西安市冬季大气降尘中PAHs污染特征及评价
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摘要
为了解西安市冬季PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,多环芳烃)沉降污染,采集各功能区2017年11月至2018年1月的大气降尘,应用高效液相色谱仪测定16种PAHs含量,分析PAHs组成特征、污染水平、生态和健康暴露风险并估算其沉降通量。结果显示:西安市冬季大气降尘中PAHs含量范围为10.22～63.90μg/g,平均值为30.11μg/g,大气降尘中∑PAHs含量在灞桥热电厂最高。不同功能区样点的大气降尘中PAHs的组分构成存在差异,工业区样点的高分子量PAHs占比较高,文教区和旅游区样点的低分子量PAHs占比相对较高。冬季各月份大气降尘通量、∑PAHs沉降通量和∑_7CPAHs沉降通量均在工业区样点中最高。大气降尘通量与∑PAHs沉降通量之间存在较强相关性。基于BaP的毒性当量浓度和生态效应区间法对PAHs的潜在风险评价结果显示,西安冬季大气降尘中PAHs处于中等或较高生态风险。PAHs暴露的健康风险ILCR模型结果显示,西安市冬季大气降尘中PAHs在三种暴露途径下对儿童和成人的ILCR_总值除个别样点低于10~(-6),其余均在10~(-6)～10~(-4)之间,表示存在人体可耐受的致癌风险。
To know the deposition of atmospheric PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in winter in Xi'an, dustfall samples were collected from five different functional areas of Xi'an during November 2017 to January 2018. The concentration of 16 PAHs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The composition characteristics, pollution level, ecological and health exposure risks of PAHs were analyzed, and the PAHs deposition fluxes were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of PAHs in the dustfall of Xi'an ranged from 10.22 to 63.90μg/g with an average of 30.11μg/g. The concentration of PAHs in the Baqiao thermoelectric plant were the highest. There were differences in the composition of PAHs in each functional sampling point. The proportion of high molecular weight PAHs in industrial areas was relatively high, and the proportion of low molecular weight PAHs in cultural and educational sampling points and tourist areas was relatively high. The deposition flux of dust, ∑PAHs and ∑_7CPAHs were the highest in the industrial points in each month of the winter. Dustfall flux had a strong correlation with the deposition flux of ∑PAHs. The potential risk of PAHs was evaluated based on BaP-based toxic equivalent concentration and eco-effect interval method, and the PAHs in Xi'an during winter dustfall were at moderate or high ecological risk. The incremental life cancer risks(ILCR) assessment indicted that the total ILCR of children and adults under the three exposure pathways of PAHs in atmospheric dustfall in winter in Xi'an was lower than 10~(-6) for individual samples, and the remaining values werebetween 10~(-4) and 10~(-6), indicating that there is human tolerance carcinogenic risk.
To know the deposition of atmospheric PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in winter in Xi'an, dustfall samples were collected from five different functional areas of Xi'an during November 2017 to January 2018. The concentration of 16 PAHs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The composition characteristics, pollution level, ecological and health exposure risks of PAHs were analyzed, and the PAHs deposition fluxes were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of PAHs in the dustfall of Xi'an ranged from 10.22 to 63.90μg/g with an average of 30.11μg/g. The concentration of PAHs in the Baqiao thermoelectric plant were the highest. There were differences in the composition of PAHs in each functional sampling point. The proportion of high molecular weight PAHs in industrial areas was relatively high, and the proportion of low molecular weight PAHs in cultural and educational sampling points and tourist areas was relatively high. The deposition flux of dust, ∑PAHs and ∑_7CPAHs were the highest in the industrial points in each month of the winter. Dustfall flux had a strong correlation with the deposition flux of ∑PAHs. The potential risk of PAHs was evaluated based on BaP-based toxic equivalent concentration and eco-effect interval method, and the PAHs in Xi'an during winter dustfall were at moderate or high ecological risk. The incremental life cancer risks(ILCR) assessment indicted that the total ILCR of children and adults under the three exposure pathways of PAHs in atmospheric dustfall in winter in Xi'an was lower than 10~(-6) for individual samples, and the remaining values werebetween 10~(-4) and 10~(-6), indicating that there is human tolerance carcinogenic risk.
引文
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[22]王丽,王利军,史兴民,等.西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1279-1286.
[23]吴艳阳,吴群河,罗昊,等.沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险评价法研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2013, 33(2): 544-556.
[24]程家丽,黄启飞,魏世强,等. 我国环境介质中多环芳烃的分布及其生态风险[J]. 环境工程学报, 2007, 1(4): 138-144.
[25]Larsen R K, Baker J E. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 37(9): 1873-1881.
[2]Kang F, Mao X, Wang X, et al. Sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during haze days in eastern China: A 1-year case study in Nanjing City[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 140: 76-83.
[3]Zhang J Q, Qu C K, Qi S H, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric dustfall from the industrial corridor in Hubei Province, Central China[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2015, 37: 891-903.
[4]Kadi M W, Ali N, Albar H M S. Phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the indoor settled carpet dust of mosques, health risk assessment for public[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 627: 134-140.
[5]孔祥胜,苗迎. 南宁市郊空气和大气干湿沉降物中多环芳烃的污染特征[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2014, 36(8): 34-42.
[6]叶友斌,张巍,胡丹,等. 北京城区大气多环芳烃的沉降特征[J]. 城市环境与城市生态, 2010, 23(2): 23-26.
[7]刘炎坤,汪青,刘敏,等. 上海市大气沉降物中多环芳烃赋存特征及其来源[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(9): 2605-2614.
[8]吴水平,兰天,左谦,等. 天津地区一些降尘中多环芳烃的含量与分布[J]. 环境科学学报, 2004, 24(6): 1066-1073.
[9]徐虹,林丰妹,毕晓辉, 等. 杭州市大气降尘与PM10化学组成特征的研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2011, 31(1): 1-7.
[10]张云,张成君. 兰州市大气降尘中PAHs分布与生态风险评价[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2008, 20(5): 20-32.
[11]张春辉,郭建阳,石顺权,等. 贵阳市主干道降尘中的多环芳烃及其健康风险评估[J]. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33(10): 2810-2816.
[12]刘贵荣,史国良,张普,等. 成都市PM10中多环芳烃来源识别及毒性评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(10): 2479-2484.
[13]Bayraktar H, Paloluoglu C, Turalioglu F S, et al. A multipoint (49 points) study of dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Erzurum, Turkey by using surrogated snow surface samplers[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23: 12400-12413.
[14]Cavalcante R M, Rocha C A, Santiago I S, et al. Influence of urbanization on air quality based on the occurrence of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a tropical semiarid area (Fortaleza-CE, Brazil)[J]. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health, 2017, 10: 437-445.
[15]Ali S A, Debade X, Chebbo G, et al. Contribution of atmospheric dry deposition to storm water loads for PAHs and trace metals in a small and highly trafficked urban road catchment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017, 24: 26497-26512.
[16]Moon H B, Kannan K, Lee S J, et al. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban and a suburban area of Korea from 2002 to 2004[J]. Archives of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 2006, 51: 494-502.
[17]李文慧,张承中,马万里,等. 西安采暖期大气中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2010, 31(7): 1432-1437.
[18]周燕,卢新卫. 西安市公园土壤多环芳烃污染特征、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(11): 4800-4808.
[19]王学彤,贾英,孙阳昭,等.典型污染区农业土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及生态[J].环境科学学报, 2009,29(11): 2433-2439.
[20]USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund: Human health evaluation manual: Part B, development of risk-based preliminary remediation goals[R]. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
[21]李永霞,刘燕,王文刚,等. 某钢铁企业表层土壤中多环芳烃含量特征与生态风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(6): 1320-1327.
[22]王丽,王利军,史兴民,等.西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1279-1286.
[23]吴艳阳,吴群河,罗昊,等.沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险评价法研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2013, 33(2): 544-556.
[24]程家丽,黄启飞,魏世强,等. 我国环境介质中多环芳烃的分布及其生态风险[J]. 环境工程学报, 2007, 1(4): 138-144.
[25]Larsen R K, Baker J E. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 37(9): 1873-1881.
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