冬小麦籽粒品质评价及其对气象因子的响应研究
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摘要
选用南北方冬麦区主要推广品种作试验材料,通过田间分期播种试验方法,采用方差分析、主成分分析对冬小麦籽粒性状和内在品质进行分析评价,利用线性相关、二次曲线相关和逐步回归等方法,选择影响显著的气象因子绘制品质响应曲线,构建冬小麦品质预测模型。结果表明:各供试小麦品种均属中蛋白品种,其主要品质性状中,淀粉含量最高且变异程度最小,蛋白质含量次高变异程度居中,脂肪含量最低但变异程度最大;蛋白质、脂肪和产量区域差异显著,各品质含量地域分布总体呈北方较南方高而稳定的特点;蛋白质组分氨基酸品质可由3个主成分解释,一般非必需氨基酸谷氨酸含量最高,必需氨基酸蛋氨酸含量最低,北方麦区氨基酸品质优于南方麦区,表明北方气温日较差大更利于提高氨基酸含量;脂肪组分脂肪酸品质可由4个主成分解释,一般不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸含量最高,饱和脂肪酸十五碳一烯酸含量最低。温湿条件是影响冬小麦籽粒品质的主要气象因子,可通过调整开花—成熟期气温日较差和降低土壤湿度的方式提高蛋白质或氨基酸品质,通过调节开花—成熟期最低气温和土壤湿度的方式提高脂肪或脂肪酸品质。
Using field staging test method and the main winter wheat varieties as test materials, which are predominantly cultivated in the north and south wheat areas; variance analysis and principal component analysis methods to evaluate grain traits;and linear correlation, quadratic curve correlation, and stepwise regression to identify significant meteorological factors; a winter wheat quality prediction model was constructed in the form of meteorological factor-quality response curve to explore variations in the qualities of different wheat varieties in different areas and the meteorological factors that cause these variations. The varieties used in the experiment were ‘Tanmai 98' and ‘Shannong 18' planted in the northern wheat areas of Gucheng of Hebei Province and Tai'an of Shandong Province, respectively; and ‘Xumai 33', ‘Wanmai 52', and ‘Zhengmai9023' planted in the southern wheat areas of Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province, Suzhuo of Anhui Province, and Jingzhou of Hubei Province, respectively. Five wheat varieties were planted at different times(10 days in advance, suitable time, 10 days later,and 20 days later). The results showed that the tested wheat varieties were all medium protein varieties. Among the main quality traits, starch had the highest content and minimum variation, followed by protein regarding the content with medium variation, and fat with the lowest content but the maximum variation. The differences in protein and fat in the different areas was significant. The quality and its' stability of winter wheat were higher for winter sowing in the northern area and their quality traits were excellent. Each nutritional component was generally higher and stable in the north than in the south. The amino acid quality of the protein component was explained by three principal components. The content of the non-essential amino acid,glutamic acid, was the highest, whereas that of the essential amino acid, methionine, was the lowest; the amino acid quality of wheat was better in the northern than in the southern areas. The daily temperature difference in the northern area was more conducive to increasing the amino acid content. The fatty acids of the fat component were explained by four principal components. The content of the unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, was the highest and that of the saturated fatty acid, pentadecene monoenoic acid, was the lowest. Temperature and humidity were the main meteorological factors affecting the grain quality of winter wheat. The protein or amino acid quality could be improved by adjusting the daily range of temperature in the flowering–mature period and reducing soil moisture; the fat or fatty acid quality could be improved by adjusting soil moisture and the minimum temperature in the flowering-mature period.
Using field staging test method and the main winter wheat varieties as test materials, which are predominantly cultivated in the north and south wheat areas; variance analysis and principal component analysis methods to evaluate grain traits;and linear correlation, quadratic curve correlation, and stepwise regression to identify significant meteorological factors; a winter wheat quality prediction model was constructed in the form of meteorological factor-quality response curve to explore variations in the qualities of different wheat varieties in different areas and the meteorological factors that cause these variations. The varieties used in the experiment were ‘Tanmai 98' and ‘Shannong 18' planted in the northern wheat areas of Gucheng of Hebei Province and Tai'an of Shandong Province, respectively; and ‘Xumai 33', ‘Wanmai 52', and ‘Zhengmai9023' planted in the southern wheat areas of Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province, Suzhuo of Anhui Province, and Jingzhou of Hubei Province, respectively. Five wheat varieties were planted at different times(10 days in advance, suitable time, 10 days later,and 20 days later). The results showed that the tested wheat varieties were all medium protein varieties. Among the main quality traits, starch had the highest content and minimum variation, followed by protein regarding the content with medium variation, and fat with the lowest content but the maximum variation. The differences in protein and fat in the different areas was significant. The quality and its' stability of winter wheat were higher for winter sowing in the northern area and their quality traits were excellent. Each nutritional component was generally higher and stable in the north than in the south. The amino acid quality of the protein component was explained by three principal components. The content of the non-essential amino acid,glutamic acid, was the highest, whereas that of the essential amino acid, methionine, was the lowest; the amino acid quality of wheat was better in the northern than in the southern areas. The daily temperature difference in the northern area was more conducive to increasing the amino acid content. The fatty acids of the fat component were explained by four principal components. The content of the unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, was the highest and that of the saturated fatty acid, pentadecene monoenoic acid, was the lowest. Temperature and humidity were the main meteorological factors affecting the grain quality of winter wheat. The protein or amino acid quality could be improved by adjusting the daily range of temperature in the flowering–mature period and reducing soil moisture; the fat or fatty acid quality could be improved by adjusting soil moisture and the minimum temperature in the flowering-mature period.
引文
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[3]荆奇,曹卫星,戴延波.小麦籽粒品质形成特点及调控途径研究进展[J].耕作与栽培,1999,(5):22-25JING Q,CAO W X,DAI Y B.Advances in research on formation characteristics and regulation pathways of wheat grain quality[J].Tillage and Cultivation,1999,(5):22-25
[4]孙继堂,司爱香.春小麦蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量间的相关与回归分析[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1989,24(4):44-56SUN J T,SI A X.A correlation and regression analysis between the protein,fat and starch content of spring wheat[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,1989,24(4):44-56
[5]何中虎,林作楫,王龙俊,等.中国小麦品质区划的研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4):359-364HE Z H,LIN Z J,WANG L J,et al.Classification on Chinese wheat regions based on quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(4):359-364
[6]吴新元,芦静,张新忠,等.新疆小麦品质生态区划研究[J].新疆农业科学,2017,54(8):1373-1383WU X Y,LU J,ZHANG X Z,et al.Study of ecological division for wheat quality in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2017,54(8):1373-1383
[7]王大成,李存军,宋晓宇,等.基于神经网络的冬小麦蛋白质含量关键生态影响因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):220-226WANG D C,LI C J,SONG X Y,et al.Analysis of identifying important ecological factors influencing winter wheat protein content based on artificial neural networks[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(7):220-226
[8]李景欣,范伟全,包桂荣,等.气候条件对内蒙古地区小麦品质的影响[J].内蒙古民族大学学报:自然科学版,2002,17(1):89-91LI J X,FAN W Q,BAO G R,et al.The influence of climate on wheat quality[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities:Natural Sciences,2002,17(1):89-91
[9]RHARRABTI Y,ROYO C,VILLEGAS D,et al.Durum wheat quality in Mediterranean environments:Ⅰ.Quality expression under different zones,latitudes and water regimes across Spain[J].Field Crops Research,2003,80(2):123-131
[10]TRIBOI E,ABAD A,MICHELENA A,et al.Environmental effects on the quality of two wheat genotypes:1.Quantitative and qualitative variation of storage proteins[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2000,13(1):47-64
[11]潘洁,姜东,戴廷波,等.不同生态环境与播种期下小麦籽粒品质变异规律的研究[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(3):467-473PAN J,JIANG D,DAI T B,et al.Variation in wheat grain quality grown under different climatic conditions with different sowing dates[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2005,29(3):467-473
[12]路建龙,尚勋武,张莹花,等.面筋含量与面筋指数在拉面小麦品种品质育种中的应用[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(2):154-158LU J L,SHANG X W,ZHANG Y H,et al.Application of gluten content and gluten index in hand-extended noodle wheat breeding[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2004,39(2):154-158
[13]袁俊秀,尚勋武,马小乐,等.播期对春小麦籽粒产量及品质性状的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2007,42(5):73-78YUAN J X,SHANG X W,MA X L,et al.Effects of seeding date on seed yield and flour quality of spring wheat[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2007,42(5):73-78
[14]白莉萍,林而达,饶敏杰.不同试点灌溉方式对冬小麦产量和品质性状的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(4):917-922BAI L P,LIN E D,RAO M J.Effects of irrigation schemes on yield and quality of winter wheat on different sites[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(4):917-922
[15]范雪梅,姜东,戴廷波,等.不同水分条件下氮素供应对小麦植株氮代谢及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(2):149-154FAN X M,JIANG D,DAI T B,et al.Effects of nitrogen supply on nitrogen metabolism and grain protein accumulation of wheat under different water treatments[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(2):149-154
[16]郑险峰,李世清.影响冬小麦蛋白质含量的土壤环境因素分析[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(12):2132-2136ZHENG X F,LI S Q.Analysis of soil environmental factors which affect protein content of winter wheat[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2003,23(12):2132-2136
[17]孙敏,高志强,袁辰君,等.水旱条件下不同抗旱型小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分的差异[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2010,30(3):217-222SUN M,GAO Z Q,YUAN C J,et al.Study on protein accumulation in grains of wheat varieties differing in drought tolerance under irrigated and dryland conditions[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2010,30(3):217-222
[18]赵春芝,赵春慧,李再恩,等.小麦品质改良的方法与途径[J].种子世界,2009,(11):28-30ZHAO C Z,ZHAO C H,LI Z E,et al.Methods and means to improve wheat quality[J].Seed World,2009,(11):28-30
[19]辛文利,祁适雨.关于我国小麦品种品质存在问题及其建议[J].黑龙江农业科学,1998,(4):44-46XIN W L,QI S Y.Problems and suggestions on the quality of wheat varieties in China[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Science,1998,(4):44-46
[20]国家气象局.农业气象观测规范(上卷)[M].北京:气象出版社,1993:7-34China Meteorological Administration.Agricultural Meteorological Observations(VolumeⅠ)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1993:7-34
[21]国家气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,2003:43China Meteorological Administration.Ground-Based Meteorological Observations[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2003:43
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