从古希腊到文艺复兴:西方档案馆开放思想的滥觞
|
摘要
开放是现代西方档案馆的重要特征之一。古希腊时期雅典城邦在公共广场建立的保管公共文件的密特伦神庙,面向平民提供利用,是西方早期档案馆"开放"理念的源头。文艺复兴运动中人权、平等、自由等启蒙思想推动了普通民众对各种档案的利用需求,欧洲各国在早期的档案整理活动中孕育了开放档案思想,为现代西方档案馆开放思想的正式诞生奠定了坚实的基础。
Openness is one of core characteristics of modern archives in western countries.During the ancient Greek period,The Metroon that located in the public square in ancient Athens severed as the repository of public documents,and provided civilians access to its holdings,which may be the source of the"open"concept of the early western archives.The enlightenment thought of human rights,equality and freedom in the Renaissance promoted the general public's demands for the use of various records and archives.Based on the early activities of archival arrangement and description,European countries gave birth to open archives thought,and laid the foundation for the birth of openness thought of modern archives.
Openness is one of core characteristics of modern archives in western countries.During the ancient Greek period,The Metroon that located in the public square in ancient Athens severed as the repository of public documents,and provided civilians access to its holdings,which may be the source of the"open"concept of the early western archives.The enlightenment thought of human rights,equality and freedom in the Renaissance promoted the general public's demands for the use of various records and archives.Based on the early activities of archival arrangement and description,European countries gave birth to open archives thought,and laid the foundation for the birth of openness thought of modern archives.
引文
[1]冯惠玲.开放:公共档案馆的发展之路[J].档案学通讯,2004(4):10-11.
[2]马林诺夫斯基.文化论[M].费孝通,张之毅,田汝康,译.北京:中国民间文艺出版社,1987:78.
[3]肖南.中西档案馆发展史比较[J].档案学通讯,1996(6):53-55.
[4][6]James P.Sickinger.Public record and archives in Classic Athens[M].Chapel Hill&London:University of North Carolina Press,1999:62,3-5.
[5]Rosalind Thomas.Oral tradition and written record in Classical Athens[M].Cambridge&New York:Cambridge University Press,2003:73-83.
[7]William C.West.The public archives in fourth-century Athens[J].Greek,Roman and Byzantine Studies,1989,30(4):529-543.
[8]米歇尔·迪香.开放、利用和传播档案信息的调研报告[M]//中国档案学会外国档案学术委员会.《文件与档案管理规划》报告选编.北京:档案出版社,1990:217.
[9]丛日云.西方政治文化传统[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2002:44-45.
[10]黄洋.希腊城邦的公共空间与政治文化[J].历史研究,2001(5):100-107.
[11]Sue McKemmish,Michael Piggott,Barbara Reed,Frank Upward.Archives:recordkeeping in society[M].Wagga Wagga:Charles Sturt University,2005:27-28.
[12][23][31]Luciana Duranti.Archives as a place[J].Archives and Manuscripts,1996,24(2):243-244,245,247-248.
[13][28]阿道夫·布伦内克.档案学:欧洲档案工作理论与历史[M].北京;中国人民大学档案系,1985:133,47.
[14]王岑曦.来源原则历史源流新探[D].南京:南京大学,2018:57-58.
[15]詹姆斯·W·汤普逊.中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史[M].徐家玲,陈志强,沈之兴,等译.北京:商务印书馆,1996:2-9.
[16]C·沃伦·霍莱斯特.欧洲中世纪简史[M].陶松寿,译.北京:商务印书馆,1988:2-3.
[17]孙锦泉,徐波,侯树栋.欧洲文艺复兴史·史学卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2010:71-73.
[18]徐波.文艺复兴时期法国民族史学研究[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2006:201-206.
[19]Michel Duchein.The history of European archives and the development of the archival profession in Europe[J].The American Archivist,1992,55(1):16.
[20][21]皮埃尔·诺拉.记忆之场:法国国民意识的文化社会史[M].黄艳红,查璐,安康,等译.南京:南京大学出版社,2015:405-406.
[22]例如,中世纪的意大利博洛尼亚大学最重要的档案要么保存在城市档案馆,要么保存在教会里.具体参见:Luciana Duranti.Medieval Universities and Archives[J].Archivaria,1994,38:41-42.
[24]徐大同.西方政治思想史[M].天津:天津教育出版社,2000:91-95.
[25][27]黄坤坊.欧美档案学概要[M].北京:档案出版社,1986:4-6.
[26]在欧洲紫色长期是皇权的象征,除君主之外他人不得使用.这里“没有紫色的皇权”意指给予档案馆以崇高的地位但不是独占性的,是面向普通民众开放的一种高贵的场所.参见:Lester K.Born.Baldassare Bonifacio and his essay De Archivis[J].The American Archivist,1941,4(4):227-237.
[29]黄世喆.走出中世纪:现代档案学的文艺复兴思想火花[J].档案管理,2008(1):71.
[30]JavaValge,Brigit Kibal.Restrictions on access to archives and records in Europe:a history and the current situation[J].Journal of the Society of Archivists,2007,28(2):196.
[2]马林诺夫斯基.文化论[M].费孝通,张之毅,田汝康,译.北京:中国民间文艺出版社,1987:78.
[3]肖南.中西档案馆发展史比较[J].档案学通讯,1996(6):53-55.
[4][6]James P.Sickinger.Public record and archives in Classic Athens[M].Chapel Hill&London:University of North Carolina Press,1999:62,3-5.
[5]Rosalind Thomas.Oral tradition and written record in Classical Athens[M].Cambridge&New York:Cambridge University Press,2003:73-83.
[7]William C.West.The public archives in fourth-century Athens[J].Greek,Roman and Byzantine Studies,1989,30(4):529-543.
[8]米歇尔·迪香.开放、利用和传播档案信息的调研报告[M]//中国档案学会外国档案学术委员会.《文件与档案管理规划》报告选编.北京:档案出版社,1990:217.
[9]丛日云.西方政治文化传统[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2002:44-45.
[10]黄洋.希腊城邦的公共空间与政治文化[J].历史研究,2001(5):100-107.
[11]Sue McKemmish,Michael Piggott,Barbara Reed,Frank Upward.Archives:recordkeeping in society[M].Wagga Wagga:Charles Sturt University,2005:27-28.
[12][23][31]Luciana Duranti.Archives as a place[J].Archives and Manuscripts,1996,24(2):243-244,245,247-248.
[13][28]阿道夫·布伦内克.档案学:欧洲档案工作理论与历史[M].北京;中国人民大学档案系,1985:133,47.
[14]王岑曦.来源原则历史源流新探[D].南京:南京大学,2018:57-58.
[15]詹姆斯·W·汤普逊.中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史[M].徐家玲,陈志强,沈之兴,等译.北京:商务印书馆,1996:2-9.
[16]C·沃伦·霍莱斯特.欧洲中世纪简史[M].陶松寿,译.北京:商务印书馆,1988:2-3.
[17]孙锦泉,徐波,侯树栋.欧洲文艺复兴史·史学卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2010:71-73.
[18]徐波.文艺复兴时期法国民族史学研究[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2006:201-206.
[19]Michel Duchein.The history of European archives and the development of the archival profession in Europe[J].The American Archivist,1992,55(1):16.
[20][21]皮埃尔·诺拉.记忆之场:法国国民意识的文化社会史[M].黄艳红,查璐,安康,等译.南京:南京大学出版社,2015:405-406.
[22]例如,中世纪的意大利博洛尼亚大学最重要的档案要么保存在城市档案馆,要么保存在教会里.具体参见:Luciana Duranti.Medieval Universities and Archives[J].Archivaria,1994,38:41-42.
[24]徐大同.西方政治思想史[M].天津:天津教育出版社,2000:91-95.
[25][27]黄坤坊.欧美档案学概要[M].北京:档案出版社,1986:4-6.
[26]在欧洲紫色长期是皇权的象征,除君主之外他人不得使用.这里“没有紫色的皇权”意指给予档案馆以崇高的地位但不是独占性的,是面向普通民众开放的一种高贵的场所.参见:Lester K.Born.Baldassare Bonifacio and his essay De Archivis[J].The American Archivist,1941,4(4):227-237.
[29]黄世喆.走出中世纪:现代档案学的文艺复兴思想火花[J].档案管理,2008(1):71.
[30]JavaValge,Brigit Kibal.Restrictions on access to archives and records in Europe:a history and the current situation[J].Journal of the Society of Archivists,2007,28(2):196.