典型红壤区不同土地利用方式下氮素垂直分布及其影响因素
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摘要
土壤氮素迁移规律是农业面源污染研究的重要内容,探讨不同土地利用方式下氮素垂直分布及其影响因素对氮迁移规律研究具有重要意义。在亚热带典型红壤丘陵区利用动力土柱机采集了38个稻田、林地和茶园的1 m深原状土柱,分0～20、>20～30、>40～50和>70～80 cm 4层并间隔5 cm取样分别测定铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮以及其他土壤属性,研究氮素垂直分布对土地利用方式的响应及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)稻田上述4层土壤全氮含量显著高于林地和茶园(P<0. 05),土壤铵态氮含量在各土地利用方式间差异不显著。就表层(0～20 cm)硝态氮含量而言,稻田土壤显著高于林地和茶园;茶园下层(>20 cm)土壤硝态氮含量显著高于稻田和林地。(2)土壤全氮含量与硝态氮含量关系密切(r=0. 64,P<0. 01);有机碳含量、土壤剖面深度和容重是影响氮素垂直分布的重要因子,土壤氮含量与有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关,与容重、土壤剖面深度呈显著负相关(P<0. 05),表明土壤性质对氮素的分布有重要影响。该研究有助于评价红壤丘陵区农业氮肥施用对水体污染的影响风险。
Understanding the role of soil nitrogen migration is an important part of agricultural non-point source pollution research. Studies on the vertical distribution of soil nitrogen and the influence of different land use patterns are very helpful for the investigation of nitrogen migration. 38 undisturbed soil columns(1-m depth)from paddy fields,woodlands and tea gardens were collected from a typical subtropical hilly red soil region. Each soil column was divided into four layers(0-20,>20-30,>40-50 and >70-80 cm)and sampled at 5-cm intervals to determine ammonium,nitrate,total nitrogen and other soil properties. Additionally,the vertical distribution pattern of soil nitrogen in relation to different land uses was investigated. The results show that total soil nitrogen in the paddy fields had mean values of 2. 44(0-20 cm),1. 49(>20-30 cm),1. 30(>40-50 cm)and 1. 20(>70-80 cm),which were significantly higher(P<0. 05)than in the woodlands and the tea gardens. There was no significant difference in ammonium among the various land usages. The surface layer(0-20 cm)nitrate content in the paddy fields was significantly higher(P<0. 05)than in the tea gardens and the woodlands. Nitrate content in the subsurface layers from the tea gardens was significantly higher(P<0. 05)than the paddy fields and the woodlands. It was also found that total soil nitrogen was closely related to nitrate content(r=0. 64,P<0. 01). Soil organic carbon,soil profile depth and bulk density were important factors affecting the vertical distribution of soil nitrogen. There was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen and organic carbon,and a significant negative correlation existed between soil nitrogen and bulk density or soil profile depth(P<0. 05),which indicate that the soil nitrogen distribution is influenced by soil properties. The results of this study are helpful to the risk evaluations of water pollution caused by agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application in hilly red soil regions.
Understanding the role of soil nitrogen migration is an important part of agricultural non-point source pollution research. Studies on the vertical distribution of soil nitrogen and the influence of different land use patterns are very helpful for the investigation of nitrogen migration. 38 undisturbed soil columns(1-m depth)from paddy fields,woodlands and tea gardens were collected from a typical subtropical hilly red soil region. Each soil column was divided into four layers(0-20,>20-30,>40-50 and >70-80 cm)and sampled at 5-cm intervals to determine ammonium,nitrate,total nitrogen and other soil properties. Additionally,the vertical distribution pattern of soil nitrogen in relation to different land uses was investigated. The results show that total soil nitrogen in the paddy fields had mean values of 2. 44(0-20 cm),1. 49(>20-30 cm),1. 30(>40-50 cm)and 1. 20(>70-80 cm),which were significantly higher(P<0. 05)than in the woodlands and the tea gardens. There was no significant difference in ammonium among the various land usages. The surface layer(0-20 cm)nitrate content in the paddy fields was significantly higher(P<0. 05)than in the tea gardens and the woodlands. Nitrate content in the subsurface layers from the tea gardens was significantly higher(P<0. 05)than the paddy fields and the woodlands. It was also found that total soil nitrogen was closely related to nitrate content(r=0. 64,P<0. 01). Soil organic carbon,soil profile depth and bulk density were important factors affecting the vertical distribution of soil nitrogen. There was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen and organic carbon,and a significant negative correlation existed between soil nitrogen and bulk density or soil profile depth(P<0. 05),which indicate that the soil nitrogen distribution is influenced by soil properties. The results of this study are helpful to the risk evaluations of water pollution caused by agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application in hilly red soil regions.
引文
[1]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策I:21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.[ZHANG Wei-li,WU Shu-xia,JI Hong-jie,et al.Estimation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China and the Alleviating StrategiesⅠ:Estimation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China in Early 21 Century[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(7):1008-1017.]
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[5]焦军霞,杨文,王美慧,等.亚热带红壤丘陵区浅层地下水氮淋失特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(7):2193-2201.[JIAO Jun-xia,YANG Wen,WANG Mei-hui,et al.Characteristics of Nitrogen Leaching in Shallow Groundwater in Subtropical Hilly Red Soil Earth Region of China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(7):2193-2201.]
[6]薛晓辉,郝明德.小麦氮磷肥长期配施对土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(3):918-925.[XUEXiao-hui,HAO Ming-de.Nitrate-N Leaching in 23-Year Winter Wheat Field Combined With Application of Nitrogen and Phosphorus[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(3):918-925.]
[7]李丙智,冯焕德,张黎,等.渭北苹果园滴灌施氮肥对土壤氮迁移的影响[J].林业科学,2013,49(10):35-39.[LI Bing-zhi,FENG Huan-de,ZHANG Li,et al.Effects of Dripping Fertigation on Soil Nitrogen Metabolism in Apple Orchard of Weibei Plateau[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(10):35-39.]
[8]周吉利,邹刚华,彭佩钦,等.中亚热带典型红壤区土壤氮矿化动力学参数估算[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(4):702-707.[ZHOU Ji-li,ZOU Gang-hua,PENG Pei-qin,et al.Estimating the Kinetic Parameters of Soil Organic Nitrogen Mineralization for Various Land Use Types in a Typical Hilly Red-Soil Region in Subtropical Central China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(4):702-707.]
[9]罗由林,李启权,王昌全,等.川中丘陵县域土壤氮素空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):652-660.[LUO You-lin,LI Qi-quan,WANG Chang-quan,et al.Spatial Variability of Soil Nitrogen and Related Affecting Factors at a County Scale in Hilly Area of Mid-Sichuan Basin[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):652-660.]
[10]朱波,汪涛,徐泰平,等.紫色丘陵区典型小流域氮素迁移及其环境效应[J].山地学报,2006,24(5):601-606.[ZHU Bo,WANG Tao,XU Tai-ping,et al.Non-Point-Source Nitrogen Movement and Its Environmental Effects in a Small Watershed in Hilly Area of Purple Soil[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(5):601-606.]
[11]WU L,LONG T Y,LIU X,et al.Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Changes on the Migration of Non-Point Source Nitrogen and Phosphorus During Rainfall-Runoff in the Jialing River Watershed,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:26-41.
[12]LIU W,CHEN S,QIN X,et al.Storage,Patterns,and Control of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Research Letters,2012,7(3):035401.DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035401.
[13]刘光崧.土壤理化分析与剖面描述[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1996:5-24.[LIU Guang-song.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis&Description of Soil Profiles[M].Beijing:Standard Press of China,1996:5-24.]
[14]罗春燕,张维理,雷秋良,等.农村土地利用方式对嘉兴土壤氮磷含量及其垂直分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(10):2098-2103.[LUO Chun-yan,ZHANG Wei-li,LEI Qiu-liang,et al.Effects of Rural Land Uses on Contents and Vertical Distribution of Nitrogen,Phosphorus in the Soil Profile in Jiaxing Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(10):2098-2103.]
[15]杨凯,唐泽军.北京市农田深层土壤氮素分布规律研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(3):22-25.[YANG Kai,TANG Ze-jun.Nitrogen Distribution in Deep Soil of Farmland in Beijing[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2012(3):22-25.]
[16]庞夙,李廷轩,王永东,等.县域农田土壤氮素空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1497-1503.[PANG Su,LI Ting-xuan,WANG Yong-dong,et al.Spatial Distribution Pattern of Soil Nitrogen in Croplands at County Scale and Related Affecting Factors[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(6):1497-1503.]
[17]陈肖,张世熔,黄丽琴,等.成都平原土壤氮素的空间分布特征及其影响因素研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):1-7.[CHEN Xiao,ZHANG Shi-rong,HUANG Li-qin,et al.Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Its Influential Factors of Soil Nitrogen in Chengdu Plain[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(1):1-7.]
[18]杨小林,李义玲,朱波,等.紫色土小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤氮素时空分异特征[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(10):2807-2813.[YANG Xiao-lin,LI Yi-ling,ZHU Bo,et al.Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Nitrogen Under Different Land Uses in a Small Watershed in the Purple Soil Area,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(10):2807-2813.]
[19]邹诚,徐福利,闫亚丹.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用模式对土壤氮素淋溶的影响[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(3):114-116.[ZOU Cheng,XU Fu-li,YAN Ya-dan.Analysis of Soil Nitrogen Leaching Under Different Land Uses Patterns in the Loess Hilly and Gully Region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(3):114-116.]
[20]蔡祖聪,赵维.土地利用方式对湿润亚热带土壤硝化作用的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):795-801.[CAI Zu-cong,ZHAO Wei.Effects of Land Use Types on Nitrification in Humid Subtropical Soils of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(5):795-801.]
[21]KRAVE A S,VAN STRAALEN N M,VAN VERSEVELD H W.Potential Nitrification and Factors Influencing Nitrification in Pine Forest and Agricultural Soils in Central Java,Indonesia[J].Pedobiologia,2002,46(6):573-594.
[22]刘雅,刘满强,王斌,等.不同肥力农田和不同林型林地红壤总硝化特征研究[J].土壤,2008,40(6):909-913.[LIU Ya,LIU Man-qiang,WANG Bin,et al.Characteristics of Red Soil Gross Nitrification Rate in Different Farmlands and Forests[J].Soils,2008,40(6):909-913.]
[23]王峰,陈玉真,尤志明,等.福建5种类型茶园土壤硝化作用及其影响因子[J].茶叶学报,2015,56(2):91-96.[WANG Feng,CHEN Yu-zhen,YOU Zhi-ming,et al.Nitrification of Five Types of Soils at Tea Plantations in Fujian[J].Tea Science and Technology,2015,56(2):91-96.]
[24]陈玉真,王峰,尤志明,等.不同施氮量对茶园土壤氮淋失的影响[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(4):394-399.[CHEN Yu-zhen,WANG Feng,YOU Zhi-ming,et al.Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Nitrogen Leaching in Tea Garden Soil[J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,30(4):394-399.]
[25]XUE Z J,CHENG M,AN S S.Soil Nitrogen Distributions for Different Land Uses and Landscape Positions in a Small Watershed on Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,60:204-213.
[2]SCHRODER J L,ZHANG H L,GIRMA K,et al.Soil Acidification From Long-Term Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Winter Wheat[J].Soil Science Society of America,2011,75(3):957-964.
[3]GU B J,GE Y,CHANG S X,et al.Nitrate in Groundwater of China:Sources and Driving Forces[J].Global Environmental Change,2013,23(5):1112-1121.
[4]杜伟,遆超普,姜小三,等.长三角地区典型稻作农业小流域氮素平衡及其污染潜势[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(1):9-14.[DU Wei,TI Chao-pu,JIANG Xiao-san,et al.Balance and Pollution Potential of Nitrogen in a Typical Rice-Based Agricultural Watershed of Yangtze River Delta Region[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(1):9-14.]
[5]焦军霞,杨文,王美慧,等.亚热带红壤丘陵区浅层地下水氮淋失特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(7):2193-2201.[JIAO Jun-xia,YANG Wen,WANG Mei-hui,et al.Characteristics of Nitrogen Leaching in Shallow Groundwater in Subtropical Hilly Red Soil Earth Region of China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(7):2193-2201.]
[6]薛晓辉,郝明德.小麦氮磷肥长期配施对土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(3):918-925.[XUEXiao-hui,HAO Ming-de.Nitrate-N Leaching in 23-Year Winter Wheat Field Combined With Application of Nitrogen and Phosphorus[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(3):918-925.]
[7]李丙智,冯焕德,张黎,等.渭北苹果园滴灌施氮肥对土壤氮迁移的影响[J].林业科学,2013,49(10):35-39.[LI Bing-zhi,FENG Huan-de,ZHANG Li,et al.Effects of Dripping Fertigation on Soil Nitrogen Metabolism in Apple Orchard of Weibei Plateau[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(10):35-39.]
[8]周吉利,邹刚华,彭佩钦,等.中亚热带典型红壤区土壤氮矿化动力学参数估算[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(4):702-707.[ZHOU Ji-li,ZOU Gang-hua,PENG Pei-qin,et al.Estimating the Kinetic Parameters of Soil Organic Nitrogen Mineralization for Various Land Use Types in a Typical Hilly Red-Soil Region in Subtropical Central China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(4):702-707.]
[9]罗由林,李启权,王昌全,等.川中丘陵县域土壤氮素空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):652-660.[LUO You-lin,LI Qi-quan,WANG Chang-quan,et al.Spatial Variability of Soil Nitrogen and Related Affecting Factors at a County Scale in Hilly Area of Mid-Sichuan Basin[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):652-660.]
[10]朱波,汪涛,徐泰平,等.紫色丘陵区典型小流域氮素迁移及其环境效应[J].山地学报,2006,24(5):601-606.[ZHU Bo,WANG Tao,XU Tai-ping,et al.Non-Point-Source Nitrogen Movement and Its Environmental Effects in a Small Watershed in Hilly Area of Purple Soil[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(5):601-606.]
[11]WU L,LONG T Y,LIU X,et al.Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Changes on the Migration of Non-Point Source Nitrogen and Phosphorus During Rainfall-Runoff in the Jialing River Watershed,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:26-41.
[12]LIU W,CHEN S,QIN X,et al.Storage,Patterns,and Control of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Research Letters,2012,7(3):035401.DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035401.
[13]刘光崧.土壤理化分析与剖面描述[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1996:5-24.[LIU Guang-song.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis&Description of Soil Profiles[M].Beijing:Standard Press of China,1996:5-24.]
[14]罗春燕,张维理,雷秋良,等.农村土地利用方式对嘉兴土壤氮磷含量及其垂直分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(10):2098-2103.[LUO Chun-yan,ZHANG Wei-li,LEI Qiu-liang,et al.Effects of Rural Land Uses on Contents and Vertical Distribution of Nitrogen,Phosphorus in the Soil Profile in Jiaxing Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(10):2098-2103.]
[15]杨凯,唐泽军.北京市农田深层土壤氮素分布规律研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(3):22-25.[YANG Kai,TANG Ze-jun.Nitrogen Distribution in Deep Soil of Farmland in Beijing[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2012(3):22-25.]
[16]庞夙,李廷轩,王永东,等.县域农田土壤氮素空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1497-1503.[PANG Su,LI Ting-xuan,WANG Yong-dong,et al.Spatial Distribution Pattern of Soil Nitrogen in Croplands at County Scale and Related Affecting Factors[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(6):1497-1503.]
[17]陈肖,张世熔,黄丽琴,等.成都平原土壤氮素的空间分布特征及其影响因素研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):1-7.[CHEN Xiao,ZHANG Shi-rong,HUANG Li-qin,et al.Spatial Distribution Characteristic and Its Influential Factors of Soil Nitrogen in Chengdu Plain[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(1):1-7.]
[18]杨小林,李义玲,朱波,等.紫色土小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤氮素时空分异特征[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(10):2807-2813.[YANG Xiao-lin,LI Yi-ling,ZHU Bo,et al.Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Nitrogen Under Different Land Uses in a Small Watershed in the Purple Soil Area,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(10):2807-2813.]
[19]邹诚,徐福利,闫亚丹.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用模式对土壤氮素淋溶的影响[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(3):114-116.[ZOU Cheng,XU Fu-li,YAN Ya-dan.Analysis of Soil Nitrogen Leaching Under Different Land Uses Patterns in the Loess Hilly and Gully Region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(3):114-116.]
[20]蔡祖聪,赵维.土地利用方式对湿润亚热带土壤硝化作用的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):795-801.[CAI Zu-cong,ZHAO Wei.Effects of Land Use Types on Nitrification in Humid Subtropical Soils of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(5):795-801.]
[21]KRAVE A S,VAN STRAALEN N M,VAN VERSEVELD H W.Potential Nitrification and Factors Influencing Nitrification in Pine Forest and Agricultural Soils in Central Java,Indonesia[J].Pedobiologia,2002,46(6):573-594.
[22]刘雅,刘满强,王斌,等.不同肥力农田和不同林型林地红壤总硝化特征研究[J].土壤,2008,40(6):909-913.[LIU Ya,LIU Man-qiang,WANG Bin,et al.Characteristics of Red Soil Gross Nitrification Rate in Different Farmlands and Forests[J].Soils,2008,40(6):909-913.]
[23]王峰,陈玉真,尤志明,等.福建5种类型茶园土壤硝化作用及其影响因子[J].茶叶学报,2015,56(2):91-96.[WANG Feng,CHEN Yu-zhen,YOU Zhi-ming,et al.Nitrification of Five Types of Soils at Tea Plantations in Fujian[J].Tea Science and Technology,2015,56(2):91-96.]
[24]陈玉真,王峰,尤志明,等.不同施氮量对茶园土壤氮淋失的影响[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(4):394-399.[CHEN Yu-zhen,WANG Feng,YOU Zhi-ming,et al.Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Nitrogen Leaching in Tea Garden Soil[J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,30(4):394-399.]
[25]XUE Z J,CHENG M,AN S S.Soil Nitrogen Distributions for Different Land Uses and Landscape Positions in a Small Watershed on Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,60:204-213.