基于标准化结构熵的电网结构对连锁故障的影响
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摘要
为研究大规模互联电网连锁故障的传播机理,选取输电线路的电抗值作为线路权重,建立电网加权拓扑模型,并定义综合考虑节点和边差异性的加权网络拓扑结构熵的概念。连锁故障过程中结构熵的变化能有效地反映故障传播的速度。利用遗传算法迭代计算相同结构下结构熵指标的最大值与最小值,将连锁故障过程中结构熵值归一化从而消除电网规模对结构熵指标的影响,得到标准化结构熵值。通过分析故障前后电网标准化结构熵值的变化辨识电网结构中"异构"线路。对IEEE 118节点系统和华北电网仿真实验说明通过主动移除"异构"线路能改善电网结构异构性,增强网络抵抗连锁故障的能力。
To study how large-scale blackouts take place, the impedance-based topological model and cascading failure model for weighted power grid is proposed. Considering both node and edge differences to define a new network structure entropy which is to quantitatively describe the faults evolution and unbalanced distribution edges in power network structure. The structure entropy has important influence on the spread of cascading failures. The standard structure entropy is proposed by GA(genetic algorithm). The change of standard structure entropy during cascading failure is a way to capture "heterogeneity" of power grid. Simulation results on IEEE 118-bus system and North-China power system indicate that intentional removal of some edges according to their standard structure entropy can improve heterogeneity of the grid structure and make defiance against the cascading failure
To study how large-scale blackouts take place, the impedance-based topological model and cascading failure model for weighted power grid is proposed. Considering both node and edge differences to define a new network structure entropy which is to quantitatively describe the faults evolution and unbalanced distribution edges in power network structure. The structure entropy has important influence on the spread of cascading failures. The standard structure entropy is proposed by GA(genetic algorithm). The change of standard structure entropy during cascading failure is a way to capture "heterogeneity" of power grid. Simulation results on IEEE 118-bus system and North-China power system indicate that intentional removal of some edges according to their standard structure entropy can improve heterogeneity of the grid structure and make defiance against the cascading failure
引文
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[16]王安斯,罗毅,涂光瑜,等.基于事故链风险指标的输电脆弱度在线评估方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(25):44-50.Wang Ansi,Luo Yi,Tu Guangyu,et al.Online transmission vulnerability assessment method based on the fault chain risk index[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(25):44-50.
[17]Kinney R,Crucitti P,Albert R,et al.Modeling cascading failures inthe North American power grid[J].The European Physical Journal,2005,46(1):101-107.
[18]丁明,韩平平.加权拓扑模型下的小世界电网脆弱性评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(10):20-25.Ding Ming,Han Pingping.Vulnerability assessment to small-worldpower grid based on weighted topological model[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(10):20-25.
[19]徐林,王秀丽,王锡凡.基于电气介数的电网连锁故障传播机制与积极防御[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(13):61-67.Xu Lin,Wang Xiuli,Wang Xifan.Cascading failure mechanism in power grid based on electric betweenness and active defence[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(13):61-67.
[20]吴俊,谭跃进,郑宏钟,等.无标度网络拓扑结构非均匀性研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007(5):101-105.Wu Jun,Tan Yuejin,Deng Hongzhong,et al.Heterogeneity of scale-free network topology[J].Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice,2007(5):101-105.
[21]梁才,刘文颖,温志伟,等.电网组织结构对其自组织临界性的影响[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(20):6-11.Liang Cai,Liu Wenying,Wen Zhiwei,et al.The influences of power grid structure on self-organized criticality[J].Power System Protection and Control,2010,38(20):6-11.
[22]蔡晔,陈彦如,曹一家,等.基于加权网络结构熵的电网连锁故障研究[J].复杂系统与复杂性科学,2013,1(10):53-59.Cai Ye,Chen Yanru,Cao Yijia,et al.Cascading failure in weighted power grid based on structure entropy[J].Complex Systems and Complexity Science,2013,1(10):53-59.
[23]Newmanm M E J,Park J.Why social networks are different from other types of networks[J].Phys Rev E,2003,68:036122.
[24]Wang Bing,Tang Huanwen,Guo Chonghui,et al.Entropy optimization of scale-free networks robustness to random failures[J].Physica A,2006(363):591-596.
[25]邢修三.物理熵、信息熵及其演化方程[J].中国科学(A辑),2001,31(1):77-84.Xing Xiusan.Evolvement of physics entropy and information entropy[J].Science in China(Series A),2001,31(1):77-84.
[26]易俊,周孝信,肖逾男.用连锁故障搜索算法判别系统的自组织临界状态[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(25):1-5.Yi Jun,Zhou Xiaoxin,Xiao Yunan.Determining the self-organized criticality state of power systems by the cascading failures searching method[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2007,27(25):1-5.
[2]韩祯祥,曹一家.电力系统的安全性及防治措施[J].电网技术,2004,28(9):1-6.Han Zhenxiang,Cao Yijia.Power system security and its prevention[J].Power System Technology,2004,28(9):1-6.
[3]薛禹胜.综合防御由偶然故障演化为电力灾难-北美“8.14”大停电的警示[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(18):1-5.Xue Yusheng.The way from a simple contingency to system-wide disaster:lessons from the Eastern interconnection blackout in 2003[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2003,27(18):1-5.
[4]Bao Z J,Cao Y J,Wang G Z.Analysis of cascading failure in electric grid based on power flow entropy[J].Physica Letters A,Vol.373,No.3032-3040,2009.
[5]陈晓刚,孙可,曹一家.基于复杂网络理论的大电网结构脆弱性分析[J].电工技术学报,2007,22(10):138-144.Chen Xiaogang,Sun Ke,Cao Yijia.Structural vulnerability analysis of large power grid based on complex network theory[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2007,22(10):138-144.
[6]王英英,罗毅,涂光瑜,等.电力系统连锁故障的关联模型[J].电工技术学报,2012,27(2):204-209.Wang Yingying,Luo Yi,Tu Guangyu,et al.Correlation model ofcascading failures in power system[J].Transactions of China electro-technical society,2012,27(2):204-209.
[7]魏震波,刘俊勇,朱国俊.基于可靠性加权拓扑模型下的电网脆弱性评估模型[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(8):131-137.Wei Zhenbo,Liu Junyong,Zhu Guojun.Vulnerability evaluation model to power grid based on reliabilityparameter-weighted topological model[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2010,25(8):131-137.
[8]孟仲伟,鲁宗相,宋靖雁.中美电网的小世界拓扑模型比较分析[J],电力系统自动化,2004,28(15):21-24.Meng Zhongwei,Lu Zongxiang,Song Jingyan.Comparison analysis of the small-world topologicalmodel of Chinese and American power grids[J].Automation of Electric Power System,2004,28(15):21-24.
[9]史进,涂光瑜,罗毅.电力系统复杂网络特性分析与模型改进[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(25):93-98.Shi Jin,Tu Guangyu,Luo Yi.Complex network characteristic analysis and model improving of the power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(25):93-98.
[10]曹一家,王光增,曹丽华.基于潮流熵的复杂电网自组织临界态判断模型[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(7):1-6.Cao Yijia,Wang Guangzeng,Cao Lihua.An identification model for self-organized critical state of power grid based on power flow entropy[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(7):1-6.
[11]徐林,王秀丽,王锡凡.使用等值导纳进行电力系统小世界特性识别[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(19):20-26.Xu Lin,Wang Xiuli,Wang Xifan.Small-world feature identification based on equivalent admittance for power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(19):20-26.
[12]尹项根,陈庆前,王博,等.基于四层集合模型的复杂电力系统脆弱性评估体系[J].电工技术学报,2013,28(1):225-233.Yin Xianggen,Chen Qingqian Wang Bo,et al.Vulnerability assessment system of complicated power system based on four-level set model[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2013,28(1):225-233.
[13]卢锦玲,朱永利.基于暂态能量裕度的电力系统脆弱性评估[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(6):96-103.Lu Jinling,Zhu Yongli.Power system vulnerability assessment based on transient energy margin[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2010,25(6):96-103.
[14]E Bompard,R Napoli,F Xue.Analysis of structural vulnerabilities in power transmission grids[J].International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection,2009,2:5-12.
[15]丁明,韩平平.基于小世界拓扑模型的大型电网脆弱性评估算法[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(8):7-10.Ding Ming,Han Pingping.Small-world topological model based vulnerability assessment algorithm for large-scale power grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2006,30(8):7-10.
[16]王安斯,罗毅,涂光瑜,等.基于事故链风险指标的输电脆弱度在线评估方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(25):44-50.Wang Ansi,Luo Yi,Tu Guangyu,et al.Online transmission vulnerability assessment method based on the fault chain risk index[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(25):44-50.
[17]Kinney R,Crucitti P,Albert R,et al.Modeling cascading failures inthe North American power grid[J].The European Physical Journal,2005,46(1):101-107.
[18]丁明,韩平平.加权拓扑模型下的小世界电网脆弱性评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(10):20-25.Ding Ming,Han Pingping.Vulnerability assessment to small-worldpower grid based on weighted topological model[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(10):20-25.
[19]徐林,王秀丽,王锡凡.基于电气介数的电网连锁故障传播机制与积极防御[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(13):61-67.Xu Lin,Wang Xiuli,Wang Xifan.Cascading failure mechanism in power grid based on electric betweenness and active defence[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(13):61-67.
[20]吴俊,谭跃进,郑宏钟,等.无标度网络拓扑结构非均匀性研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007(5):101-105.Wu Jun,Tan Yuejin,Deng Hongzhong,et al.Heterogeneity of scale-free network topology[J].Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice,2007(5):101-105.
[21]梁才,刘文颖,温志伟,等.电网组织结构对其自组织临界性的影响[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(20):6-11.Liang Cai,Liu Wenying,Wen Zhiwei,et al.The influences of power grid structure on self-organized criticality[J].Power System Protection and Control,2010,38(20):6-11.
[22]蔡晔,陈彦如,曹一家,等.基于加权网络结构熵的电网连锁故障研究[J].复杂系统与复杂性科学,2013,1(10):53-59.Cai Ye,Chen Yanru,Cao Yijia,et al.Cascading failure in weighted power grid based on structure entropy[J].Complex Systems and Complexity Science,2013,1(10):53-59.
[23]Newmanm M E J,Park J.Why social networks are different from other types of networks[J].Phys Rev E,2003,68:036122.
[24]Wang Bing,Tang Huanwen,Guo Chonghui,et al.Entropy optimization of scale-free networks robustness to random failures[J].Physica A,2006(363):591-596.
[25]邢修三.物理熵、信息熵及其演化方程[J].中国科学(A辑),2001,31(1):77-84.Xing Xiusan.Evolvement of physics entropy and information entropy[J].Science in China(Series A),2001,31(1):77-84.
[26]易俊,周孝信,肖逾男.用连锁故障搜索算法判别系统的自组织临界状态[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(25):1-5.Yi Jun,Zhou Xiaoxin,Xiao Yunan.Determining the self-organized criticality state of power systems by the cascading failures searching method[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2007,27(25):1-5.