基于TBL模型的闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量估算
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摘要
扩散模型是估算水生生态系统水-大气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)交换通量的重要手段.选取多种参数化方法对闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2气体交换速率(k_x)及CO_2扩散通量进行估算,探讨闽江口围垦养虾塘k_x及CO_2扩散通量的变化特征及影响因素.结果表明:①养殖期水-大气界面CO_2气体交换速率及其扩散通量均呈现显著的时间变化特征,分别表现为10月> 9月> 11月> 7月> 8月和11月> 7月> 8月> 9月> 10月的变化趋势;②风速、pH、水体CO_2、DOC和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度是影响CO_2扩散通量时间变化特征的重要因素;③不同参数化方法计算得出的闽江口养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量存在显著差异(P <0. 01),表明模型方法估算养殖塘CO_2扩散通量具有一定不确定性,综合分析认为模型RC01和CW03是估算闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量较为合适的方法.
Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are important sources of greenhouse gases,such as CO_2. However,few studies have presented data on the greenhouse gas flux from coastal aquaculture ponds. Diffusion models are important tools for estimating the CO_2 exchange flux across the water-air interface of aquatic ecosystems. Several different parameterized means were selected to estimate the CO_2 gas exchange rate( k_x) and CO_2 diffusive flux across the water-air interface of shrimp ponds in the Minjiang River Estuary. The results indicated that: ① the CO_2 gas exchange rate and diffusive flux over the culture period all presented significant temporal variation. This variation showed a dynamic trend: October > September > November > July > August and November > July > August >September > October. ② Wind speed,k_x,CO_2 concentration,pH,DOC concentration,and Chl-a concentration were important factors affecting the temporal variation of CO_2 diffusive flux. ③ There were differences in the estimated value of CO_2 diffusive flux across the water-air interface of the culture ponds in the Minjiang River Estuary among different parameterized approaches( P < 0. 01). This indicates that the model method has some uncertainties in estimating the CO_2 diffusive flux in culture ponds. Our results suggest that the models RC01 and CW03 are more suitable methods for estimating the CO_2 diffusive flux at the water-air interface of estuarine reclaimed aquaculture ponds in the Minjiang River Estuary,after comprehensive analysis of the water environment and the different estimation results.
Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are important sources of greenhouse gases,such as CO_2. However,few studies have presented data on the greenhouse gas flux from coastal aquaculture ponds. Diffusion models are important tools for estimating the CO_2 exchange flux across the water-air interface of aquatic ecosystems. Several different parameterized means were selected to estimate the CO_2 gas exchange rate( k_x) and CO_2 diffusive flux across the water-air interface of shrimp ponds in the Minjiang River Estuary. The results indicated that: ① the CO_2 gas exchange rate and diffusive flux over the culture period all presented significant temporal variation. This variation showed a dynamic trend: October > September > November > July > August and November > July > August >September > October. ② Wind speed,k_x,CO_2 concentration,pH,DOC concentration,and Chl-a concentration were important factors affecting the temporal variation of CO_2 diffusive flux. ③ There were differences in the estimated value of CO_2 diffusive flux across the water-air interface of the culture ponds in the Minjiang River Estuary among different parameterized approaches( P < 0. 01). This indicates that the model method has some uncertainties in estimating the CO_2 diffusive flux in culture ponds. Our results suggest that the models RC01 and CW03 are more suitable methods for estimating the CO_2 diffusive flux at the water-air interface of estuarine reclaimed aquaculture ponds in the Minjiang River Estuary,after comprehensive analysis of the water environment and the different estimation results.
引文
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[18]张逸飞,刘小慧,杨平,等.模拟SO2-4沉降对闽江口淡水感潮野慈姑湿地甲烷排放通量的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):4715-4723.Zhang Y F,Liu X H,Yang P,et al.Effects of simulated sulfate deposition on methane flux from a Sagittaria trifolia-dominated freshwater tidal wetland in the Min River Estuary[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):4715-4723.
[19]Yang P,Zhang Y F,Lai D Y F,et al.Fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane across the water-atmosphere interface of aquaculture shrimp ponds in two subtropical estuaries:The effect of temperature,substrate,salinity and nitrate[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,635:1025-1035.
[20]Tong C,Huang J F,Hu Z Q,et al.Diurnal variations of carbon dioxide,methane,and nitrous oxide vertical fluxes in a subtropical estuarine marsh on neap and spring tide days[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2013,36(3):633-642.
[21]Yang P,Lai D Y F,Jin B S,et al.Dynamics of dissolved nutrients in the aquaculture shrimp ponds of the Min River estuary,China:Concentrations,fluxes and environmental loads[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,603-604:256-267.
[22]谭立山,杨平,何露露,等.闽江口短叶茳芏+芦苇沼泽湿地大、小潮日土壤间隙水溶解性CH4与CO2浓度日动态[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):52-59.Tan L S,Yang P,He L L,et al.Diurnal variations of concentration of porewater dissolved CH4and CO2in a brackish marsh dominated by Cyperus malaccensis and Phragmites australis during neap and spring tidal days in the Minjiang River Estuary[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):52-59.
[23]Selvam B P,Natchimuthu S,Arunachalam L,et al.Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters in Indiaimplications for large scale greenhouse gas balances[J].Global Change Biology,2014,20(11):3397-3407.
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[25]Tremblay A,Varfalvy L,Roehm C,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions-fluxes and processes:hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2005.725-732.
[26]Liss P S,Merlivat L.Air-Sea gas exchange rates:introduction and synthesis[A].In:Buat-Ménard P(Ed.).The Role of AirSea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling[M].Dordrecht:Springer,1986.113-127.
[27]Wanninkhof R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
[28]Mac Intyre S,Wanninkhof R,Chanton J P.Trace gas exchange across the air-water interface in freshwater and coastal marine environments[A].In:Matson P A,Harris R C(Eds.).Biogenic Trace Gases:Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,1995.52-97.
[29]Cole J J,Caraco N F.Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(4):647-656.
[30]Raymond P A,Cole J J.Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries:Choosing a gas transfer velocity[J].Estuaries,2001,24(2):312-317.
[31]Crusius J,Wanninkhof R.Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(3):1010-1017.
[32]Jhne B,Libner P,Fischer R,et al.Investigating the transfer processes across the free aqueous viscous boundary layer by the controlled flux method[J].Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,1989,41(2):177-195.
[33]Singh S,Bhatti T S,Kothari D P.Wind power estimation using artificial neural network[J].Journal of Energy Engineering,2007,133(1):46-52.
[34]肖启涛,张弥,胡正华,等.基于不同模型的大型湖泊水气界面气体传输速率估算[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(3):790-801.Xiao Q T,Zhang M,Hu Z H,et al.Estimate of gas transfer velocity between water-air interface in a large lake based on different models:a case study of lake taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(3):790-801.
[35]Read J S,Hamilton D P,Desai A R,et al.Lake-size dependency of wind shear and convection as controls on gas exchange[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39(9):L09405.
[36]Crill P M,Bartlett K B,Wilson J O,et al.Tropospheric methane from an Amazonian floodplain lake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1988,93(D2):1564-1570.
[37]张成,吕新彪,龙丽,等.极低风速条件下水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4162-4167.Zhang C,LüX B,Long L,et al.Gas transfer velocity of CH4at extremely low wind speeds[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4162-4167.
[38]杨平,仝川.淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放的主要途径及影响因素研究进展[J].生态学报,2015,35(20):6868-6880.Yang P,Tong C.Emission paths and measurement methods for greenhouse gas fluxes from freshwater ecosystems:a review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(20):6868-6880.
[39]Schrier-Uijl A P,Veraart A J,Leffelaar P A,et al.Release of CO2and CH4from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands[J].Biogeochemistry,2011,102(1-3):265-279.
[40]Bartosiewicz M,Laurion I,Macintyre S.Greenhouse gas emission and storage in a small shallow lake[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,757(1):101-115.
[41]Zappa C J,Mc Gillis W R,Raymond P A,et al.Environmental turbulent mixing controls on air-water gas exchange in marine and aquatic systems[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(10):L10601.
[42]Mac Intyre S,Jonsson A,Jansson M,et al.Buoyancy flux,turbulence,and the gas transfer coefficient in a stratified lake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37(24):L24604.
[43]高洁,郑循华,王睿,等.漂浮通量箱法和扩散模型法测定内陆水体CH4和N2O排放通量的初步比较研究[J].气候与环境研究,2014,19(3):290-302.Gao J,Zheng X H,Wang R,et al.Preliminary comparison of the static floating chamber and the diffusion model methods for measuring water-atmosphere exchanges of methane and nitrous oxide from inland water bodies[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2014,19(3):290-302.
[44]张永领,杨小林,张东.小浪底水库影响下的黄河花园口站和小浪底站p CO2特征及扩散通量[J].环境科学,2015,36(1):40-48.Zhang Y L,Yang X L,Zhang D.Partial Pressure of CO2and CO2Degassing Fluxes of Huayuankou and Xiaolangdi Station Affected by Xiaolangdi Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(1):40-48.
[2]Chen Y,Dong S L,Wang Z N,et al.Variations in CO2fluxes from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella aquaculture polyculture ponds[J].Aquaculture Environment Interactions,2015,8:31-40.
[3]Demarty M,Bastien J,Tremblay A.Annual follow-up of gross diffusive carbon dioxide and methane emissions from a boreal reservoir and two nearby lakes in Québec,Canada[J].Biogeosciences,2011,8(1):41-53.
[4]Musenze R S,Grinham A,Werner U,et al.Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of diffusive methane and nitrous oxide emissions from subtropical freshwater reservoirs[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(24):14499-14507.
[5]Tangen B A,Finocchiaro R G,Gleason R A,et al.Greenhouse gas fluxes of a shallow lake in South-Central North Dakota,USA[J].Wetlands,2016,36(4):779-787.
[6]Natchimuthu S,Selvam B P,Bastviken D.Influence of weather variables on methane and carbon dioxide flux from a shallow pond[J].Biogeochemistry,2014,119(1-3):403-413.
[7]Bastviken D,Tranvik L J,Downing J A,et al.Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sink[J].Science,2011,331(6013):50.
[8]Downing J A.Emerging global role of small lakes and ponds:little things mean a lot[J].Limnetica,2010,29(1):9-24.
[9]李昌辉.水-气界面温室气体扩散的薄边界层模型研究与应用[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2017.Li C H.Research and application of thin boundary layer model on greenhouse gas transfer through air-water interface[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2017.
[10]赵炎,曾源,吴炳方,等.水库水气界面温室气体通量监测方法综述[J].水科学进展,2011,22(1):135-146.Zhao Y,Zeng Y,Wu B F,et al.Review of methods for measuring greenhouse gas flux from the air-water interface of reservoirs[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(1):135-146.
[11]赫斌,李哲,姚骁,等.三峡澎溪河水-气界面温室气体模型估算及其敏感性分析[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(3):705-712.He B,Li Z,Yao X,et al.The model estimation and sensitivity analysis of greenhouse gas on water-air interface in Pengxi River,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(3):705-712.
[12]Atilla N,Mc Kinley G A,Bennington V,et al.Observed variability of Lake Superior pCO2[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2011,56(3):775-786.
[13]Urabe J,Iwata T,Yagami Y,et al.Within-lake and watershed determinants of carbon dioxide in surface water:a comparative analysis of a variety of lakes in the Japanese Islands[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2011,56(1):49-60.
[14]Ho D T,Ferrón S,Engel V C,et al.Air-water gas exchange and CO2flux in a mangrove-dominated estuary[J].Geophysical research Letters,2014,41(1):108-113.
[15]Wang B B,Liao Q,Fillingham J H,et al.On the coefficients of small eddy and surface divergence models for the air-water gas transfer velocity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2015,120(3):2129-2146.
[16]杨平,谭立山,黄佳芳,等.初冬时期闽江河口区养殖塘排水后的CH4和N2O通量日变化特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):300-309.Yang P,Tan L S,Huang J F,et al.Diurnal variations of CH4and N2O fluxes from the drained aquaculture pond in the Minjiang River Estuary during early winter[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):300-309.
[17]Raymond P A,Hartmann J,Lauerwald R,et al.Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters[J].Nature,2013,503(7476):355-359.
[18]张逸飞,刘小慧,杨平,等.模拟SO2-4沉降对闽江口淡水感潮野慈姑湿地甲烷排放通量的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):4715-4723.Zhang Y F,Liu X H,Yang P,et al.Effects of simulated sulfate deposition on methane flux from a Sagittaria trifolia-dominated freshwater tidal wetland in the Min River Estuary[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):4715-4723.
[19]Yang P,Zhang Y F,Lai D Y F,et al.Fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane across the water-atmosphere interface of aquaculture shrimp ponds in two subtropical estuaries:The effect of temperature,substrate,salinity and nitrate[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,635:1025-1035.
[20]Tong C,Huang J F,Hu Z Q,et al.Diurnal variations of carbon dioxide,methane,and nitrous oxide vertical fluxes in a subtropical estuarine marsh on neap and spring tide days[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2013,36(3):633-642.
[21]Yang P,Lai D Y F,Jin B S,et al.Dynamics of dissolved nutrients in the aquaculture shrimp ponds of the Min River estuary,China:Concentrations,fluxes and environmental loads[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,603-604:256-267.
[22]谭立山,杨平,何露露,等.闽江口短叶茳芏+芦苇沼泽湿地大、小潮日土壤间隙水溶解性CH4与CO2浓度日动态[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):52-59.Tan L S,Yang P,He L L,et al.Diurnal variations of concentration of porewater dissolved CH4and CO2in a brackish marsh dominated by Cyperus malaccensis and Phragmites australis during neap and spring tidal days in the Minjiang River Estuary[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):52-59.
[23]Selvam B P,Natchimuthu S,Arunachalam L,et al.Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters in Indiaimplications for large scale greenhouse gas balances[J].Global Change Biology,2014,20(11):3397-3407.
[24]Guérin F,Abril G,Ser9a D,et al.Gas transfer velocities of CO2and CH4in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2007,66(1-4):161-172.
[25]Tremblay A,Varfalvy L,Roehm C,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions-fluxes and processes:hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2005.725-732.
[26]Liss P S,Merlivat L.Air-Sea gas exchange rates:introduction and synthesis[A].In:Buat-Ménard P(Ed.).The Role of AirSea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling[M].Dordrecht:Springer,1986.113-127.
[27]Wanninkhof R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
[28]Mac Intyre S,Wanninkhof R,Chanton J P.Trace gas exchange across the air-water interface in freshwater and coastal marine environments[A].In:Matson P A,Harris R C(Eds.).Biogenic Trace Gases:Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,1995.52-97.
[29]Cole J J,Caraco N F.Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(4):647-656.
[30]Raymond P A,Cole J J.Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries:Choosing a gas transfer velocity[J].Estuaries,2001,24(2):312-317.
[31]Crusius J,Wanninkhof R.Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2003,48(3):1010-1017.
[32]Jhne B,Libner P,Fischer R,et al.Investigating the transfer processes across the free aqueous viscous boundary layer by the controlled flux method[J].Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,1989,41(2):177-195.
[33]Singh S,Bhatti T S,Kothari D P.Wind power estimation using artificial neural network[J].Journal of Energy Engineering,2007,133(1):46-52.
[34]肖启涛,张弥,胡正华,等.基于不同模型的大型湖泊水气界面气体传输速率估算[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(3):790-801.Xiao Q T,Zhang M,Hu Z H,et al.Estimate of gas transfer velocity between water-air interface in a large lake based on different models:a case study of lake taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(3):790-801.
[35]Read J S,Hamilton D P,Desai A R,et al.Lake-size dependency of wind shear and convection as controls on gas exchange[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39(9):L09405.
[36]Crill P M,Bartlett K B,Wilson J O,et al.Tropospheric methane from an Amazonian floodplain lake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1988,93(D2):1564-1570.
[37]张成,吕新彪,龙丽,等.极低风速条件下水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4162-4167.Zhang C,LüX B,Long L,et al.Gas transfer velocity of CH4at extremely low wind speeds[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4162-4167.
[38]杨平,仝川.淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放的主要途径及影响因素研究进展[J].生态学报,2015,35(20):6868-6880.Yang P,Tong C.Emission paths and measurement methods for greenhouse gas fluxes from freshwater ecosystems:a review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(20):6868-6880.
[39]Schrier-Uijl A P,Veraart A J,Leffelaar P A,et al.Release of CO2and CH4from lakes and drainage ditches in temperate wetlands[J].Biogeochemistry,2011,102(1-3):265-279.
[40]Bartosiewicz M,Laurion I,Macintyre S.Greenhouse gas emission and storage in a small shallow lake[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,757(1):101-115.
[41]Zappa C J,Mc Gillis W R,Raymond P A,et al.Environmental turbulent mixing controls on air-water gas exchange in marine and aquatic systems[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(10):L10601.
[42]Mac Intyre S,Jonsson A,Jansson M,et al.Buoyancy flux,turbulence,and the gas transfer coefficient in a stratified lake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37(24):L24604.
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