夏季青藏高原不同层次土壤湿度时空变化特征
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摘要
基于1950—2009年GLDAS Noah 2.0逐月平均土壤湿度资料,分析了夏季青藏高原各层土壤湿度的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)夏季青藏高原各层土壤湿度整体上呈自南向北递减的空间分布,但在高原中部地区中层、深层土壤湿度均有一个极值中心。(2)夏季高原中东部地区表层、浅层、中层、深层土壤湿度之间的差值(深层与中层除外)均表现为"上湿下干"的垂直分布,而中部偏西地区各层土壤湿度差值则表现为"下湿上干"的垂直分布。(3)夏季高原各层土壤湿度第一模态均呈现西南—东北反向型分布,且随着深度的增加,零线向东北移。(4)夏季高原主体各层土壤湿度的年际变化特征明显,除深层(呈现不显著增加趋势)外整体均呈现显著下降趋势,前期土壤湿度较高,后期较低。从空间趋势分布来看,除深层土壤湿度在高原中部有增大趋势外,各层土壤湿度变化趋势在高原上均以减小为主。(5)去趋势后,除深层外其他各层土壤湿度最大年际变化幅度在高原中部随着土层的增加而减小,而高原中东部则随土层的增加而增大。
Based on the monthly soil moisture of GLDAS Noah 2.0 from 1950 to 2009, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture at each layer of the Tibetan Plateau in summer were analyzed. The results are as follows:(1) In summer, the soil moisture at each layer of the Tibetan Plateau decreased gradually from south to north, and there was an extreme value center at the middle and deep layers in the central of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively.(2) The difference of soil moistures between the surface, shallow, middle and deep layers(except for the deep and middle layers) in summer appeared a vertical distribution of ‘wet upper and dry lower' in the mid-eastern part of the Plateau, while that showed a vertical distribution of ‘wet lower and dry upper' in the mid-western part.(3) The first mode of soil moisture at different layers of the Plateau in summer appeared a reverse distribution from southwest to northeast, and the zero line moved to northeast with the increase of soil depth.(4) The annual variation characteristics of soil moisture at different layers of the main part of the Plateau were obvious in summer during 1950-2009. The soil moisture except for the deep layer had significant downward trend as a whole, and it was higher in the early stage and lower in the later stage from 1950 to 2009, while for the deep layer it appeared non-significant increasing trend. Spatially, the decreasing trend of soil moisture at different layers except for deep layer of the Plateau dominated during 1950-2009, while the soil moisture at deep layer of the central part of the Plateau tended to increase.(5) After removing trend, the maximum variation range of annual average soil moisture at each layer except for the deep layer decreased with the increase of soil depth in the central part of the Plateau, while it increased with the increase of soil depth in the central and eastern part of the Plateau.
Based on the monthly soil moisture of GLDAS Noah 2.0 from 1950 to 2009, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture at each layer of the Tibetan Plateau in summer were analyzed. The results are as follows:(1) In summer, the soil moisture at each layer of the Tibetan Plateau decreased gradually from south to north, and there was an extreme value center at the middle and deep layers in the central of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively.(2) The difference of soil moistures between the surface, shallow, middle and deep layers(except for the deep and middle layers) in summer appeared a vertical distribution of ‘wet upper and dry lower' in the mid-eastern part of the Plateau, while that showed a vertical distribution of ‘wet lower and dry upper' in the mid-western part.(3) The first mode of soil moisture at different layers of the Plateau in summer appeared a reverse distribution from southwest to northeast, and the zero line moved to northeast with the increase of soil depth.(4) The annual variation characteristics of soil moisture at different layers of the main part of the Plateau were obvious in summer during 1950-2009. The soil moisture except for the deep layer had significant downward trend as a whole, and it was higher in the early stage and lower in the later stage from 1950 to 2009, while for the deep layer it appeared non-significant increasing trend. Spatially, the decreasing trend of soil moisture at different layers except for deep layer of the Plateau dominated during 1950-2009, while the soil moisture at deep layer of the central part of the Plateau tended to increase.(5) After removing trend, the maximum variation range of annual average soil moisture at each layer except for the deep layer decreased with the increase of soil depth in the central part of the Plateau, while it increased with the increase of soil depth in the central and eastern part of the Plateau.
引文
[1] 刘炜,周顺武,王美蓉,等.1979—2008年夏季青藏高原东南部降水的低频振荡统计特征[J].干旱气象,2016,34(4):631-639.
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[12] 刘丽伟,魏栋,王小巍,等.多种土壤湿度资料在中国地区的对比分析[J].干旱气象,2019,37(1):40-47.
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[14] 师春香,谢正辉,钱辉,等.基于卫星遥感资料的中国区域土壤湿度EnKF数据同化[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(3):375-385.
[15] 陈立波,何金海,谭,等.中国近20 a卫星遥感土壤湿度的季节变化及其验证[J].气象科学,2015,35(6):744-750.
[16] 刘强,杜今阳,施建成,等.青藏高原表层土壤湿度遥感反演及其空间分布和多年变化趋势分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2013,43(10):1677-1690.
[17] 邓明珊,孟宪红,马英赛,等.基于GLDAS产品的青藏高原土壤湿度特征分析[J].干旱气象,2018,36(4):62-69.
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[19] 卓嘎,德吉卓玛,尼玛吉.青藏高原土壤湿度分布特征及其对长江中下游6、7月降水的影响[J].高原气象,2017,36(3):657-666.
[20] KOSTER R D,SUAREZ M J.Soil moisture memory in climate models[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2001,2(6):558-570.
[21] 李若麟,保鸿燕,李课臣,等.全球土壤湿度的记忆性及其气候效应[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1470-1481.
[22] 李登宣,王澄海.青藏高原春季土壤湿度与中国东部夏季降水之间的关系[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(1):89-99.
[23] 王瑞,李伟平,刘新,等.青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常对我国夏季降水影响的模拟研究[J].高原气象,2009,28(6):1233-1241.
[24] 王静,祁莉,何金海,等.青藏高原春季土壤湿度与我国长江流域夏季降水的联系及其可能机理[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(11):3985-3995.
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[26] CONIL S,DOUVILLE H,TYTECA S.The relative influence of soil moisture and SST in climate predictability explored within ensembles of AMIP type experiments[J].Climate Dynamics,2007,28(2/3):125-145.
[27] 朱智,师春香.中国气象局陆面同化系统和全球陆面同化系统对中国区域土壤湿度的模拟与评估[J].科学技术与工程,2014,14(32):138-144.
[28] WANG A H,ZENG X B.Evaluation of multireanalysis products with in situ observations over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2012,117,D05102,DOI:10.1029/2011JD016553.
[29] CHEN Y Y,YANG K,QIN J,et al.Evaluation of AMSR-E retrievals and GLDAS simulations against observations of a soil moisture network on the central Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2013,118(10):4466-4475.
[30] 刘川,余晔,解晋,等.多套土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原的适用性[J].高原气象,2015,34(3):653-665.
[31] 陈宇航,范广洲,张永莉,等.基于GLDAS资料的青藏高原下垫面变化特征分析[J].成都信息工程大学学报,2016,31(2):204-212.
[32] 林振耀,吴祥定.青藏高原水汽输送路径的探讨[J].地理研究,1990,9(3):33-40.
[33] 王磊,文军,韦志刚,等.中国西北区西部土壤湿度及其气候响应[J].高原气象,2008,27(6):1257-1266.
[34] 郭东林,李多,刘广岳.1901～2010年青藏高原土壤温度变化的模拟研究[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(5):1102-1110.
[35] YEH T C,WETHERALD R T,MANABE S.The effect of soil moisture on the short-term climate and hydrology change—a numerical experiment[J].Monthly Weather Review,1984,112(3):474-490.
[2] 王介民.陆面过程实验和地气相互作用研究——从HEIFE到IMGRASS和GAME-Tibet/TIPEX[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):280-294.
[3] 王海梅,侯琼,冯旭宇,等.自然降雨过程对典型草原土壤水分的影响研究——以锡林浩特为例[J].干旱气象,2016,34(6):1010-1015.
[4] CHAHINE M T.The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate[J].Nature,1992,359(6394):373-380.
[5] 马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.土壤湿度与气候变化关系的研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(3):299-305.
[6] 马柱国,符淙斌,谢力,等.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(4):563-568.
[7] QIU J X,GAO Q Z,WANG S,et al.Comparison of temporal trends from multiple soil moisture data sets and precipitation:The implication of irrigation on regional soil moisture trend[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation,2016,48:17-27.
[8] 张人禾,刘栗,左志燕.中国土壤湿度的变异及其对中国气候的影响[J].自然杂志,2016,38(5):313-319.
[9] 李道真.冻结期冻土层水分状况的研究[J].土壤通报,1966(1):12-16.
[10] 乔樵,沈善敏,曾昭顺.东北北部黑土水分状况之研究——Ⅱ.黑土农业水分状况及水分循环[J].土壤学报,1979,16(4):329-338.
[11] 权晨,周秉荣,朱生翠,等.青藏高原高寒湿地冻融过程土壤温湿变化特征[J].干旱气象,2018,36(2):219-225.
[12] 刘丽伟,魏栋,王小巍,等.多种土壤湿度资料在中国地区的对比分析[J].干旱气象,2019,37(1):40-47.
[13] 张文君,周天军,宇如聪.中国土壤湿度的分布与变化I.多种资料间的比较[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):581-597.
[14] 师春香,谢正辉,钱辉,等.基于卫星遥感资料的中国区域土壤湿度EnKF数据同化[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(3):375-385.
[15] 陈立波,何金海,谭,等.中国近20 a卫星遥感土壤湿度的季节变化及其验证[J].气象科学,2015,35(6):744-750.
[16] 刘强,杜今阳,施建成,等.青藏高原表层土壤湿度遥感反演及其空间分布和多年变化趋势分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2013,43(10):1677-1690.
[17] 邓明珊,孟宪红,马英赛,等.基于GLDAS产品的青藏高原土壤湿度特征分析[J].干旱气象,2018,36(4):62-69.
[18] 左志燕,张人禾.中国东部夏季降水与春季土壤湿度的联系[J].科学通报,2007,52(14):1722-1724.
[19] 卓嘎,德吉卓玛,尼玛吉.青藏高原土壤湿度分布特征及其对长江中下游6、7月降水的影响[J].高原气象,2017,36(3):657-666.
[20] KOSTER R D,SUAREZ M J.Soil moisture memory in climate models[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2001,2(6):558-570.
[21] 李若麟,保鸿燕,李课臣,等.全球土壤湿度的记忆性及其气候效应[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1470-1481.
[22] 李登宣,王澄海.青藏高原春季土壤湿度与中国东部夏季降水之间的关系[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(1):89-99.
[23] 王瑞,李伟平,刘新,等.青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常对我国夏季降水影响的模拟研究[J].高原气象,2009,28(6):1233-1241.
[24] 王静,祁莉,何金海,等.青藏高原春季土壤湿度与我国长江流域夏季降水的联系及其可能机理[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(11):3985-3995.
[25] DOUVILLE H.Relevance of soil moisture for seasonal atmospheric predictions:is it an initial value problem?[J].Climate Dynamics,2004,22(4):429-446.
[26] CONIL S,DOUVILLE H,TYTECA S.The relative influence of soil moisture and SST in climate predictability explored within ensembles of AMIP type experiments[J].Climate Dynamics,2007,28(2/3):125-145.
[27] 朱智,师春香.中国气象局陆面同化系统和全球陆面同化系统对中国区域土壤湿度的模拟与评估[J].科学技术与工程,2014,14(32):138-144.
[28] WANG A H,ZENG X B.Evaluation of multireanalysis products with in situ observations over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2012,117,D05102,DOI:10.1029/2011JD016553.
[29] CHEN Y Y,YANG K,QIN J,et al.Evaluation of AMSR-E retrievals and GLDAS simulations against observations of a soil moisture network on the central Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2013,118(10):4466-4475.
[30] 刘川,余晔,解晋,等.多套土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原的适用性[J].高原气象,2015,34(3):653-665.
[31] 陈宇航,范广洲,张永莉,等.基于GLDAS资料的青藏高原下垫面变化特征分析[J].成都信息工程大学学报,2016,31(2):204-212.
[32] 林振耀,吴祥定.青藏高原水汽输送路径的探讨[J].地理研究,1990,9(3):33-40.
[33] 王磊,文军,韦志刚,等.中国西北区西部土壤湿度及其气候响应[J].高原气象,2008,27(6):1257-1266.
[34] 郭东林,李多,刘广岳.1901～2010年青藏高原土壤温度变化的模拟研究[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(5):1102-1110.
[35] YEH T C,WETHERALD R T,MANABE S.The effect of soil moisture on the short-term climate and hydrology change—a numerical experiment[J].Monthly Weather Review,1984,112(3):474-490.