新疆干旱区某矿冶场对周围土壤重金属累积的影响
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摘要
我国西部干旱半干旱地区为生态脆弱区,近年来西部工矿业发展引起的土壤污染问题越来越受到关注.本文通过空间布点采样,采用多元统计分析、GIS技术以及地积累指数评估等手段,对新疆某矿冶场区周围土壤的9种重金属污染特征进行了调查.结果表明,Cu和As元素为研究区域的主要重金属污染物;重金属Cr、Zn、Ni和Cd累积程度较轻、受人为干扰小;Co和Pb元素在少数样点存在人为干扰累积的现象,但程度也较轻;土壤中Mn没有明显累积和人为干扰.因子分析结果发现9种重金属主要存在2种来源,As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn、Cd和Co主要来源于第1种源;元素Mn和Pb主要来源于第2种源.从重金属空间分布特征可知,As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd和Co的最高含量样点都分布在尾砂库附近区域,因此对尾砂库进行封闭处理是减少重金属污染物向周围环境扩散的重要措施.此外,本研究还发现基于大气污染分析的PCA/APCS受体模型不适用于本案例中定量分析土壤重金属来源.
Arid and semi-arid regions in West China are ecologically fragile zones.Increasing attention has been focused on soil pollution triggered by mining and smelting in those areas.Nine heavy metals in the soil around a mining and smelting plant in Xinjiang were investigated using multivariate analysis,the geoaccumulation index,and GIS techniques.The heavy metals Cu and As were identified as the main pollutants in the study area.The accumulation of the heavy metals Cr,Zn,Ni,and Cd is small and weakly disturbed by human activity.Anthropogenic accumulation of Co and Pb was observed at a few sampling sites;its degree was also small.Anthropogenic accumulation of Mn in soil was not apparent.The factor analysis indicates two sources for the nine heavy metals in the soils.Source 1 includes As,Cu,Ni,Cr,Zn,Cd,and Co,while Source 2 includes Mn and Pb.The spatial distribution suggests that the sites with the highest As,Cu,Ni,Cr,Zn,Pb,Cd,and Co concentrations are in areas close to the tailing dump.The sealing tailing dump is the prior way to prevent the spread of heavy metals.The results also reveal that the PCA/APCS receptor model is not applicable for the quantification of the contribution of heavy metals in soils in this case.
Arid and semi-arid regions in West China are ecologically fragile zones.Increasing attention has been focused on soil pollution triggered by mining and smelting in those areas.Nine heavy metals in the soil around a mining and smelting plant in Xinjiang were investigated using multivariate analysis,the geoaccumulation index,and GIS techniques.The heavy metals Cu and As were identified as the main pollutants in the study area.The accumulation of the heavy metals Cr,Zn,Ni,and Cd is small and weakly disturbed by human activity.Anthropogenic accumulation of Co and Pb was observed at a few sampling sites;its degree was also small.Anthropogenic accumulation of Mn in soil was not apparent.The factor analysis indicates two sources for the nine heavy metals in the soils.Source 1 includes As,Cu,Ni,Cr,Zn,Cd,and Co,while Source 2 includes Mn and Pb.The spatial distribution suggests that the sites with the highest As,Cu,Ni,Cr,Zn,Pb,Cd,and Co concentrations are in areas close to the tailing dump.The sealing tailing dump is the prior way to prevent the spread of heavy metals.The results also reveal that the PCA/APCS receptor model is not applicable for the quantification of the contribution of heavy metals in soils in this case.
引文
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[11]王幼奇,白一茹,王建宇.基于GIS的银川市不同功能区土壤重金属污染评价及分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):710-716.Wang Y Q,Bai Y R,Wang J Y.Distribution of urban soil heavy metal and pollution evaluation in different functional zones of Yinchuan city[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):710-716.
[12]刘亚纳,朱书法,魏学锋,等.河南洛阳市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2322-2328.Liu Y N,Zhu S F,Wei X F,et al.Assessment and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soil of different functional areas in Luoyang[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(6):2322-2328.
[13]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.Guo Y H,Sun X C,Zhang S B,et al.Pollution characteristics,Source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[14]Thurston G D,Spengler J D.A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston[J].Atmospheric Environment(1967),1985,19(1):9-25.
[15]瞿明凯,李卫东,张传荣,等.基于受体模型和地统计学相结合的土壤镉污染源解析[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(5):854-860.Qu M K,Li W D,Zhang C R,et al.Source apportionment of soil heavy metal Cd based on the combination of receptor model and geostatistics[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(5):854-860.
[16]陈秀端,卢新卫.基于受体模型与地统计的城市居民区土壤重金属污染源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2513-2521.Chen X D,Lu X W.Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in city residential areas based on the receptor model and geostatistics[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2513-2521.
[17]Muller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geo Journal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[18]龚新梅,汪溪远,潘晓玲,等.新疆塔里木河下游(上段)地区天然草地生态脆弱性研究[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(2):230-236.Gong X M,Wang X Y,Pan X L,et al.Study on the ecological frangibility of the natural steppes in the lower reaches(upper section)of the Tarim River,Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(2):230-236.
[19]左其亭.干旱半干旱地区植被生态用水计算[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(3):114-117.Zuo Q T.Study on vegetation ecological use for water resources in arid and semiarid region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(3):114-117.
[20]蔡绍洪,向秋兰,谌莉萍,等.西部生态脆弱地区绿色增长极的构建---基于循环产业集群模式的研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2015.3-5.
[21]GB/T 17138-1997,土壤质量铜、锌的测定火焰原子吸收分光光度法[S].
[22]F9rstner U,Müller G.Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments:geochemical background,man's influence and environmental impact[J].Geo Journal,1981,5(5):417-432.
[23]王美娥,彭驰,陈卫平.宁夏干旱地区工业区对农田土壤重金属累积的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3532-3539.Wang M E,Peng C,Chen W P.Impacts of industrial zone in arid area in Ningxia province on the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3532-3539.
[24]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.330-390.
[25]王学松,秦勇.利用对数正态分布图解析徐州城市土壤中重金属元素来源和确定地球化学背景值[J].地球化学,2007,36(1):98-102.Wang X S,Qin Y.Application of lognormal distribution plot to interpreting sources and determining geochemical background levels of heavy metals in Xuzhou urban soils,Jiangsu province[J].Geochimica,2007,36(1):98-102.
[26]陈娟,谢刚,赵德平.有色金属冶炼中含砷物料的除砷技术研究现状[J].中国无机分析化学,2014,4(4):11-15.Chen J,Xie G,Zhao D P.Research status of dearsenization technology in materials containing arsenic in non-ferrous metal smelting process[J].Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry,2014,4(4):11-15.
[27]陈琴琴.中国砷污染排放清单研究[D].南京:南京大学,2013.6-10.Chen Q Q.Emissions inventory of arsenic in China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2013.6-10.
[28]廖晓勇,陈同斌,武斌,等.典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价---以“镍都”金昌市为例[J].地理研究,2006,25(5):843-852.Liao X Y,Chen T B,Wu B,et al.Mining urban soil pollution:concentrations and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of Jinchang,China[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(5):843-852.
[29]Triantafyllidis S,Skarpelis N,Komnitsas K.Environmental characterization and geochemistry of Kirki,Thrace,NE Greece,abandoned flotation Tailing dumps[J].Environmental Forensics,2007,8(4):351-359.
[30]Bi X Y,Feng X B,Yang Y G,et al.Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County,western Guizhou,China[J].Environment International,2006,32(7):883-890.
[31]Ghayoraneh M,Qishlaqi A.Concentration,distribution and speciation of toxic metals in soils along a transect around a Zn/Pb smelter in the northwest of Iran[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2017,180:1-14.
[2]Liu J L,Yang T,Chen Q Y,et al.Distribution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the typical eco-units of Haihe River Basin[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2016,10(1):103-113.
[3]环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报(2014年4月17日)[J].环境教育,2014,(6):8-10.
[4]陈建信,孙燕英,刘鑫,等.内蒙古东部两个有色金属集中开采区土壤重金属污染健康风险评估的对比研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(1):140-146.Chen J X,Sun Y Y,Liu X,et al.Assessment on the health risk of soil heavy metals in two non-ferrous metal exploration areas in eastern Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(1):140-146.
[5]樊新刚,米文宝,马振宁,等.宁夏石嘴山河滨工业园区表层土壤重金属污染的时空特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(5):1887-1894.Fan X G,Mi W B,Ma Z N,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy metal concentration of surface soil in Hebin industrial park in Shizuishan Northwest China[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(5):1887-1894.
[6]高宇潇,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,夏楠,等.新疆准东五彩湾煤田区不同深度土壤重金属污染评价、来源分析与空间分布特征[J].中国矿业,2016,25(9):74-81,96.Gao Y X,Tashpolat T,Xia N,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution source assessment of different depth of soil heavy metals in the Wucaiwan coal field in Xinjianng East Junggar basin[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(9):74-81,96.
[7]徐玉霞,汪庆华,薛雷,等.关中西部某铅锌冶炼区表层土壤重金属污染的分布规律[J].土壤通报,2013,44(5):1240-1244.Xu Y X,Wang Q H,Xue L,et al.The characteristics of heavy metals in soil around the lead and zinc smelter in western Guanzhon[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2013,44(5):1240-1244.
[8]阿不都艾尼·阿不里,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,侯艳军,等.煤矸石堆场周围土壤重金属污染特征分析与评价[J].中国矿业,2015,24(12):60-65.Abdugheni A,Tashpolat T,Hou Y J,et al.Analysis of pollution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in surrounding soils of gangue piling site[J].China Mining Magazine,2015,24(12):60-65.
[9]蒲瑞丰,康尔泗,王轲,等.石羊河流域典型工业区土壤重金属污染状况研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(9):129-133.Pu R F,Kang E S,Wang K,et al.Pollution status of heavy metals in soils of typical industrial districts in Shi Yang River Basin[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(9):129-133.
[10]郭伟,赵仁鑫,张君,等.内蒙古包头铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及其评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(10):3099-3105.Guo W,Zhao R X,Zhang J,et al.Distribution characteristic and assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in the iron mining of Baotou in Inner Mongolia[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(10):3099-3105.
[11]王幼奇,白一茹,王建宇.基于GIS的银川市不同功能区土壤重金属污染评价及分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):710-716.Wang Y Q,Bai Y R,Wang J Y.Distribution of urban soil heavy metal and pollution evaluation in different functional zones of Yinchuan city[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):710-716.
[12]刘亚纳,朱书法,魏学锋,等.河南洛阳市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2322-2328.Liu Y N,Zhu S F,Wei X F,et al.Assessment and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soil of different functional areas in Luoyang[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(6):2322-2328.
[13]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.Guo Y H,Sun X C,Zhang S B,et al.Pollution characteristics,Source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[14]Thurston G D,Spengler J D.A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston[J].Atmospheric Environment(1967),1985,19(1):9-25.
[15]瞿明凯,李卫东,张传荣,等.基于受体模型和地统计学相结合的土壤镉污染源解析[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(5):854-860.Qu M K,Li W D,Zhang C R,et al.Source apportionment of soil heavy metal Cd based on the combination of receptor model and geostatistics[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(5):854-860.
[16]陈秀端,卢新卫.基于受体模型与地统计的城市居民区土壤重金属污染源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2513-2521.Chen X D,Lu X W.Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in city residential areas based on the receptor model and geostatistics[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2513-2521.
[17]Muller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geo Journal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[18]龚新梅,汪溪远,潘晓玲,等.新疆塔里木河下游(上段)地区天然草地生态脆弱性研究[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(2):230-236.Gong X M,Wang X Y,Pan X L,et al.Study on the ecological frangibility of the natural steppes in the lower reaches(upper section)of the Tarim River,Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(2):230-236.
[19]左其亭.干旱半干旱地区植被生态用水计算[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(3):114-117.Zuo Q T.Study on vegetation ecological use for water resources in arid and semiarid region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(3):114-117.
[20]蔡绍洪,向秋兰,谌莉萍,等.西部生态脆弱地区绿色增长极的构建---基于循环产业集群模式的研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2015.3-5.
[21]GB/T 17138-1997,土壤质量铜、锌的测定火焰原子吸收分光光度法[S].
[22]F9rstner U,Müller G.Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments:geochemical background,man's influence and environmental impact[J].Geo Journal,1981,5(5):417-432.
[23]王美娥,彭驰,陈卫平.宁夏干旱地区工业区对农田土壤重金属累积的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3532-3539.Wang M E,Peng C,Chen W P.Impacts of industrial zone in arid area in Ningxia province on the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3532-3539.
[24]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.330-390.
[25]王学松,秦勇.利用对数正态分布图解析徐州城市土壤中重金属元素来源和确定地球化学背景值[J].地球化学,2007,36(1):98-102.Wang X S,Qin Y.Application of lognormal distribution plot to interpreting sources and determining geochemical background levels of heavy metals in Xuzhou urban soils,Jiangsu province[J].Geochimica,2007,36(1):98-102.
[26]陈娟,谢刚,赵德平.有色金属冶炼中含砷物料的除砷技术研究现状[J].中国无机分析化学,2014,4(4):11-15.Chen J,Xie G,Zhao D P.Research status of dearsenization technology in materials containing arsenic in non-ferrous metal smelting process[J].Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry,2014,4(4):11-15.
[27]陈琴琴.中国砷污染排放清单研究[D].南京:南京大学,2013.6-10.Chen Q Q.Emissions inventory of arsenic in China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2013.6-10.
[28]廖晓勇,陈同斌,武斌,等.典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价---以“镍都”金昌市为例[J].地理研究,2006,25(5):843-852.Liao X Y,Chen T B,Wu B,et al.Mining urban soil pollution:concentrations and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of Jinchang,China[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(5):843-852.
[29]Triantafyllidis S,Skarpelis N,Komnitsas K.Environmental characterization and geochemistry of Kirki,Thrace,NE Greece,abandoned flotation Tailing dumps[J].Environmental Forensics,2007,8(4):351-359.
[30]Bi X Y,Feng X B,Yang Y G,et al.Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County,western Guizhou,China[J].Environment International,2006,32(7):883-890.
[31]Ghayoraneh M,Qishlaqi A.Concentration,distribution and speciation of toxic metals in soils along a transect around a Zn/Pb smelter in the northwest of Iran[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2017,180:1-14.
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