从安第斯到冈底斯:从洋-陆俯冲到陆-陆碰撞
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摘要
全球造山系类型主要分为增生型和碰撞型两大类。现今,全球两大巨型造山系的研究表明:环太平洋增生造山系正在经历洋-陆俯冲过程,新特提斯-喜马拉雅碰撞造山系经历过洋-陆俯冲之后又步入陆-陆碰撞阶段。其中,安第斯造山带是东太平洋Lazaca大洋板块多阶段向东俯冲在南美大陆之下后形成的以"大洋板块深(陡)-浅(平)俯冲交替、洋岛-地体增生拼贴、碰撞和俯冲型高原隆升"为特征的现代"安第斯岛弧带"和"安第斯-科迪勒拉俯冲型增生造山系"。位于亚洲大陆内部的冈底斯造山系经历了新特提斯洋盆向北俯冲、消减和洋盆闭合以及印度-亚洲碰撞的两重阶段,具体包括早中生代开始的新特提斯"多洋岛"形成和向拉萨地体的多阶段俯冲汇聚,致使洋岛-地体增生碰撞形成冈底斯岩浆弧,继而铸造了晚白垩世的"安第斯型"俯冲增生造山系;在俯冲和碰撞转换阶段发生了岩浆大爆发并形成冈底斯初始高原;而后才进入印度-亚洲陆陆碰撞阶段,形成大规模的E-W向逆冲断裂、走滑断裂和S-N向裂谷系。因此,安第斯是冈底斯的前半生,冈底斯的今天是安第斯的未来。研究冈底斯的构造演化,特别是早期的构造岩浆活动,必须与安第斯俯冲增生的历史进行对比。
The global orogenic system can be divided into two main types:accretionary type and collisional type.Nowadays,studies of two giant orogenic systems on the Earth shows that 1)the accretionary orogenic system are happening around the Pacific Ocean by oceanic plates subducted beneath continental plates,and 2)the Himalayan collisional orogenic system has entered the stage of continent-continent collision after oceanic plate-continental subduction.Among them,the Andean orogenic belt is a typical "Andean island arc belt" and "Andean-Cordillera subduction related accretionary orogenic system" which characterized by "deep(steep)-shallow(flat)alternating subduction of the oceanic plate,oceanic island-continent accretional collision and subduction induced plateau uplift" that formed by the multi-stage subduction of the Lazaca oceanic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean.The Gangdese orogeny belt,located in the interior of the Asian continent,underwent two mainly orogenic stages.The first stage is represented by northward oceanic plate subduction,while subduction accompanied closure of the Neo-Tethys oceanic basin.This stage includes forming the multi-oceanic islands in the Neo-Tethys,which probably initiated in the early Mesozoic,and multi-stages subduction and convergence between the Lhasa terrane and oceanic islands.That results in the accretion and collision of the oceanic islands and the Lhasa terrane which lead to form the Gangdese magmatic arc and is similar to the Andean-type subduction-accretion orogenic system.Meanwhile,initial Gangdese Plateau may develop during the magma eruption and transformation from subduction to collision.In the early Cenozoic,the Gangdese orogeny belt entered the second stage of continent-continental collision between Indian and Asian continents.Then it formed large-scale E-W trending thrust faults,strike-slip faults and S-N trending rift systems.Therefore,the Andean orogeny belt is the geological history of the Gangdese orogeny evolution,current Gangdese orogeny belt is the future geology of the Andean orogenic belt.Aim to study the tectonic evolution of Gangdese orogeny belt,especially the early tectonic magmatic activity,we must compare the geological evolution of the Andean subduction and accretion process.
The global orogenic system can be divided into two main types:accretionary type and collisional type.Nowadays,studies of two giant orogenic systems on the Earth shows that 1)the accretionary orogenic system are happening around the Pacific Ocean by oceanic plates subducted beneath continental plates,and 2)the Himalayan collisional orogenic system has entered the stage of continent-continent collision after oceanic plate-continental subduction.Among them,the Andean orogenic belt is a typical "Andean island arc belt" and "Andean-Cordillera subduction related accretionary orogenic system" which characterized by "deep(steep)-shallow(flat)alternating subduction of the oceanic plate,oceanic island-continent accretional collision and subduction induced plateau uplift" that formed by the multi-stage subduction of the Lazaca oceanic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean.The Gangdese orogeny belt,located in the interior of the Asian continent,underwent two mainly orogenic stages.The first stage is represented by northward oceanic plate subduction,while subduction accompanied closure of the Neo-Tethys oceanic basin.This stage includes forming the multi-oceanic islands in the Neo-Tethys,which probably initiated in the early Mesozoic,and multi-stages subduction and convergence between the Lhasa terrane and oceanic islands.That results in the accretion and collision of the oceanic islands and the Lhasa terrane which lead to form the Gangdese magmatic arc and is similar to the Andean-type subduction-accretion orogenic system.Meanwhile,initial Gangdese Plateau may develop during the magma eruption and transformation from subduction to collision.In the early Cenozoic,the Gangdese orogeny belt entered the second stage of continent-continental collision between Indian and Asian continents.Then it formed large-scale E-W trending thrust faults,strike-slip faults and S-N trending rift systems.Therefore,the Andean orogeny belt is the geological history of the Gangdese orogeny evolution,current Gangdese orogeny belt is the future geology of the Andean orogenic belt.Aim to study the tectonic evolution of Gangdese orogeny belt,especially the early tectonic magmatic activity,we must compare the geological evolution of the Andean subduction and accretion process.
引文
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