泥石流拦砂坝下游局部冲刷研究现状及展望
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摘要
下游局部冲刷是影响泄水建筑物、泥石流拦砂坝安全运行的共同危害形式之一.对泄水建筑物与泥石流拦砂坝下游局部冲刷的准确认识,是防治下游局部冲刷的依据.以泄水建筑物与拦砂坝下游局部冲刷为研究对象,对下游局部冲刷坑深度计算、冲刷动力来源—水舌和泥舌的研究现状进行阐述与分析.总结得出:对泄水建筑物下游局部冲刷坑深度的计算已有较多计算公式及预测模型,关于其冲刷动力来源—水舌的水力特性也有较全面研究;拦砂坝下游局部冲刷的研究大多借鉴水利工程上的研究成果,然而泥石流属于非牛顿流体、不同于水流,并不能将泄水建筑物下游局部冲刷的研究成果简单应用于泥石流中。此外,对拦砂坝下游局部冲刷的动力来源—泥舌的水力特性认识不够充分.鉴于拦砂坝下游局部冲刷研究中存在的不足,探讨了未来可开展的工作:①基于物质组成和流速分布的泥舌水力特性研究;②基于动力演变过程的泥舌冲击力特征研究;③基于泥石流动力学过程的拦砂坝下游冲刷坑参数计算方法研究.
Downstream local scour is one of the common hazard forms that affect the safe operation of the sluice structure and the sabo dam. The accurate understanding of the local scour in the downstream of the sluice structure and the sabo dam is the basis for the prevention and control of the local scour in the downstream. This paper, taking the local scour in the downstream of the sluice structure and the sabo dam as the research object,discusses and analyzes the local scour depth of the downstream scour pit and the hydraulic characteristics of the nappe of water and debris flow which are the main sources of the scouring power. It is concluded that: there are many calculating formulas and predicting models for the depth of local scour pit in the downstream of the sluice structure, and the hydraulic characteristics of the scour power source-nappe of water are studied comprehensively.The research on downstream local scour of the sabo dam mostly refers to the research results of hydraulic engineering, but debris flow is non-Newtonian Fluid, different from water flow, so it is unreasonable to simply apply the research results of downstream local scouring of the sluice structure to debris flow. In addition, the hydraulic characteristics of nappe of debris flow, which is the dynamic source of local scouring downstream of the sabo dam, are not fully studied. In view of the deficiency of local scour research in the downstream of the sabo dam, the future work is discussed: ①The study on the hydraulic characteristics of the debris flow nappe based on the composition of material and the distribution of flow velocity. ②The study on the hydraulic characteristics of the debris flow nappe in dynamic evolution process. ③The study on the calculation method of the scour pit parameters downstream of sabo dam based on debris flow dynamics.
Downstream local scour is one of the common hazard forms that affect the safe operation of the sluice structure and the sabo dam. The accurate understanding of the local scour in the downstream of the sluice structure and the sabo dam is the basis for the prevention and control of the local scour in the downstream. This paper, taking the local scour in the downstream of the sluice structure and the sabo dam as the research object,discusses and analyzes the local scour depth of the downstream scour pit and the hydraulic characteristics of the nappe of water and debris flow which are the main sources of the scouring power. It is concluded that: there are many calculating formulas and predicting models for the depth of local scour pit in the downstream of the sluice structure, and the hydraulic characteristics of the scour power source-nappe of water are studied comprehensively.The research on downstream local scour of the sabo dam mostly refers to the research results of hydraulic engineering, but debris flow is non-Newtonian Fluid, different from water flow, so it is unreasonable to simply apply the research results of downstream local scouring of the sluice structure to debris flow. In addition, the hydraulic characteristics of nappe of debris flow, which is the dynamic source of local scouring downstream of the sabo dam, are not fully studied. In view of the deficiency of local scour research in the downstream of the sabo dam, the future work is discussed: ①The study on the hydraulic characteristics of the debris flow nappe based on the composition of material and the distribution of flow velocity. ②The study on the hydraulic characteristics of the debris flow nappe in dynamic evolution process. ③The study on the calculation method of the scour pit parameters downstream of sabo dam based on debris flow dynamics.
引文
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[2]田连权,吴积善,康志成,等.泥石流侵蚀搬运与堆积[M].成都:成都地图出版社,1993.Tian L Q,Wu J S,Kang Z C,et al.Erosion transportation and deposition of debris flow[M].Chengdu:Chengdu Map Press,1993.
[3]潘华利,欧国强,柳金峰.泥石流沟道侵蚀初探[J].灾害学,2009,24(1):39-43.Pan H L,Ou G Q,Liu J F.A study on debris flow gully erosion[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2009,24(1):39-43.
[4]陈明,唐川,甘伟,等.震区急陡沟道型泥石流特征及动力过程研究-以汶川瓦窑沟为例[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2018,40(2):272-278.Chen M,Tang C,Gan W,et al.Characteristics and dynamical process of debris flow at urgent steep gully in the earthquake areas-illustrated with case of Wayao gully in Wenchuan[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2018,40(2):272-278.
[5]毛昶熙.闸坝泄流局部冲刷问题(一)-闸坝工程的水力破坏[J].人民黄河,1988(3):69-73.Mao C X.Local scour on earth bed below sluice dams(1)-Hydraulic damage in sluice dam works[J].Yellow River,1988(3):69-73.
[6]陈光曦,王继康,王林海.泥石流防治[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983.Chen G X,Wang J K,Wang L H.The prevention of debris flows[M].Beijing:Railway Press of China,1983.
[7]Lim S Y,Ali K.Local scour caused by submerged wall jets[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Part Research and Theory,2015,81(4):607-645.
[8]Aderibigbe O,Rajaratnam N.Effect of sediment gradation on erosion by plane turbulent wall jets[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1998,124(10):1 034-1 042.
[9]Stein O R,Julien P Y,Alonso C V.Mechanics of jet scour downstream of a headcut[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1993,31(6):723-738.
[10]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.Qian N,Wan Z H.Dynamics of sediment motion[M].Beijing:Science Press,2003.
[11]陈椿庭.关于高坝挑流消能和局部冲刷深度的一个估算方法[J].水利学报,1963(2):73-77.Chen C T.On the energy dissipation of high overflow dam with flip bucket and estimation of downstream local erosion[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1963(2):73-77.
[12]Wolfgang Rodi.Turbulent buoyant jets and plumes[M].England:Pergamon Press,1982.
[13]连惠邦.防砂坝下游河床局部冲刷现象之研究[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(3):45-49.Lian H B.Scouring phenomenon of the channel bed below a sabo-dam[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,2(3):45-49.
[14]刘沛清.挑射水流对岩石河床的冲刷机理研究[D].北京:清华大学,1994.Liu P Q.Study of the mechanism of Scour by free jets on rocky river beds[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,1994
[15]崔广涛,陈荣光,林继镛.关于挑跌流对河床的动水压力及基岩的防护问题[J].天津大学学报:自然科学与工程技术版,1982,15(2):26-39.Cui G T,Chen R G,Lin J Y.On the dynamic load acting on the bed rock by a trajectory jet and the protection of the bed rock[J].Journal of Tianjin University:Science and Technology,1982,15(2):26-39.
[16]刘沛清,冬俊瑞,余常昭.挑射水流对岩基河床冲刷的探讨[J].长江科学院院报,1994,11(4):1-9.Liu P Q,Dong J R,Yu C Z.Investigation on rock bed scour by ski-jump water jets[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,1994,11(4):1-9.
[17]Spurr K J W.Energy approach to estimating scour downstream of a large dam[J].International Water Power&Dam Construction,1985,37(7):81-89.
[18]Mason P J,Arumugam K.Free jet scour below dams and flip buckets[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1985,111(2):220-235.
[19]Mason P J.Effects of air entrainment on plunge pool scour[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1989,115(3):385-399.
[20]Deo M C,Deolalikar P B.Neural networks for estimation of scour downstream of a skijump bucket[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,131(10):898-908.
[21]Azamathulla H M D,Ghani A A B,Zakaria,et al.Genetic programming to predict ski-jump bucket spillway scour[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics Ser B,2008,20(4):477-484.
[22]Samadi M,Jabbari E,Azamathulla H M.Assessment of M5′model tree and classification and regression trees for prediction of scour depth below free overfall spillways[J].Neural Computing and Applications,2014,24(2):357-366.
[23]Samadi M,Jabbari E,Azamathulla H M,et al.Estimation of scour depth below free overfall spillways using multivariate adaptive regression splines and artificial neural networks[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics,2015,9(1):291-300.
[24]张军.川滇两省泥石流拦沙坝基础埋深应考虑的几点[J].山地研究,1992,10(4):229-233.Zhang J.Some problems on the burial depth of debris flow dam foundation in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces[J].Moutain Research,1992,10(4):229-233.
[25]周必凡,李德基,罗德富,等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.Zhou B F,Li D J,Luo D F,et al.Guide for debris flow prevention[M].Beijing:Science Press,1991.
[26]Pan H L,Wang R,Huang J C,et al.Study on the ultimate depth of scour pit downstream of debris flow sabo dam based on the energy method[J].Engineering Geology,2013,160(13):103-109.
[27]Chen H Y,Cui P,Chen J G,et al.Effects of spillway types on debris flow trajectory and scour behind a sabo dam[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2016,13(2):203-212.
[28]铁道部第三勘测设计院.铁路工程设计手册[M].北京:人民铁道出版社,1979.Third Survey and Design Institute of Ministry of Railways.Railway engineering design manual[M].Beijing:People's Railway Press,1979.
[29]谢曌,刘超,胡中科.空中水舌水力特性的数值模拟研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(4):119-122.Xie Z,Liu C,Hu Z K.Hydraulic characteristics of jet flow numerical simulation research[J].Yellow River,2015,37(4):119-122.
[30]吴文平,张彦法.窄缝挑流水舌的运动扩散规律及应用[J].水力发电学报,1989(4):71-76.Wu W P,Zhang Y F.The law of motion diffusion and application of narrow gap flutter tongue[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,1989(4):71-76.
[31]刘宣烈,刘钧,姚仲达,等.空中掺气水舌运动轨迹及射距[J].天津大学学报:自然科学与工程技术版,1989,22(2):23-30.Liu X L,Liu J,Yao Z D,et al.The moving orbit and the horizontal length of aerated jet flow in open air[J].Journal of Tianjin University:Science and Technology,1989,22(2):23-30.
[32]宁利中.挑流水舌挑距及其影响因素概述[J].水资源与水工程学报,2004,15(3):35-39.Ning L Z.Discussion on the horizontal length of jet flow and its factors of influence[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,2004,15(3):35-39.
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