照料责任的家庭内化和代际分担:父母同住对女性劳动参与的影响
|
摘要
文章从家庭照料与女性劳动参与的矛盾出发,在新古典家庭分工理论的基础上引入生命历程视角,考察与父母同住的居住方式对我国城镇已婚女性劳动参与的影响,以及对生命历程不同阶段的城镇女性影响的异质性及其产生机制。研究发现,与父母同住对城镇已婚女性在不同年龄段的劳动参与产生不同影响:对年轻已婚女性来说,与父母同住会对其劳动参与起到显著促进作用,其主要原因在于同住父母分担了儿童看护的责任;但随着女性年龄增长,与父母同住对其劳动参与的影响将变为消极作用,主要原因在于女性养老照料负担的增加。因此,在社会照料资源缺失和传统性别观念规范下,与老年父母同住作为一种家庭策略,对女性劳动参与不仅有显著的影响,而且体现出生命阶段的差异性。
This article studies the impact of co-residence with parents on the labor participation of urban married women in China and the different mechanisms of the impact during their whole life course. The empirical models are based on the combination of neoclassical theory of labor division within family and the theory of life course, focusing on the contradictions between women's household caring and labor participation. We find that co-residence with parents may yield different effects on women in different life course stages: positive effects on younger women by reducing their responsibility of child care and negative ones on older women by increasing their burden of elderly care. The results pass the robust test and instrumental variables are introduced in models to solve the endogeneity issue.
This article studies the impact of co-residence with parents on the labor participation of urban married women in China and the different mechanisms of the impact during their whole life course. The empirical models are based on the combination of neoclassical theory of labor division within family and the theory of life course, focusing on the contradictions between women's household caring and labor participation. We find that co-residence with parents may yield different effects on women in different life course stages: positive effects on younger women by reducing their responsibility of child care and negative ones on older women by increasing their burden of elderly care. The results pass the robust test and instrumental variables are introduced in models to solve the endogeneity issue.
引文
1 Anderson S.and Mukesh E.2009.What Determines Female Autonomy?Evidence from Bangladesh.Journal of Development Economics 2:179-191.
2 Becker G S.1981.Treatise on the Family.Boston:Harvard University Press.
3 Bolin K,Lindgren B,and Lundborg P.2008.Informal and Formal Care among Single-living Elderly in Europe.Health Economics 3:393-409.
4 Brewster K L.and Rindfuss R R.2000.Fertility and Women's Employment in Industrialized Nations.Annual Review of Sociology 26:271-296.
5 Boaz R F.and Muller C F.1992.Paid Work and Unpaid Help by Caregivers of the Disabled and Frail Elders.Medical Care 2:149-158.
6 Cebula R J.and Coombs C K.2008.Recent Evidence on Factors Influencing the Female Labor Force Participation Rate.Journal of Labor Research 3:272-284.
7 Ettner S L.1995.The Impact of Parent Care on Female Labor Supply Decisions.Demography 1:63-80.
8 Heitmueller A.2007.The Chicken or the Egg:Endogeneity in Labor Market Participation of Informal Cares in England.Journal of Health Economics 3:536.
9 Goldin C.1990.Understanding the Gender Gap:An Economic History of American Women.New York:Oxford University Press.
10 Hayashi F.1997.Understanding Saving:Evidence from the United States and Japan.MIT Press.
11 Lilly M B,Laporte A,and Coyte P C.2007.Labor Market Work and Home Care's Unpaid Caregivers:A Systematic Review of Labor Force Participation Rates,Predictors of Labor Market Withdrawal,and Hours of Work.The Milbank Quarterly 4:641-690.
12 Lundberg S.and Pollak R A.1996.Bargaining and Distribution in Marriage.Journal of Economic Perspectives 10:139-158.
13 Nakamura J.and Ueda A.1999.On the Determinants of Career Interruption by Childbirth among Married Women in Japan.Journal of the Japanese & International Economies 13:73-89.
14 Oishi A S.and Oshio T.2004.Co-residence with Parents and a Wife's Decision to Work in Japan.Discussion Paper.
15 Qi Liangshu and Dong Xiao-yuan.2017.Gender,Low-Paid Status,and Time Poverty in Urban China.Feminist Economics 2:1-23.
16 Song Yueping and Dong Xiao-yuan.2018.Childcare Costs and Migrant and Local Mothers' Labor Force Participation in Urban China.Feminist Economics 2:122-146.
17 Wolf D A.and Soldo B J.1995.Married Women's Allocation of Time to Employment and Care of Elderly Parents.Journal of Human Resources 4:1259-1276.
18 杜凤莲.家庭结构、儿童看护与女性劳动参与:来自中国非农村的证据.世界经济文汇,2008;2:1-12Du Fenglian.2008.Family Structure,Child Care,and Female Labor Participation:Evidence from Non-Rural Areas in China.World Economic Papers 2:1-12.
19 杜凤莲,董晓媛.转轨期女性劳动参与和学前教育选择的经验研究:以中国城镇为例.世界经济,2010;2:51-66Du Fenglian and Dong Xiaoyuan.2010.Empirical Study on Female Labor Participation and Preschool Education Choice in Transitional Period:A Case Study of Chinese Towns.The Journal of World Economy 2:51-66.
20 范红丽,陈璐.替代效应还是收入效应?——家庭老年照料对女性劳动参与率的影响.人口与经济,2015;1:91-98Fan Hongli and Chen Lu.2015.Substitution or Income Effect?The Impact of Family Care for Elderly Parents on the Female Employment in China.Population & Economics 1:91-98.
21 方维维.家庭结构对已婚女性劳动供给的影响.湘潭大学,2013Fang Weiwei.2013.The Influence of Family Structure on Labor Supply of Married Women.Xiangtan University.
22 国家统计局.2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.国家统计局网站,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201902/t20190228_1651265.html ,2019-02-28National Bureau of Statistics.2019.Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development in 2018.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201902/t20190228_1651265.html,Feb.28th.
23 刘柏惠.我国家庭中子女照料老人的机会成本——基于家庭动态调查数据的分析.人口学刊,2014;5:48-60Liu Baihui.2014.Opportunity Cost of Elder Informal Care in China:An Analysis on the Basis of Family Dynamic Data.Population Journal 5:48-60.
24 刘岚,董晓媛,陈功,郑晓瑛.照料父母对我国农村已婚妇女劳动时间分配的影响.世界经济文汇,2010;5:1-15Liu Lan,Dong Xiaoyuan,Chen Gong and Zheng Xiaoying.2010.The Effect of Caring Parents on the Labor Time Allocation of Married Women in Rural China.World Economic Papers 5:1-15.
25 马焱,李龙.照料老年父母对城镇已婚中青年女性就业的影响.人口与经济,2014;2:39-47Ma Yan and Li Long.2014.The Impact of the Care-giving for Elderly Parents on the Employment of Young Middle-aged Urban Married Women.Population & Economics 2:39-47.
26 沈可,章元,鄢萍.中国女性劳动参与率下降的新解释:家庭结构变迁的视角.人口研究,2012;5:15-27Shen Ke,Zhang Yuan and Yan Ping.2012.Family Structure and Female Labor Force Participation in China.Population Research 5:15-27.
27 宋健.普遍二孩生育对妇女就业的影响及政策建议.人口与计划生育,2016;1:20-22Song Jian.2016.The Influence of Universal Two-child Birth on Women's Employment and Policy Recommendations.Population and Family Planning 1:20-22.
28 宋月萍.中国女性主义经济学的本土化:必要性及路径.妇女研究论丛,2016;4:14-15Song Yueping.2016.The Localization of Feminist Economics in China:Why and How.Journal of Chinese Women's Studies 4:14-15.
29 吴愈晓.影响城镇女性就业的微观因素及其变化:1995年与2002年比较.社会,2010;6:136-155Wu Yuxiao.2010.Impacts of Individual Factors on Women's Employment in Urban China:Comparison of 1995 and 2002.Chinese Journal of Sociology 6:136-155.
30 杨菊华,何炤华.社会转型过程中家庭的变迁与延续.人口研究,2014;2:36-51Yang Juhua and He Zhaohua.2014.Continuity or Change?Chinese Family in Transitional Era.Population Research 2:36-51.
31 张川川.子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给和工资的影响.人口与经济,2011;5:29-35Zhang Chuanchuan.2011.Impacts of Number of Children on the Labor Supply and Wage Earnings of Married Women.Population & Economics 5:29-35.
32 周春芳.儿童看护、老人照料与农村已婚女性非农就业.农业技术经济,2013;11:94-102Zhou Chunfang.2013.Child Care,Elderly Care,and Non-agricultural Employment of Rural Married Women.Journal of Agrotechnical Economics 11:94-102.
(1)本文中的“与父母同住”既包括与自己的父/母同住,也包括与公/婆同住,文中为了叙述方便,统一称为“父母”。除有特别说明,下文所有“与父母同住”均指与父/母或公/婆同住。
(2)此处,同一社区是指同一居委会。
(3)没有0～5岁儿童的家庭,也归类为父母不帮忙照看0～5岁子女,赋值为0。
2 Becker G S.1981.Treatise on the Family.Boston:Harvard University Press.
3 Bolin K,Lindgren B,and Lundborg P.2008.Informal and Formal Care among Single-living Elderly in Europe.Health Economics 3:393-409.
4 Brewster K L.and Rindfuss R R.2000.Fertility and Women's Employment in Industrialized Nations.Annual Review of Sociology 26:271-296.
5 Boaz R F.and Muller C F.1992.Paid Work and Unpaid Help by Caregivers of the Disabled and Frail Elders.Medical Care 2:149-158.
6 Cebula R J.and Coombs C K.2008.Recent Evidence on Factors Influencing the Female Labor Force Participation Rate.Journal of Labor Research 3:272-284.
7 Ettner S L.1995.The Impact of Parent Care on Female Labor Supply Decisions.Demography 1:63-80.
8 Heitmueller A.2007.The Chicken or the Egg:Endogeneity in Labor Market Participation of Informal Cares in England.Journal of Health Economics 3:536.
9 Goldin C.1990.Understanding the Gender Gap:An Economic History of American Women.New York:Oxford University Press.
10 Hayashi F.1997.Understanding Saving:Evidence from the United States and Japan.MIT Press.
11 Lilly M B,Laporte A,and Coyte P C.2007.Labor Market Work and Home Care's Unpaid Caregivers:A Systematic Review of Labor Force Participation Rates,Predictors of Labor Market Withdrawal,and Hours of Work.The Milbank Quarterly 4:641-690.
12 Lundberg S.and Pollak R A.1996.Bargaining and Distribution in Marriage.Journal of Economic Perspectives 10:139-158.
13 Nakamura J.and Ueda A.1999.On the Determinants of Career Interruption by Childbirth among Married Women in Japan.Journal of the Japanese & International Economies 13:73-89.
14 Oishi A S.and Oshio T.2004.Co-residence with Parents and a Wife's Decision to Work in Japan.Discussion Paper.
15 Qi Liangshu and Dong Xiao-yuan.2017.Gender,Low-Paid Status,and Time Poverty in Urban China.Feminist Economics 2:1-23.
16 Song Yueping and Dong Xiao-yuan.2018.Childcare Costs and Migrant and Local Mothers' Labor Force Participation in Urban China.Feminist Economics 2:122-146.
17 Wolf D A.and Soldo B J.1995.Married Women's Allocation of Time to Employment and Care of Elderly Parents.Journal of Human Resources 4:1259-1276.
18 杜凤莲.家庭结构、儿童看护与女性劳动参与:来自中国非农村的证据.世界经济文汇,2008;2:1-12Du Fenglian.2008.Family Structure,Child Care,and Female Labor Participation:Evidence from Non-Rural Areas in China.World Economic Papers 2:1-12.
19 杜凤莲,董晓媛.转轨期女性劳动参与和学前教育选择的经验研究:以中国城镇为例.世界经济,2010;2:51-66Du Fenglian and Dong Xiaoyuan.2010.Empirical Study on Female Labor Participation and Preschool Education Choice in Transitional Period:A Case Study of Chinese Towns.The Journal of World Economy 2:51-66.
20 范红丽,陈璐.替代效应还是收入效应?——家庭老年照料对女性劳动参与率的影响.人口与经济,2015;1:91-98Fan Hongli and Chen Lu.2015.Substitution or Income Effect?The Impact of Family Care for Elderly Parents on the Female Employment in China.Population & Economics 1:91-98.
21 方维维.家庭结构对已婚女性劳动供给的影响.湘潭大学,2013Fang Weiwei.2013.The Influence of Family Structure on Labor Supply of Married Women.Xiangtan University.
22 国家统计局.2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.国家统计局网站,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201902/t20190228_1651265.html ,2019-02-28National Bureau of Statistics.2019.Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development in 2018.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201902/t20190228_1651265.html,Feb.28th.
23 刘柏惠.我国家庭中子女照料老人的机会成本——基于家庭动态调查数据的分析.人口学刊,2014;5:48-60Liu Baihui.2014.Opportunity Cost of Elder Informal Care in China:An Analysis on the Basis of Family Dynamic Data.Population Journal 5:48-60.
24 刘岚,董晓媛,陈功,郑晓瑛.照料父母对我国农村已婚妇女劳动时间分配的影响.世界经济文汇,2010;5:1-15Liu Lan,Dong Xiaoyuan,Chen Gong and Zheng Xiaoying.2010.The Effect of Caring Parents on the Labor Time Allocation of Married Women in Rural China.World Economic Papers 5:1-15.
25 马焱,李龙.照料老年父母对城镇已婚中青年女性就业的影响.人口与经济,2014;2:39-47Ma Yan and Li Long.2014.The Impact of the Care-giving for Elderly Parents on the Employment of Young Middle-aged Urban Married Women.Population & Economics 2:39-47.
26 沈可,章元,鄢萍.中国女性劳动参与率下降的新解释:家庭结构变迁的视角.人口研究,2012;5:15-27Shen Ke,Zhang Yuan and Yan Ping.2012.Family Structure and Female Labor Force Participation in China.Population Research 5:15-27.
27 宋健.普遍二孩生育对妇女就业的影响及政策建议.人口与计划生育,2016;1:20-22Song Jian.2016.The Influence of Universal Two-child Birth on Women's Employment and Policy Recommendations.Population and Family Planning 1:20-22.
28 宋月萍.中国女性主义经济学的本土化:必要性及路径.妇女研究论丛,2016;4:14-15Song Yueping.2016.The Localization of Feminist Economics in China:Why and How.Journal of Chinese Women's Studies 4:14-15.
29 吴愈晓.影响城镇女性就业的微观因素及其变化:1995年与2002年比较.社会,2010;6:136-155Wu Yuxiao.2010.Impacts of Individual Factors on Women's Employment in Urban China:Comparison of 1995 and 2002.Chinese Journal of Sociology 6:136-155.
30 杨菊华,何炤华.社会转型过程中家庭的变迁与延续.人口研究,2014;2:36-51Yang Juhua and He Zhaohua.2014.Continuity or Change?Chinese Family in Transitional Era.Population Research 2:36-51.
31 张川川.子女数量对已婚女性劳动供给和工资的影响.人口与经济,2011;5:29-35Zhang Chuanchuan.2011.Impacts of Number of Children on the Labor Supply and Wage Earnings of Married Women.Population & Economics 5:29-35.
32 周春芳.儿童看护、老人照料与农村已婚女性非农就业.农业技术经济,2013;11:94-102Zhou Chunfang.2013.Child Care,Elderly Care,and Non-agricultural Employment of Rural Married Women.Journal of Agrotechnical Economics 11:94-102.
(1)本文中的“与父母同住”既包括与自己的父/母同住,也包括与公/婆同住,文中为了叙述方便,统一称为“父母”。除有特别说明,下文所有“与父母同住”均指与父/母或公/婆同住。
(2)此处,同一社区是指同一居委会。
(3)没有0～5岁儿童的家庭,也归类为父母不帮忙照看0～5岁子女,赋值为0。