of the Xiangjiang River on WASP water quality model[D].Changsha:Changsha University of Science&Technology,2013.
[17] 李昌玲.湘江下游河段河道及水动力水质演变研究[D].长沙:长沙理工大学,2011.LI C L.Study on the fluvial hydrodynamic and water quality processes in Downstream of XiangJiang River[D] .Changsha:ChangSha University of Science&Technology,2011.
[18] OLDEN J D,POFF N L.Redundancy and the choice of hydrologic indices for characterizing streamflow regimes[J].River Research and Applications,2003,19(2):101-121.
[19] RICHTER B D,BAUMGARTNER J V,POWELL J,et al.A method for assessing hydrologic alteration within ecosystems [J].Conservation Biology,1996,10(4):1163-1174.
[20] RICHTER B D.How much water does a river need [J].Freshwater Biology,1997,37:231-249.
[21] RICHTER B D,BaUMGARTNER J V,BRAUN D P,et al.A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration within a river network [J].Regulated River:Research and Management,1998,14(4):329-340.
[22] MAINGI J K,MARSH S E.Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River,Kenya[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2002,50(1):53-79.
[23] BLACK A R,ROWAN J S,DUCK R W,et al.DHRAM:A method for classifying river flow regime alterations for the EC water framework directive[J].Aquatic Conservation:Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems,2005,15(5):427-446.
[24] SHIAO J T,WU F C.Feasible diver sionandin stream flow release using range of variability approach [ J].Journal of Water ResourcesPlanning and Management,2004,130(5):395-404.
[25] SHIAO J T,WU F C.Compromise programming methodology for determining instream flow under multi objective water all ocationcriteria[ J].Journal of American Water Resources Association,2006,42(5):1179-1191.
[26] KUO S R,LIN J H,SHAO K T.Seasonal changes in abundance and composition of the fish assemblage in Chiku Lagoon,south-western Taiwan [J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2001,68:85-99.
[27] YANG Y C E,CAI X M,HERRICKS E E.Identification of hydrologic indicators related to fish diversity and abundance:A data mining approach for fish community analysis [J].Water Resources Research,2008,44(4):472-479.
[28] 张宗娇,张强,顾西辉,等.水文变异条件下的黄河干流生态径流特征及生态效应[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(12):2021-2033.ZHANG Z J,ZHANG Q,GU X H,et al.Changes of eco-flow due to hydrological alterations in the Yellow River Basin[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(12):2021-2033.
[29] 徐飞雄.湖南天然鱼类资源的特点及保护增值战略[J].热带地理,1995,3(1):52-63.XU F X.Natural fish resources in Hunan province and their protection and proliferation [J].Tropical Geography,1995,3(1):52-63.
[30] 杨朝晖,杨春平,吕焕哲,等.湘江枢纽工程对水生生物的影响及防治研究[J].上海环境科学,1998,11(17):30-32.YANG Z H,YANG C P,LU H Z,et al .Study on the effect of pivotal project in River Xiangjiang on aquatic organisms and its prevention and treatment[J].Shanghai Environmental Sciences,1998,11(17):30-32.
[31] 丁德明,廖伏初,李鸿,等.湖南湘江渔业资源现状及保护对策[C].中国南方渔业学术论坛第二十六次水产学术交流大会论文集,2010:122-130.DING D M,LIAO F C,LI H,et al.Current situation of hunan xiangjiang fishery resources and its protection countermeasures[C].Proceedings of the 26th Fisheries Academic Exchange Conference of the China Southern Fisheries Academic Forum,2010,122-130.
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