文化遗产类历史园林植物景观保护与修复——以国际公约及国内外实践为切入点
|
摘要
针对历史园林遗产中植物景观保护面临的现存问题,从国际公约方面着手分析,指出中国古典园林营造修复的要点与相关国际宪章之间的差异,尤其是如何对待历史园林"真实性"的问题。并借助欧洲、美国、日本与中国相关案例研究,论述国内外在该方面研究实践的共性、差异及其成因。最后在分析国际同行经验基础上,结合中国历史文化背景,总结并提出了可供中国园林遗产保护与修复工作参考的经验及思想。
In view of the existing problems in the conservation of plant landscape in historical garden heritage, this paper starts the analysis with international conventions, and points out the differences between the key points of Chinese classical garden building and conservation and the relevant international charters, especially how to deal with the "authenticity" of historical gardens. With the help of relevant cases in Europe, the United States, Japan and China, this paper discusses the similarities, differences and causes of research practice in this field at home and abroad. Finally, on the basis of analyzing the experience of international peers, as well as the historical and cultural background of our country, this study summarizes and puts forward the experience and ideas for the conservation and restoration of garden heritage in China.
In view of the existing problems in the conservation of plant landscape in historical garden heritage, this paper starts the analysis with international conventions, and points out the differences between the key points of Chinese classical garden building and conservation and the relevant international charters, especially how to deal with the "authenticity" of historical gardens. With the help of relevant cases in Europe, the United States, Japan and China, this paper discusses the similarities, differences and causes of research practice in this field at home and abroad. Finally, on the basis of analyzing the experience of international peers, as well as the historical and cultural background of our country, this study summarizes and puts forward the experience and ideas for the conservation and restoration of garden heritage in China.
引文
[1]赵迪.法国凡尔赛花园植物景观的保护与恢复[J].中国城市林业,2018,16(3):70-74.
[2]吕舟.《威尼斯宪章》的真实性精神[J].中国文物科学研究,2014(2):18-20.
[3]曹丽娟.关于保护历史园林遗产的真实性[J].中国园林,2004(9):29-31.
[4]ICOMOS.The Florence Charter[M/OL].(1982-12-15)[2018-07-15].http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/charters.
[5]傅凡,李红.中国园林植物的文化性格与多样性保护[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),2011,20(2):26-29.
[6]陈志华.保护文物建筑及历史地段的国际宪章[J].世界建筑,1986(3):13-14.
[7]傅岩,石佳.历史园林:“活”的古迹:《佛罗伦萨宪章》解读[J].中国园林,2002(3):74-78.
[8]郦芷若,朱建宁.西方园林[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2001.
[9]BARISI I,FAGIOLO M,MADONNA M L.Villa D’Este[M].Rome:De Luca Editori d’Arte,2003:90.
[10]NEWTON N T.Design on the Land:The Development of Landscape Architecture[M].Massachusetts:The Belknap Press Canmbridge,Massachusetts,1971.
[11]许愿.意大利文艺复兴庄园的“设计复原”[J].住区,2016(4):152-157.
[12]RACINE M.Le Guide des Jardins de France[M].Paris:Guides Hachette.1991.
[13]LEVEQUE G,VALERY M.French Garden Style[M].London:Frances Lincoln Limited.1990.
[14]吴祥艳.法国历史园林保护理念和实践浅析[J].中国园林,2003(7):48-52.
[15]高磊,伍思杨.留住圆明园:再论文化遗产的“保护”与“真实性”以及圆明园的未来[J].圆明园学刊,2008(9):177-185.
[16]TóTH A,FERIANCOVáL.Restoration of the Landscape Garden in Ve?káMaňa[J].Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae,2016(1):1-3.
[17]FEKETE A,SáROSPATAKI M,TAKáCS K.Landscape Ecological and Visual Significance of Dendrological Gardens in the Carpathian Basin[J].Acta Universitatis Sapientiae,Agriculture and Environment,2014(6):57-68.
[18]??ITAROCI M O,??ITAROCI B B O,RADI?K.Spa Garden in Daruvar:Methods of Renewal and Reconstruction[J].YBLJournal of Built Environment,2015(2):5-16.
[19]GAO L,DIETZE-SCHIRDEWAHN A.Garden Culture as Heritage:A Pilot Study of Garden Culture Conservation Based on Norwegian Examples[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017(3):1-8.
[20]OGRIN D.The World Heritage of Gardens[M].London:Thames and Hudson Ltd,1993.
[21]LENNOX-BOYD A.Traditional English Gardens[M].London:George Weidenfeld&Nicolson Ltd,1987.
[22]GOULTY S M.Heritage Gardens:Care,Conservation and Managemen[M].London and New York:Routledge Inc.,1993:54-59.
[23]GOBSTER P H.Visions of nature:conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2001:35-51.
[24]周向频,王庆.近代公园遗产保护与更新改造策略:以英国伯肯海德公园和美国晨曦公园为借鉴[J].城市观察,2017(2):150-164.
[25]TURNER S.Faithful to the Text:Designing the story before the place[J].Landscape Architecture,1987,75(3):72-75.
[26]吴祥艳,付军.美国历史景观保护理论和实践浅析[J].中国园林,2004(3):72-76.
[27]张松.历史城市保护学导论:文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001.
[28]彭孟宏,唐孝祥.冯纪忠的比较园林史研究及其审美文化启示[J].南方建筑,2017(6):106-110.
[29]张十庆.《作庭记》与《园冶》:中日古代造园专书的比较[J].中国园林,1993(1):19-22.
[30]王劲韬.《园冶》与《作庭记》的比较研究[J].中国园林,2010,26(3):94-96.
[31]张十庆.造园与植栽:中日古代园林植物造景的特色及其比较[J].华中建筑,1994(1):43-45.
[32]GOTO S.Maintenance and Restoration of Japanese Gardens in North America:A Case Study of Nitobe Memorial Garden[J].Studies in the History of Gardens&Designed Landscapes,2010(10):302-313.
[33]GOTO S.RISTOVSKA L,FUJII E.The Japanese Garden at Sonnenberg-the First Traditional Private Japanese Garden in North America[J].Studies in the History of Gardens&Designed Landscapes,2014(10):295-308.
[34]刘庭风,张灵,刘庆慧.对自然美的膜拜:日本古典名园赏析(一)桂离宫[J].园林,2005(9):6-7.
[35]刘先觉.桂离宫:日本古典第一园[J].中国文化遗产,2008(3):105-109.
[36]孟兆祯.中日韩园林的相似性与独特性[J].中国园林,2006(11):26-28.
[37]温放,李湛东.中日园林植物选择之比较[J].风景园林,2006(2):19-23.
[38]郭黛姮.历史园林的保护理念与圆明园的保护实践[J].建筑史,2003(1):177-188+251.
[39]郭黛姮.历史园林保护与环境[J].圆明园学刊,2008(2):35-36.
[40]檀馨,李战修.圆明园九州景区山形、水系、植物景观的研究及恢复[J].中国园林,2009(1):61-66.
[41]周宏俊,刘劲飞.圆明园保护中的真实性[J].建筑学报,2005(9):78-80.
[42]乐志.从拙政园的变迁史看当代的传统园林遗产保护[C]//陈植造园思想国际研讨会论文集.南京:南京林业大学,2009(4):129-132.
[43]CHEN Y,JEANNIE S,GILLIAN L.Deciphering Historic Landscapes:A Case Study of Slender West Lake in Yangzhou,China[J].Landscape Research,2016(1):95-112.
[44]蔡晴,姚赯.《佛罗伦萨宪章》与历史园林的保护[J].建筑师,2005(6):94-98.
[45]杨新平.《佛罗伦萨宪章》与历史园林保护[J].建筑史,2005(7):198-205.
[46]王欣,胡坚强.谢灵运山居考[J].中国园林,2005(8):73-77.
[47]张冬冬.清漪园布局及选景析要[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[48]张冬冬,谢明洋.颐和园写秋轩造园艺术初探[J].风景园林,2015(5):93-99.
[49]周向频,刘曦婷.历史公园保护与发展策略[J].中国园林,2014,30(2):33-38.
(1)《中国文物古迹保护准则》2015版,国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会制订,中华人民共和国国家文物局推荐。
(2)文中涉及国外历史园林中英文名称对照:(意)罗马美第奇庄园Villa Medici,Roma;(意)法尔奈斯庄园Villa Palazzina Farnese;(意)埃斯特庄园Vil a d’Este,Tivoli;(意)兰特庄园Vil a Lante,Bagnaia;(意)冈贝里亚庄园Vil a Gamberaia,Settignano;(法)沃·勒·维贡特庄园Chateau de Vaux-le-Vicomte;(法)凡尔赛宫苑Chateau de Versail es;(法)小特里阿农宫苑Le Grand et Petit Trianon;(法)阿尔贝·肯恩园林Albert Kahn;(英)邱园Kew Garden;(英)斯图海德园Stourhead Park;(英)埃麦农维尔园Parc d’Ermenonvil e;(斯洛伐克)维尔卡马纳园Velka Mana;(克罗地亚)达鲁瓦尔园Daruvar Park;(美)晨曦公园Morningside Park;(日)修学院离宫Shūgaku-in Rikyū;(日)桂离宫Katsura Rikyū。
(3)图1据谷歌地球卫星地图改绘;表1据参考文献[8-21]统计制作,图片来源https://en.wikipedia.org和https://www.kew.org;表2据参考文献[8-48]统计制作。
[2]吕舟.《威尼斯宪章》的真实性精神[J].中国文物科学研究,2014(2):18-20.
[3]曹丽娟.关于保护历史园林遗产的真实性[J].中国园林,2004(9):29-31.
[4]ICOMOS.The Florence Charter[M/OL].(1982-12-15)[2018-07-15].http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/charters.
[5]傅凡,李红.中国园林植物的文化性格与多样性保护[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),2011,20(2):26-29.
[6]陈志华.保护文物建筑及历史地段的国际宪章[J].世界建筑,1986(3):13-14.
[7]傅岩,石佳.历史园林:“活”的古迹:《佛罗伦萨宪章》解读[J].中国园林,2002(3):74-78.
[8]郦芷若,朱建宁.西方园林[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2001.
[9]BARISI I,FAGIOLO M,MADONNA M L.Villa D’Este[M].Rome:De Luca Editori d’Arte,2003:90.
[10]NEWTON N T.Design on the Land:The Development of Landscape Architecture[M].Massachusetts:The Belknap Press Canmbridge,Massachusetts,1971.
[11]许愿.意大利文艺复兴庄园的“设计复原”[J].住区,2016(4):152-157.
[12]RACINE M.Le Guide des Jardins de France[M].Paris:Guides Hachette.1991.
[13]LEVEQUE G,VALERY M.French Garden Style[M].London:Frances Lincoln Limited.1990.
[14]吴祥艳.法国历史园林保护理念和实践浅析[J].中国园林,2003(7):48-52.
[15]高磊,伍思杨.留住圆明园:再论文化遗产的“保护”与“真实性”以及圆明园的未来[J].圆明园学刊,2008(9):177-185.
[16]TóTH A,FERIANCOVáL.Restoration of the Landscape Garden in Ve?káMaňa[J].Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae,2016(1):1-3.
[17]FEKETE A,SáROSPATAKI M,TAKáCS K.Landscape Ecological and Visual Significance of Dendrological Gardens in the Carpathian Basin[J].Acta Universitatis Sapientiae,Agriculture and Environment,2014(6):57-68.
[18]??ITAROCI M O,??ITAROCI B B O,RADI?K.Spa Garden in Daruvar:Methods of Renewal and Reconstruction[J].YBLJournal of Built Environment,2015(2):5-16.
[19]GAO L,DIETZE-SCHIRDEWAHN A.Garden Culture as Heritage:A Pilot Study of Garden Culture Conservation Based on Norwegian Examples[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017(3):1-8.
[20]OGRIN D.The World Heritage of Gardens[M].London:Thames and Hudson Ltd,1993.
[21]LENNOX-BOYD A.Traditional English Gardens[M].London:George Weidenfeld&Nicolson Ltd,1987.
[22]GOULTY S M.Heritage Gardens:Care,Conservation and Managemen[M].London and New York:Routledge Inc.,1993:54-59.
[23]GOBSTER P H.Visions of nature:conflict and compatibility in urban park restoration[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2001:35-51.
[24]周向频,王庆.近代公园遗产保护与更新改造策略:以英国伯肯海德公园和美国晨曦公园为借鉴[J].城市观察,2017(2):150-164.
[25]TURNER S.Faithful to the Text:Designing the story before the place[J].Landscape Architecture,1987,75(3):72-75.
[26]吴祥艳,付军.美国历史景观保护理论和实践浅析[J].中国园林,2004(3):72-76.
[27]张松.历史城市保护学导论:文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001.
[28]彭孟宏,唐孝祥.冯纪忠的比较园林史研究及其审美文化启示[J].南方建筑,2017(6):106-110.
[29]张十庆.《作庭记》与《园冶》:中日古代造园专书的比较[J].中国园林,1993(1):19-22.
[30]王劲韬.《园冶》与《作庭记》的比较研究[J].中国园林,2010,26(3):94-96.
[31]张十庆.造园与植栽:中日古代园林植物造景的特色及其比较[J].华中建筑,1994(1):43-45.
[32]GOTO S.Maintenance and Restoration of Japanese Gardens in North America:A Case Study of Nitobe Memorial Garden[J].Studies in the History of Gardens&Designed Landscapes,2010(10):302-313.
[33]GOTO S.RISTOVSKA L,FUJII E.The Japanese Garden at Sonnenberg-the First Traditional Private Japanese Garden in North America[J].Studies in the History of Gardens&Designed Landscapes,2014(10):295-308.
[34]刘庭风,张灵,刘庆慧.对自然美的膜拜:日本古典名园赏析(一)桂离宫[J].园林,2005(9):6-7.
[35]刘先觉.桂离宫:日本古典第一园[J].中国文化遗产,2008(3):105-109.
[36]孟兆祯.中日韩园林的相似性与独特性[J].中国园林,2006(11):26-28.
[37]温放,李湛东.中日园林植物选择之比较[J].风景园林,2006(2):19-23.
[38]郭黛姮.历史园林的保护理念与圆明园的保护实践[J].建筑史,2003(1):177-188+251.
[39]郭黛姮.历史园林保护与环境[J].圆明园学刊,2008(2):35-36.
[40]檀馨,李战修.圆明园九州景区山形、水系、植物景观的研究及恢复[J].中国园林,2009(1):61-66.
[41]周宏俊,刘劲飞.圆明园保护中的真实性[J].建筑学报,2005(9):78-80.
[42]乐志.从拙政园的变迁史看当代的传统园林遗产保护[C]//陈植造园思想国际研讨会论文集.南京:南京林业大学,2009(4):129-132.
[43]CHEN Y,JEANNIE S,GILLIAN L.Deciphering Historic Landscapes:A Case Study of Slender West Lake in Yangzhou,China[J].Landscape Research,2016(1):95-112.
[44]蔡晴,姚赯.《佛罗伦萨宪章》与历史园林的保护[J].建筑师,2005(6):94-98.
[45]杨新平.《佛罗伦萨宪章》与历史园林保护[J].建筑史,2005(7):198-205.
[46]王欣,胡坚强.谢灵运山居考[J].中国园林,2005(8):73-77.
[47]张冬冬.清漪园布局及选景析要[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[48]张冬冬,谢明洋.颐和园写秋轩造园艺术初探[J].风景园林,2015(5):93-99.
[49]周向频,刘曦婷.历史公园保护与发展策略[J].中国园林,2014,30(2):33-38.
(1)《中国文物古迹保护准则》2015版,国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会制订,中华人民共和国国家文物局推荐。
(2)文中涉及国外历史园林中英文名称对照:(意)罗马美第奇庄园Villa Medici,Roma;(意)法尔奈斯庄园Villa Palazzina Farnese;(意)埃斯特庄园Vil a d’Este,Tivoli;(意)兰特庄园Vil a Lante,Bagnaia;(意)冈贝里亚庄园Vil a Gamberaia,Settignano;(法)沃·勒·维贡特庄园Chateau de Vaux-le-Vicomte;(法)凡尔赛宫苑Chateau de Versail es;(法)小特里阿农宫苑Le Grand et Petit Trianon;(法)阿尔贝·肯恩园林Albert Kahn;(英)邱园Kew Garden;(英)斯图海德园Stourhead Park;(英)埃麦农维尔园Parc d’Ermenonvil e;(斯洛伐克)维尔卡马纳园Velka Mana;(克罗地亚)达鲁瓦尔园Daruvar Park;(美)晨曦公园Morningside Park;(日)修学院离宫Shūgaku-in Rikyū;(日)桂离宫Katsura Rikyū。
(3)图1据谷歌地球卫星地图改绘;表1据参考文献[8-21]统计制作,图片来源https://en.wikipedia.org和https://www.kew.org;表2据参考文献[8-48]统计制作。