园艺地布微垄覆盖对渭北旱地矮化苹果根域土壤水分的影响
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摘要
通过田间定位观测,设置(园艺地布微垄覆盖、秸秆覆盖和清耕)3个处理,分析不同降水年型下园艺地布微垄覆盖渭北旱地矮化苹果根域土壤贮水、果园耗水、果树产量及水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:降水欠水年、平水年园艺地布微垄覆盖果树生育期果园0～300 cm土层平均贮水量分别比清耕处理提高6.88%、8.02%,比秸秆覆盖处理提高1.64%、2.92%,显著提高了果树根系主要分布层土壤贮水量与供水能力,增强了对果园深层土壤贮水的调蓄作用,对深层土壤贮水的调蓄作用优于秸秆覆盖,其对果园土壤贮水平衡状况的影响与果树生长发育中后期降水量密切相关。园艺地布微垄覆盖增加了果园耗水量,改变了果园耗水结构,在欠水年、平水年与清耕相比显著减少了无效蒸发,减少量为26.94 mm、26.50 mm,同时与清耕相比显著提高了果树蒸腾耗水量,提高16.57%、12.09%,蒸发量和蒸腾量与秸秆相比皆无显著差异。园艺地布微垄覆盖具有显著的增产作用,欠水年、平水年水分利用效率分别比清耕提高9.32%、5.49%,但果树产量和水分利用效率与秸秆相比皆无显著差异。园艺地布微垄覆盖可作为渭北旱地矮化苹果栽培体系中的一种有效的蓄水保墒技术措施。
Based on field positioning observation, black ground fabric micro-ridge mulching(BGF), corn stalk mulching(CS) and clean tillage(CK) were applied to analyze the change of soil water storage, water consumption, yield and water use efficiency in Weibei dryland dwarf apple root zone under different yearly precipitation patterns. The results showed that:the average soil water storage of BGF in the 0-300 cm soil layer was 6.88% and 8.02% higher than CK, which was 1.64% and 2.92% higher than CS, during the growth period of the deficit precipitation year and the general precipitation year, respectively. BGF significantly improved the soil water storage and supply capacity of the soil layer where apple roots mainly distributed, and improved the reservoir action of deep soil in Weibei dryland dwarf apple orchard. Compared to CS, BGF had better reservoir action and better capacity to reduce ineffective water consumption, especially in deep soil and which was close correlation between precipitation in apple late growth stage and the situation of soil water storage restoration as well as soil water balance. Compared to CK, BGF increased water consumption, changed water consumption structure of the orchard and significantly decreased ineffective evaporation, the amount of evaporation reduction were 26.94 mm and 26.50 mm as well as transpiration of dwarf apple trees was significantly increased by 16.57% and 12.09%, which was not significantly difference to CS in the deficit precipitation year and the general precipitation year, respectively. BGF had significantly increased yield, improved water use efficiency of dwarf apple trees compared to CK. The water use efficiency of fruit trees was 9.32% and 5.49% higher than CK, which was not significantly difference to CS in the deficit precipitation year and in the general precipitation year, respectively. In conclusion, black ground fabric micro-ridge mulching was an effective technology practice for water storage and soil moisture conservation in Weibei dryland dwarf apple orchard.
Based on field positioning observation, black ground fabric micro-ridge mulching(BGF), corn stalk mulching(CS) and clean tillage(CK) were applied to analyze the change of soil water storage, water consumption, yield and water use efficiency in Weibei dryland dwarf apple root zone under different yearly precipitation patterns. The results showed that:the average soil water storage of BGF in the 0-300 cm soil layer was 6.88% and 8.02% higher than CK, which was 1.64% and 2.92% higher than CS, during the growth period of the deficit precipitation year and the general precipitation year, respectively. BGF significantly improved the soil water storage and supply capacity of the soil layer where apple roots mainly distributed, and improved the reservoir action of deep soil in Weibei dryland dwarf apple orchard. Compared to CS, BGF had better reservoir action and better capacity to reduce ineffective water consumption, especially in deep soil and which was close correlation between precipitation in apple late growth stage and the situation of soil water storage restoration as well as soil water balance. Compared to CK, BGF increased water consumption, changed water consumption structure of the orchard and significantly decreased ineffective evaporation, the amount of evaporation reduction were 26.94 mm and 26.50 mm as well as transpiration of dwarf apple trees was significantly increased by 16.57% and 12.09%, which was not significantly difference to CS in the deficit precipitation year and the general precipitation year, respectively. BGF had significantly increased yield, improved water use efficiency of dwarf apple trees compared to CK. The water use efficiency of fruit trees was 9.32% and 5.49% higher than CK, which was not significantly difference to CS in the deficit precipitation year and in the general precipitation year, respectively. In conclusion, black ground fabric micro-ridge mulching was an effective technology practice for water storage and soil moisture conservation in Weibei dryland dwarf apple orchard.
引文
[1] 肖国举,王静.黄土高原集水农业研究进展[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):167-175. XIAO G J,WANG J.Research on progress of rainwater harvesting agriculture on Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(5):167-175.
[2] LI H,WAN Y,WANG M,et al.History,status and prospects of the apple industry in China[J].Journal of the American Pomological Society,2015,69(4):174-185.
[3] FANG K,LI H,WANG Z,et al.Comparative analysis on spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types in orchard[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2016,207:65-72.
[4] 孙文泰,张坤,刘小勇,等.垄膜集雨对陇东旱塬苹果根系分布及土壤性状的影响[J].西北农业学报,2012,21(10):100-105. SUN W T,ZHANG K,LIU X Y,et al.Influence of plastic mulching on ridge and rain harvesting on root distribution characteristics of apples and soil properties in dryland orchards of Longdong areas[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2012,21(10):100-105.
[5] 王金锋,张林森,张永旺,等.地布覆盖对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水热效应及产量品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(1):75-78. WANG J F,ZHANG L S,ZHANG Y W,et al.Effects of ground cloth mulching on soil water,temperature,yield and quality in apple orchard in Weibei Plateau[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(1):75-78.
[6] 王志超,李仙岳,史海滨,等.农膜残留对土壤水动力参数及土壤结构的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(5):101-106. WANG ZH CH,LI X Y,SHI H B,et al.Effects of residual plastic film on soil hydrodynamic parameters and soil structure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(5):101-106.
[7] 杨永辉,武继承,吴普特,等.秸秆覆盖与保水剂对土壤结构、蒸发及入渗过程的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):70-75. YANG Y H,WU J CH,WU P T,et al.Effect mechanism of straw mulching and water-retaining agent on soil structure,evaporation,and infiltration process[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,7(5):70-75.
[8] 田飞,谢永生,索改弟,等.双元覆盖对果园土壤水分的调控效果[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2289-2296. TIAN F,XIE Y SH,SUO G D,et al.Controlling effects of dual mulching on soil moisture in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2289-2296.
[9] 高茂盛,廖允成,李侠,等.不同覆盖方式对渭北旱作苹果园土壤贮水的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(10):2080-2087. GAO M SH,LIAO Y CH,LI X,et al.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil water-holding capacity of non-irrigated apple orchard in the Weibei Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(10):2080-2087.
[10] 揣峻峰,谢永生,索改弟,等.地表起垄微聚流技术对渭北果园土壤水分分布的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):187-192. CHUAI J F,XIE Y SH,SUO G D,et al.Effects of micro rainfall collection by ridging on soil water distribution in apple orchard of Weibei Tableland[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):187-192.
[11] 孙文泰,马明,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果根系分布规律及生理特性对地表覆盖的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3153-3163. SUN W T,MA M,DONG T,et al.Response of distribution pattern and physiological characteristics of apple roots grown in the dry area of Eastern Gansu to ground mulching[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3153-3163.
[12] 张北赢,徐学选,刘文兆,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同降水年型下土壤水分动态[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1234-1240. ZHANG B Y,XU X X,LIU W ZH,et al.Dynamics changes of soil moisture in Loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1234-1240.
[13] 龙桃,熊黑钢,李宝富,等.微型蒸发器测量精度的影响因素试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):21-26. LONG T,XIONG H G,LI B F,et al.Field experiment of measurement accuracy influencing factors of micro-lysimeters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(5):21-26.
[14] 赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484. ZHAO ZH Y,LI H K.The effects of interplant different herbage on soil water in apple orchards in the area of Weibei Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2006,33(3):481-484.
[15] 赵志远,郑伟,刘杰,等.渭北旱塬苹果园不同水肥管理模式下的土壤水分差异[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(4):1249-1258. ZHAO ZH Y,ZHENG W,LIU J,et al.Soil moisture variation under different water and fertilization managements in apple orchards of Weibei Dryland,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(4):1249-1258.
[16] 李树.覆盖对旱地苹果根系形态及生理的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017. LI SH.Effects of mulching on root morphology and physiology of dryland apples [D].Yangling Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2017.
[17] 张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286. ZHANG Y,XIE Y SH,HAO M D,et al.Effects of different patterns surface mulching on soil properties and fruit trees growth and yield in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.
[18] 胡实,谢小立,王凯荣.覆被对桔园旱季土壤水分变化和利用的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):976-983. HU SH,XIE X L,WANG K R.Effects of straw mulching and sodding culture on soil water use and variation in citrus orchard in dry season[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):976-983.
[19] 宋兴阳,王琦,李富春,等.覆盖材料和沟垄比对土壤水分和紫花苜蓿干草产量的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(3):798-809. SONG X Y,WANG Q,LI F CH,et al.Effects of mulching materials and furrow-to-ridge ratios on soil moisture and alfalfa forage yield[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(3):798-809.
[20] ZRIBI W,ARAGS R,MEDINA E,et al.Efficiency of inorganic and organic mulching materials for soil evaporation control[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2015,148:40-45.
[21] 冯浩,刘匣,余坤,等.不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(12):192-202. FENG H,LIU X,YU K,et al.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil moisture,soil temperature and summer maize growth[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(12):192-202.
[22] LIU C A,JIN S L,ZHOU L M,et al.Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters.[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,31(4):241-249.
[23] 谢军红,柴强,李玲玲,等.黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(8):1558-1568. XIE J H,CHAI Q,LI L L,et al.The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(8):1558-1568.
[24] 吴杨,贾志宽,边少锋,等.不同方式周年覆盖对黄土高原玉米农田土壤水热的调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(15):2872-2885. WU Y,JIA ZH K,BIAN SH F,et al.Regulation effects of different mulching patterns during the whole season on soil water and temperature in the maize field of Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(15):2872-2885.
[25] STEWART B A,LIANG W L.Strategies for increasing the capture,storage,and utilization of precipitation in semiarid regions[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2015,14(8):1500-1510.
[2] LI H,WAN Y,WANG M,et al.History,status and prospects of the apple industry in China[J].Journal of the American Pomological Society,2015,69(4):174-185.
[3] FANG K,LI H,WANG Z,et al.Comparative analysis on spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types in orchard[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2016,207:65-72.
[4] 孙文泰,张坤,刘小勇,等.垄膜集雨对陇东旱塬苹果根系分布及土壤性状的影响[J].西北农业学报,2012,21(10):100-105. SUN W T,ZHANG K,LIU X Y,et al.Influence of plastic mulching on ridge and rain harvesting on root distribution characteristics of apples and soil properties in dryland orchards of Longdong areas[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2012,21(10):100-105.
[5] 王金锋,张林森,张永旺,等.地布覆盖对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水热效应及产量品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(1):75-78. WANG J F,ZHANG L S,ZHANG Y W,et al.Effects of ground cloth mulching on soil water,temperature,yield and quality in apple orchard in Weibei Plateau[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(1):75-78.
[6] 王志超,李仙岳,史海滨,等.农膜残留对土壤水动力参数及土壤结构的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(5):101-106. WANG ZH CH,LI X Y,SHI H B,et al.Effects of residual plastic film on soil hydrodynamic parameters and soil structure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(5):101-106.
[7] 杨永辉,武继承,吴普特,等.秸秆覆盖与保水剂对土壤结构、蒸发及入渗过程的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):70-75. YANG Y H,WU J CH,WU P T,et al.Effect mechanism of straw mulching and water-retaining agent on soil structure,evaporation,and infiltration process[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,7(5):70-75.
[8] 田飞,谢永生,索改弟,等.双元覆盖对果园土壤水分的调控效果[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2289-2296. TIAN F,XIE Y SH,SUO G D,et al.Controlling effects of dual mulching on soil moisture in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2289-2296.
[9] 高茂盛,廖允成,李侠,等.不同覆盖方式对渭北旱作苹果园土壤贮水的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(10):2080-2087. GAO M SH,LIAO Y CH,LI X,et al.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil water-holding capacity of non-irrigated apple orchard in the Weibei Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(10):2080-2087.
[10] 揣峻峰,谢永生,索改弟,等.地表起垄微聚流技术对渭北果园土壤水分分布的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):187-192. CHUAI J F,XIE Y SH,SUO G D,et al.Effects of micro rainfall collection by ridging on soil water distribution in apple orchard of Weibei Tableland[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):187-192.
[11] 孙文泰,马明,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果根系分布规律及生理特性对地表覆盖的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3153-3163. SUN W T,MA M,DONG T,et al.Response of distribution pattern and physiological characteristics of apple roots grown in the dry area of Eastern Gansu to ground mulching[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3153-3163.
[12] 张北赢,徐学选,刘文兆,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同降水年型下土壤水分动态[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1234-1240. ZHANG B Y,XU X X,LIU W ZH,et al.Dynamics changes of soil moisture in Loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1234-1240.
[13] 龙桃,熊黑钢,李宝富,等.微型蒸发器测量精度的影响因素试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):21-26. LONG T,XIONG H G,LI B F,et al.Field experiment of measurement accuracy influencing factors of micro-lysimeters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(5):21-26.
[14] 赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484. ZHAO ZH Y,LI H K.The effects of interplant different herbage on soil water in apple orchards in the area of Weibei Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2006,33(3):481-484.
[15] 赵志远,郑伟,刘杰,等.渭北旱塬苹果园不同水肥管理模式下的土壤水分差异[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(4):1249-1258. ZHAO ZH Y,ZHENG W,LIU J,et al.Soil moisture variation under different water and fertilization managements in apple orchards of Weibei Dryland,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(4):1249-1258.
[16] 李树.覆盖对旱地苹果根系形态及生理的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017. LI SH.Effects of mulching on root morphology and physiology of dryland apples [D].Yangling Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2017.
[17] 张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286. ZHANG Y,XIE Y SH,HAO M D,et al.Effects of different patterns surface mulching on soil properties and fruit trees growth and yield in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.
[18] 胡实,谢小立,王凯荣.覆被对桔园旱季土壤水分变化和利用的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):976-983. HU SH,XIE X L,WANG K R.Effects of straw mulching and sodding culture on soil water use and variation in citrus orchard in dry season[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):976-983.
[19] 宋兴阳,王琦,李富春,等.覆盖材料和沟垄比对土壤水分和紫花苜蓿干草产量的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(3):798-809. SONG X Y,WANG Q,LI F CH,et al.Effects of mulching materials and furrow-to-ridge ratios on soil moisture and alfalfa forage yield[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(3):798-809.
[20] ZRIBI W,ARAGS R,MEDINA E,et al.Efficiency of inorganic and organic mulching materials for soil evaporation control[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2015,148:40-45.
[21] 冯浩,刘匣,余坤,等.不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(12):192-202. FENG H,LIU X,YU K,et al.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil moisture,soil temperature and summer maize growth[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(12):192-202.
[22] LIU C A,JIN S L,ZHOU L M,et al.Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters.[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,31(4):241-249.
[23] 谢军红,柴强,李玲玲,等.黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(8):1558-1568. XIE J H,CHAI Q,LI L L,et al.The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(8):1558-1568.
[24] 吴杨,贾志宽,边少锋,等.不同方式周年覆盖对黄土高原玉米农田土壤水热的调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(15):2872-2885. WU Y,JIA ZH K,BIAN SH F,et al.Regulation effects of different mulching patterns during the whole season on soil water and temperature in the maize field of Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(15):2872-2885.
[25] STEWART B A,LIANG W L.Strategies for increasing the capture,storage,and utilization of precipitation in semiarid regions[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2015,14(8):1500-1510.