心理疲劳对认知控制的影响及奖励的调节作用
|
摘要
研究通过两项实验探讨心理疲劳对认知控制两种方式的影响,以及心理疲劳条件下奖励对认知控制两种方式的调节。实验1旨在考查心理疲劳对主动性控制与反应性控制的影响,采用心理疲劳TOT(time on task)范式与AX-CPT(AX-Continuous Performance Task)任务相结合实验任务。结果显示,心理疲劳时,被试完成AY序列的任务表现提高,而完成BX序列的任务表现降低。实验2进一步探讨心理疲劳条件下奖励对认知控制的调节作用,采用奖励版AX-CPT任务。结果显示,心理疲劳条件下,当无奖励时,被试完成AY序列任务表现提高,以及完成BX序列任务表现降低这一倾向未发生改变;而当有奖励时,被试在AY序列的任务表现得到削弱,而在BX序列的任务表现得到促进。通过实验1、2,得出以下结论:1)心理疲劳对认知控制的两种方式存在不同影响,心理疲劳使主动性控制减弱,反应性控制增强;2)心理疲劳条件下,奖励对个体的认知控制方式起着调节作用,无奖励时,主动性控制减弱,反应性控制加强;有奖励时,主动性控制得到增强,反应性控制得到削弱。
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of mental fatigue on cognitive control and the regulation effects of reward on cognitive control under mental fatigue. In Experiment 1, the effects of mental fatigue on proactive control and reactive control were investigated by combining the mental fatigue time on task paradigm(TOT) with AX-continuous performance task(AXCPT). The results showed that the task performance was improved in AY sequence but decreased in BX sequence under mental fatigue. In Experiment 2, the moderating effect of reward on cognitive control under mental fatigue was investigated by using a reward version of AX-CPT task. The results showed the subjects' performance of AY sequence tasks was improved and the performance tendency of BX sequence tasks was decreased when the reward was not available. However, the subjects' performance of AY sequence tasks was weakened and the performance of BX sequence tasks was promoted when the reward was provided. The conclusions of this study were: 1) Mental fatigue has different effects on the two forms of cognitive control, the proactive control was weakened and the reactive control was enhanced under mental fatigue; 2) Reward plays a moderating role in individual's cognitive control under mental fatigue. The proactive control was weakened and the reactive control was enhanced without reward; however, the proactive control was enhanced and the reactive control was weakened with reward.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of mental fatigue on cognitive control and the regulation effects of reward on cognitive control under mental fatigue. In Experiment 1, the effects of mental fatigue on proactive control and reactive control were investigated by combining the mental fatigue time on task paradigm(TOT) with AX-continuous performance task(AXCPT). The results showed that the task performance was improved in AY sequence but decreased in BX sequence under mental fatigue. In Experiment 2, the moderating effect of reward on cognitive control under mental fatigue was investigated by using a reward version of AX-CPT task. The results showed the subjects' performance of AY sequence tasks was improved and the performance tendency of BX sequence tasks was decreased when the reward was not available. However, the subjects' performance of AY sequence tasks was weakened and the performance of BX sequence tasks was promoted when the reward was provided. The conclusions of this study were: 1) Mental fatigue has different effects on the two forms of cognitive control, the proactive control was weakened and the reactive control was enhanced under mental fatigue; 2) Reward plays a moderating role in individual's cognitive control under mental fatigue. The proactive control was weakened and the reactive control was enhanced without reward; however, the proactive control was enhanced and the reactive control was weakened with reward.
引文
蒋军,陈安涛,张蔚蔚,等,2012.无意识信息引发的认知控制及其神经机制[J].心理科学进展,20(10):1573-1584.
徐雷,唐丹丹,陈安涛,2012.主动性和反应性认知控制的权衡机制及影响因素[J].心理科学进展,20(7):1012-1022.
岳珍珠,张德玄,王岩,2004.冲突控制的神经机制[J].心理科学进展,12(5):651-660.
张力为,2010.心理学研究的七个方向:以运动性心理疲劳为例[J].体育科学,30(10):3-12.
BAILEY K,WEST R,ANDERSON C A,2010.A negative association between video game experience and proactive cognitive control[J].Psychophysiology,47(1):34-42.
BOKSEM M A S,MEIJMAN T F,LORIST M M,2005.Effects of mental fatigue on attention:An ERP study[J].Cognitive Brain Res,25(1):107-116.
BOKSEM M A S,MEIJMAN T F,LORIST M M,2006.Mental fatigue,motivation and action monitoring[J].Biol Psychol,72(2):123-132.
BOTVINICK M,BRAVER T,2015.Motivation and cognitive control:From behavior to neural mechanism[J].Annu Rev Psychol,66(1):83-113.
BRAVER T S,GRAY J R,BURGESS G C,2007.Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation:Dual mechanisms of cognitive control[M]//CONWAY A R A,JARROLD C,KANE M J,et al..Variation in Working Memory.London:Oxford University Press:76-106.
BRAVER T S,2012.The variable nature of cognitive control:A dual mechanisms framework[J].Trends in Cognitive Sci,16(2):106-113.
CHIEW K S,BRAVER T S,2013.Temporal dynamics of motivationcognitive control interactions revealed by high-resolution pupillometry[J].Front Psychol,4:15.
CHIEW K S,BRAVER T S,2014.Dissociable influences of reward motivation and positive emotion on cognitive control[J].Cognitive Affective Behav Neurosci,14(2):509-529.
CUTSEM J V,MARCORA S,DA PAUW K,et al.,2017.The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance:A systematic review[J].Sports Med,47(8):1569-1588.
ENGLERT C,2016.The strength model of self-control in sport and exercise psychology[J].Front Psychol,7:314.
FR?BER K,DREISBACH G,2016.How performance(non-)contingent reward modulates cognitive control[J].Acta Psychol,168:65-77.
HOCKEY G R J,2011.A motivational control theory of cognitive fatigue[M]//ACKERMAN P L.Cognitive fatigue:Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications.Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association:167-187.
HOLTZER R,SHUMAN M,MAHONEY J R,et al.,2011.Cognitive fatigue defined in the context of attention networks[J].Neuropsychol Dev Cogn,18(1):108-128.
HOPSTAKEN J F,LINDEN D,BAKKER A B,et al.,2015.Amultifaceted investigation of the link between mental fatigue and task disengagement[J].Psychophysiology,52(3):305.
HOPSTAKEN J F,DIMITRI V D L,Bakker A B,et al.,2016.Shifts in attention during mental fatigue:Evidence from subjective,behavioral,physiological,and eye-tracking data[J].J Exp Psychol Human,42(6):878-889.
INZLICHT M,SCHMEICHEL B J,2012.What is ego depletion?Toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of selfcontrol[J].Perspect Psychol Sci,7(5):450-463.
INZLICHT M,LEGAULT L,TEPER R,2014.Exploring the mechanisms of self-control improvement[J].Cur Dir Psychol Sci,23(4):302-307.
INZLICHT M,HUTCHERSON C A,2017.Psychology:People work less hard for others[J].Nat Human Behav,1:0148.
JIMURA K,LOCKE H S,BRAVER T S,2010.Prefrontal cortex mediation of cognitive enhancement in rewarding motivational contexts[J].P Nat Acad Sci USA,107(19):8871-8876.
KATO Y,ENDO H,KIZUKA T,2009.Mental fatigue and impaired response processes:Event-related brain potentials in a Go/NoGo task[J].Int J Psychophysiol,72(2):204-211.
KURZBAN R,DUCKWORTH A,KABLE J W,et al.,2013.An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance[J].Behav Brain Sci,36(6):661-679.
LE MANSEC Y,PAGEAUX B,NORDEZ A,et al.,2018.Mental fatigue alters the speed and the accuracy of the ball in table tennis[J].J Sports Sci,36(23):2751-2759.
LINDEN D V D,FRESE M,MEIJMAN T F,2003.Mental fatigue and the control of cognitive processes:Effects on perseveration and task engagement[J].Acta Psychologica,113(1):45-65.
LOCKE H S,BRAVER T S,2008.Motivational influences on cognitive control:Behavior,brain activation,and individual differences[J].Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci,8(1):99-112.
LORIST M,KLEIN M,NIEUWENHUIS S,et al.,2000.Mental fatigue and task control:Planning and preparation[J].Psychophysiology,37(5):614-625.
MACKAY D G,SHAFTO M,TAYLOR J K,et al.,2004.Relations between emotion,memory,and attention:Evidence from taboo Stroop,lexical decision,and immediate memory tasks[J].Mem Cognit,32(3):474-488.
PACHECO-UNGUETTI A P,ACOSTA A,CALLEJAS A,et al.,2010.Attention and anxiety:Different attentional functioning under state and trait anxiety[J].Psychol Sci,21(2):298-304.
RIDDERINKHOF K R,WILDENBERG W P M V D,SEGALOWITZS J,et al.,2004.Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control:The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection,response inhibition,performance monitoring,and reward-based learning[J].Brain Cogn,56(2):129-140.
SAVINE A C,BRAVER T S,2010.Motivated cognitive control:Reward incentives modulate preparatory neural activity during taskswitching[J].J Neurosci,30(31):10294-10305.
SERVANSCHREIBER D,COHEN J D,STEINGARD S,1996.Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context:A test of a theoretical model[J].Arch Gen Psychiatry,53(12):1105-1112.
SMITH M R,COUTTS A J,MARCORA S,2015.Mental Fatigue Impairs Intermittent Running Performance[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,47(8):1682-1690.
SMITH M R,ZEUWTS L,LENOIR M,et al.,2016.Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill[J].J Sports Sci,34(14):1297-1304.
SMITH M R,THOMPSON C,MARCORA S M,et al.,2018.Mental Fatigue and Soccer:Current Knowledge and Future Directions[J].Sports Med,48(7):1525-1532.
TOPS M,LORIST M M,WIJERS A A,et al.,2004.Stressen of relaxen:Neurochemische aspecten van bedrijvigheid en rust[J].Gedrag En Organisatie,17:32-42.
VAN GAAL S,SCHOLTE H S,LAMME V A F,et al.,2011.PreSMA graymatter density predicts individual differences in action selection in the face of conscious and unconscious response conflict[J].J Cogn Neurosci,23(2):382-390.
WALSH V,2014.Is sport the brain’s biggest challenge[J].Curr Biol,24(18):859.
徐雷,唐丹丹,陈安涛,2012.主动性和反应性认知控制的权衡机制及影响因素[J].心理科学进展,20(7):1012-1022.
岳珍珠,张德玄,王岩,2004.冲突控制的神经机制[J].心理科学进展,12(5):651-660.
张力为,2010.心理学研究的七个方向:以运动性心理疲劳为例[J].体育科学,30(10):3-12.
BAILEY K,WEST R,ANDERSON C A,2010.A negative association between video game experience and proactive cognitive control[J].Psychophysiology,47(1):34-42.
BOKSEM M A S,MEIJMAN T F,LORIST M M,2005.Effects of mental fatigue on attention:An ERP study[J].Cognitive Brain Res,25(1):107-116.
BOKSEM M A S,MEIJMAN T F,LORIST M M,2006.Mental fatigue,motivation and action monitoring[J].Biol Psychol,72(2):123-132.
BOTVINICK M,BRAVER T,2015.Motivation and cognitive control:From behavior to neural mechanism[J].Annu Rev Psychol,66(1):83-113.
BRAVER T S,GRAY J R,BURGESS G C,2007.Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation:Dual mechanisms of cognitive control[M]//CONWAY A R A,JARROLD C,KANE M J,et al..Variation in Working Memory.London:Oxford University Press:76-106.
BRAVER T S,2012.The variable nature of cognitive control:A dual mechanisms framework[J].Trends in Cognitive Sci,16(2):106-113.
CHIEW K S,BRAVER T S,2013.Temporal dynamics of motivationcognitive control interactions revealed by high-resolution pupillometry[J].Front Psychol,4:15.
CHIEW K S,BRAVER T S,2014.Dissociable influences of reward motivation and positive emotion on cognitive control[J].Cognitive Affective Behav Neurosci,14(2):509-529.
CUTSEM J V,MARCORA S,DA PAUW K,et al.,2017.The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance:A systematic review[J].Sports Med,47(8):1569-1588.
ENGLERT C,2016.The strength model of self-control in sport and exercise psychology[J].Front Psychol,7:314.
FR?BER K,DREISBACH G,2016.How performance(non-)contingent reward modulates cognitive control[J].Acta Psychol,168:65-77.
HOCKEY G R J,2011.A motivational control theory of cognitive fatigue[M]//ACKERMAN P L.Cognitive fatigue:Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications.Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association:167-187.
HOLTZER R,SHUMAN M,MAHONEY J R,et al.,2011.Cognitive fatigue defined in the context of attention networks[J].Neuropsychol Dev Cogn,18(1):108-128.
HOPSTAKEN J F,LINDEN D,BAKKER A B,et al.,2015.Amultifaceted investigation of the link between mental fatigue and task disengagement[J].Psychophysiology,52(3):305.
HOPSTAKEN J F,DIMITRI V D L,Bakker A B,et al.,2016.Shifts in attention during mental fatigue:Evidence from subjective,behavioral,physiological,and eye-tracking data[J].J Exp Psychol Human,42(6):878-889.
INZLICHT M,SCHMEICHEL B J,2012.What is ego depletion?Toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of selfcontrol[J].Perspect Psychol Sci,7(5):450-463.
INZLICHT M,LEGAULT L,TEPER R,2014.Exploring the mechanisms of self-control improvement[J].Cur Dir Psychol Sci,23(4):302-307.
INZLICHT M,HUTCHERSON C A,2017.Psychology:People work less hard for others[J].Nat Human Behav,1:0148.
JIMURA K,LOCKE H S,BRAVER T S,2010.Prefrontal cortex mediation of cognitive enhancement in rewarding motivational contexts[J].P Nat Acad Sci USA,107(19):8871-8876.
KATO Y,ENDO H,KIZUKA T,2009.Mental fatigue and impaired response processes:Event-related brain potentials in a Go/NoGo task[J].Int J Psychophysiol,72(2):204-211.
KURZBAN R,DUCKWORTH A,KABLE J W,et al.,2013.An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance[J].Behav Brain Sci,36(6):661-679.
LE MANSEC Y,PAGEAUX B,NORDEZ A,et al.,2018.Mental fatigue alters the speed and the accuracy of the ball in table tennis[J].J Sports Sci,36(23):2751-2759.
LINDEN D V D,FRESE M,MEIJMAN T F,2003.Mental fatigue and the control of cognitive processes:Effects on perseveration and task engagement[J].Acta Psychologica,113(1):45-65.
LOCKE H S,BRAVER T S,2008.Motivational influences on cognitive control:Behavior,brain activation,and individual differences[J].Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci,8(1):99-112.
LORIST M,KLEIN M,NIEUWENHUIS S,et al.,2000.Mental fatigue and task control:Planning and preparation[J].Psychophysiology,37(5):614-625.
MACKAY D G,SHAFTO M,TAYLOR J K,et al.,2004.Relations between emotion,memory,and attention:Evidence from taboo Stroop,lexical decision,and immediate memory tasks[J].Mem Cognit,32(3):474-488.
PACHECO-UNGUETTI A P,ACOSTA A,CALLEJAS A,et al.,2010.Attention and anxiety:Different attentional functioning under state and trait anxiety[J].Psychol Sci,21(2):298-304.
RIDDERINKHOF K R,WILDENBERG W P M V D,SEGALOWITZS J,et al.,2004.Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control:The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection,response inhibition,performance monitoring,and reward-based learning[J].Brain Cogn,56(2):129-140.
SAVINE A C,BRAVER T S,2010.Motivated cognitive control:Reward incentives modulate preparatory neural activity during taskswitching[J].J Neurosci,30(31):10294-10305.
SERVANSCHREIBER D,COHEN J D,STEINGARD S,1996.Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context:A test of a theoretical model[J].Arch Gen Psychiatry,53(12):1105-1112.
SMITH M R,COUTTS A J,MARCORA S,2015.Mental Fatigue Impairs Intermittent Running Performance[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,47(8):1682-1690.
SMITH M R,ZEUWTS L,LENOIR M,et al.,2016.Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill[J].J Sports Sci,34(14):1297-1304.
SMITH M R,THOMPSON C,MARCORA S M,et al.,2018.Mental Fatigue and Soccer:Current Knowledge and Future Directions[J].Sports Med,48(7):1525-1532.
TOPS M,LORIST M M,WIJERS A A,et al.,2004.Stressen of relaxen:Neurochemische aspecten van bedrijvigheid en rust[J].Gedrag En Organisatie,17:32-42.
VAN GAAL S,SCHOLTE H S,LAMME V A F,et al.,2011.PreSMA graymatter density predicts individual differences in action selection in the face of conscious and unconscious response conflict[J].J Cogn Neurosci,23(2):382-390.
WALSH V,2014.Is sport the brain’s biggest challenge[J].Curr Biol,24(18):859.