传统抗阻与末端释放训练对网球发球表现的不同PAP效应
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摘要
分别了解末端释放训练和不同负荷强度的传统抗阻训练对高水平男子网球运动员平击发球速度与准确性的后激活增强效应及其最佳时间节点的变化。以7名高水平男子网球运动员为实验对象,采用4×6混合实验设计,利用手持式雷达测速仪与记录表分别对对照组、实验组的Pre与Post3、6、9、12、15 min时间节点上的平击发球速度与准确性进行科学验证与监测分析。结果发现:(1)对照组在12、15 min时间节点上的发球速度与Pre相比存在显著性差异(P<0.05),在12 min节点上的发球准确性与Pre相比也存在显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)末端释放训练组的发球速度在6 min节点达到了峰值,9 min后逐渐下降,3、6、9、12 min时间点均与Pre相比存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01),15 min节点上的发球准确性达到了峰值,与Pre相比存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01);(3)30%1RM传统抗阻组的发球速度在6 min节点达到最高值,之后保持平稳变化,在15 min时达最低点,6、9 min与Pre相比存在显著性差异(P<0.05),6 min与3 min比较存在显著性差异(P<0.05);6个时间节点上的发球准确性呈波浪式变化特征,在12 min时达到了峰值,其中,6 min节点的发球准确性与3 min相比存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01),12 min与Pre相比也存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01);(4)80%1RM传统抗阻组发球速度在3 min节点最低,然后缓慢上升,并在12 min时达到了峰值,9、12、15 min与Pro相比较存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01),发球准确性在6 min达到峰值,与Pre相比存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01);(5)在3 min和6 min节点上末端释放训练组发球速度与对照组相比存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01),80%1RM传统抗阻组发球准确性在12 min节点与对照组比较存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。末端释放训练明显提高了高水平男子网球运动员3 min、6 min和9 min时间节点上的一发球速,其中在6 min节点上达到了峰值,明显早于大负荷(80%1RM)传统抗阻训练在12 min和15 min的最佳PAP节点,末端释放训练和传统抗阻训练对网球平击发球准确性的PAP效应较小。
This study is to explore the acute impact of the ballistic training and traditional resistance training on the tennis serve speed and accuracy of high-level men's tennis players and the change of the optimal time.Seven high-level men's tennis players were used as experimental subjects. The 4 × 6 hybrid experiment was used to design the control group and the experimental group at Pre and Post3,6,9,12,15 min on the serve speed and accuracy by scientific validation and monitoring analysis.(1)Control group:there was significant difference between the 12 min,15 min time points and Pre in serve speed(P<0.05),and there was significant difference between 12 min and Pre in serve accuracy(P<0.05).(2) Ballistic training group:the serve speed reached peak at 6 min and decreased slowly at 9 min,the serve speed have a significant difference between 3, 6, 9,12 min time points and Pre(P<0.01), The serve accuracy were peak points at 15 min and have significant difference compared with Pre(P<0.01).(3) The serve speed of the traditional resistance group with 30% 1 RM reached the highest points at 6 min which remained stable after 6 min, and reached the lowest point in 15 min, there was a significant difference between 6,9 min and Pre(P<0.05),there was a significant difference between 6 min and 3 min(P<0.05). The serve accuracy at 6 time points was fluctuated and reached the peak points at 12 min;the serve accuracy have significant difference between 6 min and 3 min(P<0.01), and there was a significant difference between 12 min and Pre(P<0.01).(4)The serve speed of the traditional resistance group with 80% 1 RM reached the lowest points at 3 min and reached highest points at 12 min;there was a significant difference between 9,12,15 min and Pre(P<0.01). The accuracy reached peak at 6 min and have a significant difference compared with Pre(P<0.01).(5)The serve speed was significant difference between ballistic training group and control group at 3,6 min time point(P<0.01), the serve accuracy of nodes in the 12 min compared with the control group, the serve accuracy was significant difference between 80%1 RM traditional resistance group and control group at 12 min time point(P<0.05). The ballistic training can significantly improve tennis serve speed of high level of tennis athletes at 3,6 and 9 min time point and reached the peak at the 6 min time point, which was significantly earlier than the 12 min and 15 min optimal PAP time of large load(80%1 RM) traditional resistance training; The ballistic training and traditional resistance training have small influence in the accuracy of the tennis flat serve.
This study is to explore the acute impact of the ballistic training and traditional resistance training on the tennis serve speed and accuracy of high-level men's tennis players and the change of the optimal time.Seven high-level men's tennis players were used as experimental subjects. The 4 × 6 hybrid experiment was used to design the control group and the experimental group at Pre and Post3,6,9,12,15 min on the serve speed and accuracy by scientific validation and monitoring analysis.(1)Control group:there was significant difference between the 12 min,15 min time points and Pre in serve speed(P<0.05),and there was significant difference between 12 min and Pre in serve accuracy(P<0.05).(2) Ballistic training group:the serve speed reached peak at 6 min and decreased slowly at 9 min,the serve speed have a significant difference between 3, 6, 9,12 min time points and Pre(P<0.01), The serve accuracy were peak points at 15 min and have significant difference compared with Pre(P<0.01).(3) The serve speed of the traditional resistance group with 30% 1 RM reached the highest points at 6 min which remained stable after 6 min, and reached the lowest point in 15 min, there was a significant difference between 6,9 min and Pre(P<0.05),there was a significant difference between 6 min and 3 min(P<0.05). The serve accuracy at 6 time points was fluctuated and reached the peak points at 12 min;the serve accuracy have significant difference between 6 min and 3 min(P<0.01), and there was a significant difference between 12 min and Pre(P<0.01).(4)The serve speed of the traditional resistance group with 80% 1 RM reached the lowest points at 3 min and reached highest points at 12 min;there was a significant difference between 9,12,15 min and Pre(P<0.01). The accuracy reached peak at 6 min and have a significant difference compared with Pre(P<0.01).(5)The serve speed was significant difference between ballistic training group and control group at 3,6 min time point(P<0.01), the serve accuracy of nodes in the 12 min compared with the control group, the serve accuracy was significant difference between 80%1 RM traditional resistance group and control group at 12 min time point(P<0.05). The ballistic training can significantly improve tennis serve speed of high level of tennis athletes at 3,6 and 9 min time point and reached the peak at the 6 min time point, which was significantly earlier than the 12 min and 15 min optimal PAP time of large load(80%1 RM) traditional resistance training; The ballistic training and traditional resistance training have small influence in the accuracy of the tennis flat serve.
引文
[1] 侯世伦,张新,王安利.下肢力量与负荷后恢复时间对后激活增强效应的影响[J].北京体育大学学报,2015,38(5):65.
[2] 王安利,张新.力量训练的理论探索及实践进展:后激活增强效应的生理学机制[J].中国学校体育(高等教育),2014,10(1):80-83.
[3] 宋兆铭,张辉,张诚,等.预激活增强效应对散打运动员冲拳峰值功率的影响[J].体育科学,2015,35(11):52-60.
[4] SALE D G.Postactivation potentiation:role in human performance[J].Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews,2002,30(3):138-143.
[5] 陶志翔,祁兵,胡亚斌,等.对网球发球体系的探究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(12):1695-1697.
[6] REID M,SCHNEIKER K.Strength and conditioning in tennis:current research and practice[J].Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport,2008,11(3):248.
[7] KOVACS M,ELLENBECKER S,TODD S.A performance evaluation of the tennis serve:implications for strength,speed,power,and flexibility training[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2011,33(4):22-30.
[8] MARQUES C,MARIO A.Strength training in adult elite tennis players[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2011,33(4):22-30.
[9] COHEN D B,MONT M A,CAMPBELL K R,et al.Upper extremity physical factors affecting tennis serve velocity[J].American Journal of Sports Medicine,1994,22(6):746-750.
[10] ELLENBECKER T S,ROETERT E P.Testing isokinetic muscular fatigue of shoulder internal and external rotation in elite junior tennis players[J].Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy,1999,29(5):275-281.
[11] PUGH S F,KOVALESKI J E,HEITMAN R J,et al.Upper and lower body strength in relation to ball speed during a serve by male collegiate tennis players[J].Perceptual & Motor Skills,2003,97(1):867-872.
[12] 王锋,李成梁,王新雷,等.论末端释放训练及其在竞技体育中的应用[J].体育科学,2015,35(4):82-90.
[13] WILSON G J,NEWTON R U,MURPHY A J,et al.The optimal training load for the development of dynamic athletic performance[J].Medicine Science in Sports Exercise,1993,25(11):1279-1286.
[14] ZARAS N,SPENGOS K,METHENITIS S,et al.Effects of strength vs.ballistic-power training on throwing performance[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2013,12(1):130-137.
[15] WINCHESTER J B,MCBRIDE J M,MAHERET M A,et al.Eight weeks of ballistic exercise improves power independently of changes in strength and muscle fiber type expression[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2008,22(6):1728.
[16] NEWTON R U,KRAEMER W J,H?KKINEN K.Effects of ballistic training on preseason preparation of elite volleyball players[J].Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,1999,31(2):323-330.
[17] BADR M A.The effect of the ballistic training program on the maximum power and some mechanical characteristics for shooting the penalty corner in field hockey[J].Damietta University Publication,2014,7(1):78.
[18] JAGGERS J R,SWANK A M,FROST K L,et al.The acute effects of dynamic and ballistic stretching on vertical jump height,force and power[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2008,22(6):1844.
[19] Nibali M L,Chapman D W,Robergs R A,et al.Considerations for determining the time course of post-activation potentiation[J].Applied Physiology Nutrition & Metabolism,2015,In Press(11):1163-1170.
[20] LIOSSIS L D,FORSYTH J,LIOSSIS C,et al.The acute effect of upper-body complex training on power output of martial art athletes as measured by the bench press throw exercise[J].Journal of Human Kinetics,2015,39(1):167-175.
[21] FERNANDEZ J,ELLENBECKER T,SANZ-RIVAS D,et al.Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2013,12(2):232.
[22] 武松,潘发明.SPSS统计分析大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2014:101-105.
[23] COHEN J.A power primer[J].Psychological Bulletin,1992,112(1):155-159.
[24] ALVES J M V M,REBELO A N,ABRANTES C,et al.Short-term effects of complex and contrast training in soccer players’ vertical jump,sprint,and agility abilities[J].J Strength Cond Res,2010,24(4):936-941.
[25] LINDER E E,PRINS J H,MURATA N M,et al.Effects of preload 4 repetition maximum on 100 m sprint times in collegiate women[J].Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,2010,24(5):1184-1190.
[26] EVETOVICH T K,CONLEY D S,MCCAWLEY P F.Post-activation potentiation enhances upper and lower body athletic performance in collegiate men and women athletes[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2014,29(2):336-342.
[27] MITCHELL C J,SALE D G.Enhancement of jump performance after a 5 RM squat is associated with postactivation potentiation[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2011,111(8):1957-1963.
[28] CREWTHER B T,KILDUFF L P,COOK C J,et al.The acute potentiating effects of back squats on athlete performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2011,25(12):3319.
[29] TERZIS G,KARAMPATSOS G,KYRIAZIS T,et al.Acute effects of countermovement jumping and sprinting on shot put performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2012,26(3):684-690.
[30] COMYNS T M,HARRISON A J,HENNESSY L K.Effect of squatting on sprinting performance and repeated exposure to complex training in male rugby players[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2010,24(3):610-618.
[31] WHELAN N,HARRISON A J.Resisted sprints do not acutely enhance sprinting performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2014,28(7):1858-1866.
[32] WITMER C A,DAVIS S E,MOIR G L.The acute effects of back squats on vertical jump performance in men and women[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2010,9,206-213.
[33] MOIR G L,MERGY D,WITMER C,et al.The acute effects of manipulating volume and load of back squats on countermovement vertical jump performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2011,25(6):1486-1491.
[34] SALE D G.Neural adaptation to resistance training[J].Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,1988,20(5):S135.
[2] 王安利,张新.力量训练的理论探索及实践进展:后激活增强效应的生理学机制[J].中国学校体育(高等教育),2014,10(1):80-83.
[3] 宋兆铭,张辉,张诚,等.预激活增强效应对散打运动员冲拳峰值功率的影响[J].体育科学,2015,35(11):52-60.
[4] SALE D G.Postactivation potentiation:role in human performance[J].Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews,2002,30(3):138-143.
[5] 陶志翔,祁兵,胡亚斌,等.对网球发球体系的探究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(12):1695-1697.
[6] REID M,SCHNEIKER K.Strength and conditioning in tennis:current research and practice[J].Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport,2008,11(3):248.
[7] KOVACS M,ELLENBECKER S,TODD S.A performance evaluation of the tennis serve:implications for strength,speed,power,and flexibility training[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2011,33(4):22-30.
[8] MARQUES C,MARIO A.Strength training in adult elite tennis players[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2011,33(4):22-30.
[9] COHEN D B,MONT M A,CAMPBELL K R,et al.Upper extremity physical factors affecting tennis serve velocity[J].American Journal of Sports Medicine,1994,22(6):746-750.
[10] ELLENBECKER T S,ROETERT E P.Testing isokinetic muscular fatigue of shoulder internal and external rotation in elite junior tennis players[J].Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy,1999,29(5):275-281.
[11] PUGH S F,KOVALESKI J E,HEITMAN R J,et al.Upper and lower body strength in relation to ball speed during a serve by male collegiate tennis players[J].Perceptual & Motor Skills,2003,97(1):867-872.
[12] 王锋,李成梁,王新雷,等.论末端释放训练及其在竞技体育中的应用[J].体育科学,2015,35(4):82-90.
[13] WILSON G J,NEWTON R U,MURPHY A J,et al.The optimal training load for the development of dynamic athletic performance[J].Medicine Science in Sports Exercise,1993,25(11):1279-1286.
[14] ZARAS N,SPENGOS K,METHENITIS S,et al.Effects of strength vs.ballistic-power training on throwing performance[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2013,12(1):130-137.
[15] WINCHESTER J B,MCBRIDE J M,MAHERET M A,et al.Eight weeks of ballistic exercise improves power independently of changes in strength and muscle fiber type expression[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2008,22(6):1728.
[16] NEWTON R U,KRAEMER W J,H?KKINEN K.Effects of ballistic training on preseason preparation of elite volleyball players[J].Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,1999,31(2):323-330.
[17] BADR M A.The effect of the ballistic training program on the maximum power and some mechanical characteristics for shooting the penalty corner in field hockey[J].Damietta University Publication,2014,7(1):78.
[18] JAGGERS J R,SWANK A M,FROST K L,et al.The acute effects of dynamic and ballistic stretching on vertical jump height,force and power[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2008,22(6):1844.
[19] Nibali M L,Chapman D W,Robergs R A,et al.Considerations for determining the time course of post-activation potentiation[J].Applied Physiology Nutrition & Metabolism,2015,In Press(11):1163-1170.
[20] LIOSSIS L D,FORSYTH J,LIOSSIS C,et al.The acute effect of upper-body complex training on power output of martial art athletes as measured by the bench press throw exercise[J].Journal of Human Kinetics,2015,39(1):167-175.
[21] FERNANDEZ J,ELLENBECKER T,SANZ-RIVAS D,et al.Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2013,12(2):232.
[22] 武松,潘发明.SPSS统计分析大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2014:101-105.
[23] COHEN J.A power primer[J].Psychological Bulletin,1992,112(1):155-159.
[24] ALVES J M V M,REBELO A N,ABRANTES C,et al.Short-term effects of complex and contrast training in soccer players’ vertical jump,sprint,and agility abilities[J].J Strength Cond Res,2010,24(4):936-941.
[25] LINDER E E,PRINS J H,MURATA N M,et al.Effects of preload 4 repetition maximum on 100 m sprint times in collegiate women[J].Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,2010,24(5):1184-1190.
[26] EVETOVICH T K,CONLEY D S,MCCAWLEY P F.Post-activation potentiation enhances upper and lower body athletic performance in collegiate men and women athletes[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2014,29(2):336-342.
[27] MITCHELL C J,SALE D G.Enhancement of jump performance after a 5 RM squat is associated with postactivation potentiation[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2011,111(8):1957-1963.
[28] CREWTHER B T,KILDUFF L P,COOK C J,et al.The acute potentiating effects of back squats on athlete performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2011,25(12):3319.
[29] TERZIS G,KARAMPATSOS G,KYRIAZIS T,et al.Acute effects of countermovement jumping and sprinting on shot put performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2012,26(3):684-690.
[30] COMYNS T M,HARRISON A J,HENNESSY L K.Effect of squatting on sprinting performance and repeated exposure to complex training in male rugby players[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2010,24(3):610-618.
[31] WHELAN N,HARRISON A J.Resisted sprints do not acutely enhance sprinting performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2014,28(7):1858-1866.
[32] WITMER C A,DAVIS S E,MOIR G L.The acute effects of back squats on vertical jump performance in men and women[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2010,9,206-213.
[33] MOIR G L,MERGY D,WITMER C,et al.The acute effects of manipulating volume and load of back squats on countermovement vertical jump performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2011,25(6):1486-1491.
[34] SALE D G.Neural adaptation to resistance training[J].Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,1988,20(5):S135.
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