青藏高原中东部表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征、来源及生态风险评价
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摘要
2013年7~8月采集了青藏高原中东部地区55个表层土壤样品,对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、来源等进行了研究,并对表层土壤中的PAHs进行了生态风险评价.土壤样品进行超声萃取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后,采用GC-MS对土壤中美国EPA优先控制的16种PAHs进行了检测分析.研究区域土壤中16种PAHs的总量为40.47~1 276.40μg·kg-1,平均值为267.97μg·kg-1.以2~3环的PAHs为主,占PAHs的质量分数为47.15%~88.51%,平均值为70.90%,其中菲所占质量分数最高.用比值法和主成分分析法进行来源解析,结果显示青藏高原中东部土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油燃烧和生物质的燃烧.土壤中苯并(a)芘的毒性当量浓度TEQBa P范围为3.73~79.32μg·kg-1,平均值为12.84μg·kg-1.有4%的采样点超过荷兰土壤标准目标值(33.00μg·kg-1),青藏高原中东部少部分表层土壤存在潜在的生态风险.
Fifty-five soil samples were collected across the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during July to August in 2013.These were analyzed for the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) called out by the USA EPA. The concentration characteristics,sources,and potential ecological risk assessment of the sixteen PAHs in the soils were investigated. The soils were extracted by ultrasonic extraction,purified by an HLB solid-phase extraction column,and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The total PAH concentrations ranged from 40. 47 to 1276. 40 μg·kg-1,with a mean of 267. 97 μg·kg-1.Low-ring PAHs(two and three rings PAHs) were dominant in all samples,and the proportion of phenanthrene was the highest. The sources of PAHs were assessed by diagnostic ratios and a principal component analysis(PCA),which indicated that the main sources of the PAHs originated from petroleum and biomass combustion. The toxic equivalent concentration(TEQ) concentration of benzopyrene-(a)-pyrene(TEQBa P) in soils ranged from 3. 73 to 79. 32 μg·kg-1,with an average concentration of 12. 84 μg·kg-1.The TEQBa Pin 4% of the soil samplings exceeded the Dutch target reference value(33. 00 μg·kg-1),suggesting that a small portion of the soils in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have potential ecological risk.
Fifty-five soil samples were collected across the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during July to August in 2013.These were analyzed for the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) called out by the USA EPA. The concentration characteristics,sources,and potential ecological risk assessment of the sixteen PAHs in the soils were investigated. The soils were extracted by ultrasonic extraction,purified by an HLB solid-phase extraction column,and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The total PAH concentrations ranged from 40. 47 to 1276. 40 μg·kg-1,with a mean of 267. 97 μg·kg-1.Low-ring PAHs(two and three rings PAHs) were dominant in all samples,and the proportion of phenanthrene was the highest. The sources of PAHs were assessed by diagnostic ratios and a principal component analysis(PCA),which indicated that the main sources of the PAHs originated from petroleum and biomass combustion. The toxic equivalent concentration(TEQ) concentration of benzopyrene-(a)-pyrene(TEQBa P) in soils ranged from 3. 73 to 79. 32 μg·kg-1,with an average concentration of 12. 84 μg·kg-1.The TEQBa Pin 4% of the soil samplings exceeded the Dutch target reference value(33. 00 μg·kg-1),suggesting that a small portion of the soils in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have potential ecological risk.
引文
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[2]师阳,孙玉川,梁作兵,等.重庆金佛山土壤中PAHs含量的海拔梯度分布及来源解析[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1417-1424.Shi Y,Sun Y C,Liang Z B,et al.Altitudinal gradient distribution and source analysis of PAHs content of topsoil in Jinfo mountain,Chongqing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1417-1424.
[3]Lin H,Wang X P,Gong P,et al.The influence of climate change on the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,black carbon and mercury in a shrinking remote lake of the southern Tibetan Plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601-602:1814-1823.
[4]Nam J J,Song B H,Eom K M.et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea[J].Chemosphere,2003,50(10):1281-1289.
[5]Hu G J,Chen S L,Shi W,et al.Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in Taizhou,East China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2015,37(3):429-439.
[6]谢婷,张淑娟,杨瑞强.青藏高原湖泊流域土壤与牧草中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的污染特征与来源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2680-2690.Xie T,Zhang S J,Yang R Q.Contamination levels and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in soils and grasses from lake catchments in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(7):2680-2690.
[7]陈敏,陈莉,黄平.乌鲁木齐土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(2):84-94.Chen M,Chen L,Huang P.Concentration and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils of Urumqi area,China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(2):84-94.
[8]罗东霞,张淑娟,杨瑞强.藏东南色季拉山土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃的浓度分布及来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2745-2755.Luo D X,Zhang S J,Yang R Q.Distribution and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in soils from Shergyla mountain,southeast Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(7):2745-2755.
[9]周变红,张承中,王格慧.西安城区大气中多环芳烃的季节变化特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(9):2324-2331.Zhou B H,Zhang C Z,Wang G H.Seasonal variation and health risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the urban area of Xi'an[J].Acta Scinetiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(9):2324-2331.
[10]李静雅,吴迪,许芸松,等.长江三角洲区域表土中多环芳烃的近期分布与来源[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):253-261.Li J Y,Wu D,Xu Y S,et al.Recent distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from Yangtze river delta[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):253-261.
[11]Wild S R,Jones K C.Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment:a preliminary source inventory and budget[J].Environmental Pollution,1995,88(1):91-108.
[12]Wilcke W.Global patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in soil[J].Geoderma,2007,141(3-4):157-166.
[13]Khan S,Cao Q.Human health risk due to consumption of vegetables contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(2):178-184.
[14]章迪,曹善平,孙建林,等.深圳市表层土壤多环芳烃污染及空间分异研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):711-718.Zhang D,Cao S P,Sun J L,et al.Occurrence and spatial differentiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from Shenzhen,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):711-718.
[15]Yin C Q,Jiang X,Yang X L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in the vicinity of Nanjing,China[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(3):389-394.
[16]林纪旺,倪进治,杨红玉,等.泉州市表层土中多环芳烃的含量、来源及其生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(7):2074-2080.Lin J W,Ni J Z,Yang H Y,et al.Concentrations,sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the topsoils of Quanzhou City,China[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(7):2074-2080.
[17]Wu C X,Xiong X,Huang X L,et al.Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Qinghai Lake,northeast Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2014,40(3):675-683.
[18]Luo W,Gao J J,Bi X,et al.Identification of sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on concentrations in soils from two sides of the Himalayas between China and Nepal[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,212:424-432.
[19]Wang C F,Wang X P,Gong P,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil across the Tibetan Plateau:Spatial distribution,source and air-soil exchange[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:138-144.
[20]李全莲,王宁练,武小波,等.青藏高原冰川雪冰中多环芳烃的分布特征及其来源研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(10):1399-1409.Li Q L,Wang N L,Wu X B,et al.Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of different glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Science China:Earth Science,2010,40(10):1189-1198.
[21]Zhu Y D,Yang Y Y,Liu M X,et al.Concentration,distribution,source,and risk assessment of PAHs and heavy metals in surface water from the Three Gorges reservoir,China[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2015,21(6):1593-1607.
[22]Maliszewska-Kordybach B,Smreczak B,Klimkowicz-Pawlas A,et al.Monitoring of the total content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in arable soils in Poland[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(8):1284-1291.
[23]孙娜,陆晨刚,高翔,等.青藏高原东部土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2007,28(3):664-668.Sun N,Lu C G,Gao X,et al.Distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in soilsof east Qingzang Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(3):664-668.
[24]Yang R Q,Zhang S J,Li A,et al.Altitudinal and spatial signature of persistent organic pollutants in soil,lichen,conifer needles,and bark of the southeast Tibetan Plateau:implications for sources and environmental cycling[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(22):12736-12743.
[25]Yuan G L,Wu L J,Sun Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of the central Tibetan Plateau,China:distribution,sources,transport and contribution in global cycling[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,203:137-144.
[26]Wang S,Ni H G,Sun J L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from the Tibetan Plateau,China:distribution and influence of environmental factors[J].Environmental Science:Processes&Impacts,2013,15(3):661-667.
[27]Li Y T,Li F B,Chen J J,et al.The concentrations,distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde,Guangdong,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,139(1-3):61-76.
[28]Tay C K,Biney C A.Levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in selected irrigated urban agricultural soils in Accra,Ghana[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(6):1773-1782.
[29]刘飞,刘应汉,王建武,等.太原市区土壤中多环芳烃污染特征研究[J].地学前缘,2008,15(5):155-160.Liu F,Liu Y H,Wang J W,et al.Pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the topsoil of Taiyuan city,north China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,68(6):1773-1782.
[30]Satya,Upreti D K,Patel D K.Rinodina sophodes(Ach.)Massal.:a bioaccumulator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Kanpur City,India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(1):229-238.
[31]胡健,张国平,刘頔,等.贵阳市表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源解析[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(9):1982-1987.Hu J,Zhang G P,Liu D,et al.Distribution characteristics and source analysis of PAHs in topsoil of Guiyang city,southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(9):1982-1987.
[32]Chahal M K,Toor G S,Brown P.Trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urbanized area of Florida[J].Soil and Sediment Contamination:An International Journal,2010,19(4):419-435.
[33]Cachada A,Pato P,Rocha-Santos T,et al.Levels,sources and potential human health risks of organic pollutants in urban soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,430:184-192.
[34]邹正禹,唐海龙,刘阳生.北京市郊农业土壤中多环芳烃的污染分布和来源[J].环境化学,2013,32(5):874-880.Zou Z Y,Tang H L,liu Y S.Source and distributioncharacteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Beijing suburbs[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(5):874-880.
[35]Maliszewska-Kordybach B,Klimkowicz-Pawlas A,Smreczak B,et al.Effect of flooding on contamination of agricultural soils with metals and PAHs:the middle vistula gap case study[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2012,223(2):687-697.
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