民族自决权的发展与困境分析——以国际法为视角
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摘要
民族自决思想萌芽于欧洲文艺复兴时期,形成于欧美近现代资产阶级革命时代,在20世纪得到进一步发展与完善,在现代西方国家构建、去殖民化运动以及维护国家主权和领土完整方面发挥过重要作用。第二次世界大战之后,民族自决权(1)的发展和变化主要体现在国际法(2)对其所做的一系列解释中。各个时期国际法对民族自决权的不同解释表明,民族自决权的发展是一个动态的变化过程,同时也必须结合相关的国际实践来进行理解。通过对民族自决权的发展与演变的研究,有助于深入理解当今国际社会局部地区纷繁动乱的根源。
The idea of national self-determination sprouted in the European Renaissance period,formed in the modern era of American and European bourgeois revolution,and was further developed and perfected in the twentieth century,it had played an important role in the construction of modern western countries, the movement of decolonization and the maintenance of state sovereignty and territorial integrity. After World War II,the Development and change of the right of national self-determination are mainly embodied in international law and in a series of explanations. At the same time,some regional laws and regulations also influence the development of self-determination. Different interpretations of the international law on the right of national selfdetermination show that the development of the right to self-determination is a dynamic process of change,and must also be understood in the light of relevant international practices. Through the research of the development and evolution of the right to self-determination,it contributes to further understanding of the international community in local areas and roots of unrest.
The idea of national self-determination sprouted in the European Renaissance period,formed in the modern era of American and European bourgeois revolution,and was further developed and perfected in the twentieth century,it had played an important role in the construction of modern western countries, the movement of decolonization and the maintenance of state sovereignty and territorial integrity. After World War II,the Development and change of the right of national self-determination are mainly embodied in international law and in a series of explanations. At the same time,some regional laws and regulations also influence the development of self-determination. Different interpretations of the international law on the right of national selfdetermination show that the development of the right to self-determination is a dynamic process of change,and must also be understood in the light of relevant international practices. Through the research of the development and evolution of the right to self-determination,it contributes to further understanding of the international community in local areas and roots of unrest.
引文
[1]王英津.自决权理论与公民投票[M].北京:九州出版社,2007.
[2]董云虎,刘武萍.世界人权约法总览[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1991.
[3]赵建文.人民自决权的主体范围[J].法学研究,2008(2):133-148.
[4]赵建文.人民自决权与国家领土完整的关系[J].法学研究,2009(6):174-192.
[5]曾令良.与克里米亚“脱乌入俄事件”有关的国际法问题[J].国际法研究,2015(1):3-13.
[6]慕亚平,郑艳.亦论自决权[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),1998(2):91-97.
[7]王英津.关于作为自决权主体的“人民”之解读[J].唯实,2009(2):64-68.
[8]余建华.世纪之交世界民族分离主义运动的背景及其理论探析[J].世界民族,1999(2):8-15.
[9]ANTONIO C.Self-determination of peoples:A legal reappraisal[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[10]王英津.自决权内外划分学说的负面效应及其防范[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4):10-14.
[11]范毅.论自决权的性质——一种国际法和国内法的综合分析[J].现代法学,2005(3):151-159.
[12]潘剑锋.论司法确认[J].中国法学,2011(3):41-49.
[13]EREZ M.The Wilsonian moment:Self-determination and the international origins of anticolonial nationalism[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007:41.
[14]ANTONIO C.Self-determination of peoples:A legal reappraisal[M].New York:Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1995:40.
[15]王铁崖.国际法[M].北京:法律出版社,1981.
[16]YONAN A,ROBERT A F.Self-determination:National,regional,and global dimensions[M].Colorado:Westview Press,1980:349.
[17]李忠.论少数人权利[J].西南政法大学学报,1999(1):75-80.
[18]KATHLEEN G C.Inside the politics of self-determination[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014:2.
[19]ANDREW K C.Resolving claims to self-determination:Is there a role for the international court of justice[M].New York:Routledge,2013:3.
(1)“民族自决权”在国际法的英文文献中对应的是“Rights of Peoples to Self-determination”,通常情况下被译为“民族自决权”,有时也被译为“人民自决权”。
(2)国际法是国际关系中的行为规范,根据《国际法院规约》第38条第1款规定,国际法规范的形式有国际条约、国际习惯、一般法律原则、司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学说等。国际条约和国际习惯是国际法的主要渊源。国际条约是国际法主体之间就权利和义务关系缔结的一种书面协议,广义上的条约有公约、协定、宪章、议定书宣言和换文各种称谓。而国际习惯是一种“不成文”法,通过相同的实践而体现的一种法的信念。
(1)关于“民族”一词,国内外学术界有很大的争论。为了避免混乱,文中所引用的法律原文以及英文文献中将“people”一词译为“人民”,将“nation”一词译为“民族”。因此,文中对民族自决权和人民自决权二者的含义并无明确区分。此外,文中涉及到的国际法文献都是作者根据中英两个版本自行翻译的。
(2)The third article in Atlantic Charter(August 14,1941).http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.
(3)U.N.Charter(1945),art.1,para.2.
(4)U.N.Charter(1945),art.1,para.1.
(5)民族自决权首先是作为第1款第2条的修正条例被4个创始成员国(中国、俄罗斯、美国和英国)提出来。后来各国对此产生了很多争论。例如,法国代表提出自决权是否意味着一个国家可以拥有自己的民主机构,是否应有分离的权利。英国和苏联的代表认为各方在此问题上根本达不成一致的意见,不屑于参与这样的讨论。一些代表对草案提出了反对,认为该条例没有排除独立的可能性。还有些国家提出要将此原则的适用范围扩大到非自治领土。例如,比利时代表认为对自决权的承认就是建立在模糊的基础上的,它更多地强调的是国家之间的平等,而不是人民的平等,将自决权作为处理国家间关系的基础势必会为一国对另一国的侵犯打开大门。最后,虽然关于民族自决权的修正案得到了全体通过,但是联合国并没有就民族自决权的确切定义给出解释。Cf.HELEN Q.“The U-nited Nations and the Evolving Right to Self-Determination”,The International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.47,No.3(Jul.,1998),pp.537-547.
(1)宣言此处提到的没有获得独立的领土可能指的是实际被外来政府控制,但是对外宣称既不是非自治领土也不是托管领土的地区。
(2)Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples,G/A/Res/1514(XV),(1960),paras.2&5.http://daccessdds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/IMG/NR015288.pdf?Open Element.
(3)International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights.International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,G/A/Res/2200(XXΙ)(1966),art.1,para.1.
(1)International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,G/A/Res/2200(XXΙ)(1966),art.27.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLU-TION/GEN/NR0/005/03/IMG/NR000503.pdf?Open Element(last visited 14 November,2015).
(2)International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,G/A/Res/2200(XXI)(1966),art.27,para.2.
(3)同上。
(4)Declaration on Principle of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,A/RES/2625(XXV):124.
(1)Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order,G/A/Res/3201(S-VI)(1974),para.1.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/071/90/IMG/NR007190.pdf?Open Element.
(2)Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States(1974),G/A/Res/3281(XXΙX)(1974),chap.1.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/738/83/IMG/NR073883.pdf?Open Element.
(3)Vienna Declaration and Program of Action,A/CONF.157/231(1993),para.2.http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/a.conf.157.23.en.
(4)United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,G/A/Res/61/295(1970).art.3.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UN-DOC/GEN/N06/512/06/PDF/N0651206.pdf?Open Element.
(5)同上。
(6)United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,G/A/Res/61/295(1970).art.46,para.1.
(1)MONTY G.M,Ted Robert G.Peace and Conflict 2005,Maryland:Center for International Development and Conflict Management,2005,p.21.
[2]董云虎,刘武萍.世界人权约法总览[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1991.
[3]赵建文.人民自决权的主体范围[J].法学研究,2008(2):133-148.
[4]赵建文.人民自决权与国家领土完整的关系[J].法学研究,2009(6):174-192.
[5]曾令良.与克里米亚“脱乌入俄事件”有关的国际法问题[J].国际法研究,2015(1):3-13.
[6]慕亚平,郑艳.亦论自决权[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),1998(2):91-97.
[7]王英津.关于作为自决权主体的“人民”之解读[J].唯实,2009(2):64-68.
[8]余建华.世纪之交世界民族分离主义运动的背景及其理论探析[J].世界民族,1999(2):8-15.
[9]ANTONIO C.Self-determination of peoples:A legal reappraisal[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[10]王英津.自决权内外划分学说的负面效应及其防范[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4):10-14.
[11]范毅.论自决权的性质——一种国际法和国内法的综合分析[J].现代法学,2005(3):151-159.
[12]潘剑锋.论司法确认[J].中国法学,2011(3):41-49.
[13]EREZ M.The Wilsonian moment:Self-determination and the international origins of anticolonial nationalism[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007:41.
[14]ANTONIO C.Self-determination of peoples:A legal reappraisal[M].New York:Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1995:40.
[15]王铁崖.国际法[M].北京:法律出版社,1981.
[16]YONAN A,ROBERT A F.Self-determination:National,regional,and global dimensions[M].Colorado:Westview Press,1980:349.
[17]李忠.论少数人权利[J].西南政法大学学报,1999(1):75-80.
[18]KATHLEEN G C.Inside the politics of self-determination[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014:2.
[19]ANDREW K C.Resolving claims to self-determination:Is there a role for the international court of justice[M].New York:Routledge,2013:3.
(1)“民族自决权”在国际法的英文文献中对应的是“Rights of Peoples to Self-determination”,通常情况下被译为“民族自决权”,有时也被译为“人民自决权”。
(2)国际法是国际关系中的行为规范,根据《国际法院规约》第38条第1款规定,国际法规范的形式有国际条约、国际习惯、一般法律原则、司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学说等。国际条约和国际习惯是国际法的主要渊源。国际条约是国际法主体之间就权利和义务关系缔结的一种书面协议,广义上的条约有公约、协定、宪章、议定书宣言和换文各种称谓。而国际习惯是一种“不成文”法,通过相同的实践而体现的一种法的信念。
(1)关于“民族”一词,国内外学术界有很大的争论。为了避免混乱,文中所引用的法律原文以及英文文献中将“people”一词译为“人民”,将“nation”一词译为“民族”。因此,文中对民族自决权和人民自决权二者的含义并无明确区分。此外,文中涉及到的国际法文献都是作者根据中英两个版本自行翻译的。
(2)The third article in Atlantic Charter(August 14,1941).http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.
(3)U.N.Charter(1945),art.1,para.2.
(4)U.N.Charter(1945),art.1,para.1.
(5)民族自决权首先是作为第1款第2条的修正条例被4个创始成员国(中国、俄罗斯、美国和英国)提出来。后来各国对此产生了很多争论。例如,法国代表提出自决权是否意味着一个国家可以拥有自己的民主机构,是否应有分离的权利。英国和苏联的代表认为各方在此问题上根本达不成一致的意见,不屑于参与这样的讨论。一些代表对草案提出了反对,认为该条例没有排除独立的可能性。还有些国家提出要将此原则的适用范围扩大到非自治领土。例如,比利时代表认为对自决权的承认就是建立在模糊的基础上的,它更多地强调的是国家之间的平等,而不是人民的平等,将自决权作为处理国家间关系的基础势必会为一国对另一国的侵犯打开大门。最后,虽然关于民族自决权的修正案得到了全体通过,但是联合国并没有就民族自决权的确切定义给出解释。Cf.HELEN Q.“The U-nited Nations and the Evolving Right to Self-Determination”,The International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.47,No.3(Jul.,1998),pp.537-547.
(1)宣言此处提到的没有获得独立的领土可能指的是实际被外来政府控制,但是对外宣称既不是非自治领土也不是托管领土的地区。
(2)Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples,G/A/Res/1514(XV),(1960),paras.2&5.http://daccessdds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/IMG/NR015288.pdf?Open Element.
(3)International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights.International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,G/A/Res/2200(XXΙ)(1966),art.1,para.1.
(1)International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,G/A/Res/2200(XXΙ)(1966),art.27.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLU-TION/GEN/NR0/005/03/IMG/NR000503.pdf?Open Element(last visited 14 November,2015).
(2)International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,G/A/Res/2200(XXI)(1966),art.27,para.2.
(3)同上。
(4)Declaration on Principle of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,A/RES/2625(XXV):124.
(1)Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order,G/A/Res/3201(S-VI)(1974),para.1.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/071/90/IMG/NR007190.pdf?Open Element.
(2)Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States(1974),G/A/Res/3281(XXΙX)(1974),chap.1.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/738/83/IMG/NR073883.pdf?Open Element.
(3)Vienna Declaration and Program of Action,A/CONF.157/231(1993),para.2.http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/a.conf.157.23.en.
(4)United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,G/A/Res/61/295(1970).art.3.http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UN-DOC/GEN/N06/512/06/PDF/N0651206.pdf?Open Element.
(5)同上。
(6)United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,G/A/Res/61/295(1970).art.46,para.1.
(1)MONTY G.M,Ted Robert G.Peace and Conflict 2005,Maryland:Center for International Development and Conflict Management,2005,p.21.