黄土高原新近纪红黏土磁性特征研究
|
摘要
黄土高原第四纪黄土之下,埋藏着更加古老的新近纪红黏土。以黄土高原甘肃西峰剖面和灵台剖面为例,采集了两个剖面第四纪黄土和古土壤与新近纪红黏土典型样品,比较了各自风化强度和磁性特征的差异。结果表明,新近纪红黏土样品的风化强度与第四纪古土壤较为接近,远强于第四纪黄土;但新近纪红黏土磁化率显著减弱,在西峰剖面平均只有古土壤的1/5、黄土的1/2;在灵台剖面平均亦不到古土壤的1/2,并小于黄土。两剖面黄土、古土壤与新近纪红黏土磁化率与有机质和活性铁含量呈显著正相关,说明有机质含量与铁活化程度对磁性矿物的含量有显著影响。因此,新近纪红黏土磁性的减弱,可能由于沉积年代久,有机质含量减少,氧化铁矿物老化,磁赤铁矿转化成赤铁矿;也有可能与地下水活动,导致磁性矿物的溶蚀有关。有关机理仍需作进一步研究。
The Tertiary Red Clay(TRC) underlies the Quaternary loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau, Northwest China.Some representative samples of the Quaternary loess and paleosols and TRC were collected in the Xifeng section and the Lingtai section in the Chinese Loess plateau. The weathering degrees and magnetic susceptibility of the samples were compared. The results indicated that the weathering degree of the TRC was close to that of the Quaternary paleosols and more intensive than that of the loess. Magnetic susceptibility of the TRC, however, was only 1/5 of the paleosols and 1/2 of the loess in Xifeng section, and was 1/2 of the paleosols and smaller than that of the loess in Lingtai section. The magnetic susceptibility of the loess and paleosols and TRC of soil profiles was positively significantly correlated with the contents of amorphous Fe(Feo) and organic matter, suggesting the significant influences of organic matter and Fe activation on the contents of magnetic minerals. Therefore, the weakening of magnetic signals of the TRC may be the result of the transformation of maghemite into hematite with the decrease of organic matter and the aging of Fe oxide minerals. It may also be related to the dissolution of magnetic minerals caused by the fluctuations of groundwater levels. The mechanism of the magnetic weakening of the TRC, however, should be further studied.
The Tertiary Red Clay(TRC) underlies the Quaternary loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau, Northwest China.Some representative samples of the Quaternary loess and paleosols and TRC were collected in the Xifeng section and the Lingtai section in the Chinese Loess plateau. The weathering degrees and magnetic susceptibility of the samples were compared. The results indicated that the weathering degree of the TRC was close to that of the Quaternary paleosols and more intensive than that of the loess. Magnetic susceptibility of the TRC, however, was only 1/5 of the paleosols and 1/2 of the loess in Xifeng section, and was 1/2 of the paleosols and smaller than that of the loess in Lingtai section. The magnetic susceptibility of the loess and paleosols and TRC of soil profiles was positively significantly correlated with the contents of amorphous Fe(Feo) and organic matter, suggesting the significant influences of organic matter and Fe activation on the contents of magnetic minerals. Therefore, the weakening of magnetic signals of the TRC may be the result of the transformation of maghemite into hematite with the decrease of organic matter and the aging of Fe oxide minerals. It may also be related to the dissolution of magnetic minerals caused by the fluctuations of groundwater levels. The mechanism of the magnetic weakening of the TRC, however, should be further studied.
引文
[1]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社, 1985.
[2] DING Z L, SUN J M, YANG S L, et al. Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay‐loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(8):1225-1228.
[3] SUN D, SHAW J, AN Z, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation of a continuous 7.2 Ma Late Cenozoic Eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(1):85-88.
[4] LIU X, XU T, LIU T. The Chinese loess in Xifeng, II. A study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of loess from Xifeng[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1988, 92(2):349-353.
[5]张云翔,薛祥煦.甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群化石的埋藏特点及该地区“三趾马红层”的成因[J].科学通报, 1995, 40(19):1782-1784.
[6]丁仲礼,朱日祥.黄土高原红粘土成因及上新世北方干旱化问题[J].第四纪研究, 1997, 17(2):147-157.
[7] Sun D, Liu D, Chen M, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoclimate of Red Clay sequences from Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 1997, 40(4):337-343.
[8]韩飞,孙东怀,张焱,等.兰州地区晚第三纪磁性地层与古环境意义[J].地球物理学报, 2010, 53(5):1179-1186.
[9]张焱,孙东怀,韩飞,等.兰州地区第三纪地层的沉积相与古环境记录[J].沉积学报, 2010, 28(3):611-619.
[10]张宝方,冯秀丽,林霖,等.黄土高原7百万年以来黄土古季风演变信号多尺度分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)自然科学版, 2015, 45(12):87-93.
[11]胡东生,张华京,徐冰,等.青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积对第四纪晚期古季风变化的响应[J].干旱区地理, 2006, 29(4):483-489.
[12] AN Z. The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoonclimate[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19(1):171-187.
[13]方小敏,徐先海,宋春晖,等.临夏盆地新生代沉积物高分辨率岩石磁学记录与亚洲内陆干旱化过程及原因[J].第四纪研究, 2007,27(6):989-1000.
[14]昝金波.西昆仑山黄土与亚洲内陆干旱化[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[15] GUO Z T, RUDDIMAN W F, HAO Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China[J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6877):159.
[16]裴军令,李海兵,司家亮,等.早更新世以来青藏高原隆升作用在塔里木盆地腹地的响应[J].岩石学报, 2011, 27(11):3487-3498.
[17]刘栋梁,宋春晖,方小敏,等.榆木山地区玉门砾岩磁性地层及其对青藏高原东北部变形隆升意义[J].地质学报, 2012, 86(6):898-905.
[18]安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩,等.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学), 1998, 28(6):481-490.
[19]李徐生,杨达源. S2以来下蜀黄土沉积序列磁化率记录与深海氧同位素记录的对比[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 37(6):766-772.
[20]张虎才,史正涛,戴雪荣.深海氧同位素第5阶段的气候记录:武都黄土剖面与极地冰心、深海沉积同位素记录的对比[J].兰州大学学报, 1997, 33(4):112-120.
[21] KENT D V. Apparent correlation of paleomagnetic intensity and climatic records in deep-sea sediments[J].Nature, 1982, 299(5883):538-539.
[22]胡雪峰.“黄土-古土壤”序列中氧化铁和有机质对磁化率的影响[J].土壤学报, 2004, 41(1):7-12.
[23]刘秀铭,许同春,刘东生.中国黄土磁化率各向异性与成因及其对第四纪研究的意义[J].中国科学, 1989(4):107-114.
[24]孙有斌,强小科,孙东怀,等.第三纪以来中国黄土高原的风尘记录[J].地层学杂志, 2001, 25(2):94-101.
[25]李拓宇,莫多闻,朱高儒,等.晋南全新世黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义[J].地理研究, 2013, 32(8):1411-1420.
[26]丁敏,庞奖励,黄春长,等.关中东部全新世黄土古土壤序列常量元素地球化学特性研究[J].中国沙漠, 2011, 31(4):862-867.
[27]叶玮, YabukiSadaya, Kanayama Shinji.中国西风区黄土常量元素地球化学行为与古环境[J].干旱区地理(汉文版), 2003, 26(1):23-29.
[28]张虎才.元素表生地球化学特征及理论基础[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社, 1997.
[29]文启忠.中国黄土地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1989.
[30] NESBITT H W, YOUNG G M. Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites[J].Nature, 1982, 299(5885):715-717.
[31]徐树建,倪志超,丁新潮.山东平阴黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2016, 35(2):353-359.
[32] MCLENNAN S M. Weathering and Global Denudation[J]. Journal of Geology, 1993, 101(2):295-303.
[33]刘现彬,赵爽,温仰磊,等.天山北麓典型黄土地球化学特征研究[J].干旱区地理(汉文版), 2014, 37(5):883-891.
[34]冯连君,储雪蕾,张启锐,等.化学蚀变指数(CIA)及其在新元古代碎屑岩中的应用[J].地学前缘, 2003, 10(4):539-544.
[35]章明奎,王人潮.亚热带更新世沉积物发育土壤的特性和定量分类研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 1993,(s1):115-125.
[36]杨元根,袁可能.南方红土形成过程及其稀土元素地球化学[J].第四纪研究, 2000, 20(5):469-480.
[37]韩春兰,刘素花,王秋兵,等.辽宁省朝阳市第四纪古红土基本性状与发生学特征研究[J].土壤通报, 2009, 40(6):1233-1239.
[38]黄成敏,龚子同.热带土壤发育过程的定量研究——以海南岛北部为例[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 2001, 26(3):315-321.
[39]焦有,米清海,吴克宁,等.棕壤和黄棕壤基本属性及定量区分指标的研究[J].河南农业大学学报, 1997,(4):347-350.
[40]宋友桂,史正涛,方小敏,等.伊犁黄土的磁学性质及其与黄土高原对比[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2010, 40(1):61-72.
[41]刘秀铭,刘东生, Friedrich Heller,等.中国黄土磁化率与第四纪古气候研究[J].地质科学, 1992,(s1):279-285.
[42]鸟居雅之,福间浩司.黄土—古土壤磁化率述评[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 1999, 19(3):83-96.
[43]刘秀铭,刘东生,夏敦胜,等.中国与西伯利亚黄土磁化率古气候记录-氧化和还原条件下的两种成土模式分析[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2007, 37(10):1382-1391.
[44]邓成龙,刘青松,潘永信,等.中国黄土环境磁学[J].第四纪研究, 2007, 27(2):193-209.
[45]吉云平,夏正楷.不同类型沉积物磁化率的比较研究和初步解释[J].地球学报, 2007, 28(6):541-549.
[46]卢升高.土壤频率磁化率与矿物粒度的关系及其环境意义[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2000, 8(1):9-15.
[47]李传想,宋友桂.黄土高原朝那剖面风尘堆积序列磁化率的古环境意义[J].东华理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 34(1):33-40.
[48]魏昌龙,赵玉国,邬登巍,等.基于光谱分析的土壤游离铁预测研究[J].土壤, 2014(4):678-683.
[49]张治伟,朱章雄,傅瓦利,等.岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系[J].环境科学, 2012, 33(6):2013-2020.
[50]刘沛,周卫军,顾海滨,等.澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征[J].土壤, 2015(6):1151-1156.
[51] Z. L. DING, J. M. SUN, S. L. YANG, et al. Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay‐loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. QUATERNARY SCIENCES, 1998, 25(8):1225-1228.
[52]孙东怀,刘东生.中国黄土高原红粘土序列的磁性地层与气候变化[J].中国科学, 1997,(3):265-270.
[53]吕厚远,韩家懋.中国现代土壤磁化率分析及其古气候意义[J].中国科学:化学生命科学地学, 1994(12):1290-1297.
[54]张树夫,肖家仪,俞立中,等.沉积物矿物磁性测量在古环境研究中的应用[J].地理科学, 1991, 11(2):182-194.
[55]丁仲礼,孙继敏,杨石岭,等.灵台黄土—红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录[J].第四纪研究, 1998, 18(1):86-94.
[56]彭先芝,赠蓉芬,李荣森,等.黄土-古土壤序列中趋磁细菌分布和磁小体形成的古环境研究[J].科学通报, 2000, 45(s1):2710.
[57] DING Z L, XIONG S F, SUN J M, et al. Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a 7.0 Ma eolian loess–red clay sequence at Lingtai, Loess Plateau, north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution[J]. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 1999, 152(1–2):49-66.
[58]郭正堂,彭淑贞,郝青振,等.晚第三纪中国西北干旱化的发展及其与北极冰盖形成演化和青藏高原隆升的关系[J].第四纪研究,1999, 19(6):556-567.
[59]方能干.土壤有机质含量的测定[J].现代农业科技, 2016,(8):207-208.
[60]许祖诒,陈家坊.土壤中无定形氧化铁的测定[J].土壤通报, 1980,11(6):32-35.
[61]何群,陈家坊.土壤中游离铁和络合态铁的测定[J].土壤, 1983,15(6):242-244.
[62]张甘霖,龚子同.土壤调查实验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社, 2012.
[63]顾磊.基于色度学的灵台剖面晚新生代地层序列研究[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2011.
[64]郭雪莲.黄土高原50万年来黄土磁性特征空间变化及其机制[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2011.
[65]胡雪峰,周杰,孙有斌,等.黄土高原古土壤形态特征的差异及成因探讨[J].地理科学, 2000, 20(1):39-44.
[66]周斌.晚新生代以来灵台黄土剖面元素碳记录与气候环境变化[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所), 2005.
[67] HU X F, XU L F, PAN Y, et al. Influence of the aging of Fe oxides on the decline of magnetic susceptibility of the Tertiary red clay in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Quaternary International, 2009, 209(1):22-30.
[2] DING Z L, SUN J M, YANG S L, et al. Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay‐loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(8):1225-1228.
[3] SUN D, SHAW J, AN Z, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation of a continuous 7.2 Ma Late Cenozoic Eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(1):85-88.
[4] LIU X, XU T, LIU T. The Chinese loess in Xifeng, II. A study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of loess from Xifeng[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1988, 92(2):349-353.
[5]张云翔,薛祥煦.甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群化石的埋藏特点及该地区“三趾马红层”的成因[J].科学通报, 1995, 40(19):1782-1784.
[6]丁仲礼,朱日祥.黄土高原红粘土成因及上新世北方干旱化问题[J].第四纪研究, 1997, 17(2):147-157.
[7] Sun D, Liu D, Chen M, et al. Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoclimate of Red Clay sequences from Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 1997, 40(4):337-343.
[8]韩飞,孙东怀,张焱,等.兰州地区晚第三纪磁性地层与古环境意义[J].地球物理学报, 2010, 53(5):1179-1186.
[9]张焱,孙东怀,韩飞,等.兰州地区第三纪地层的沉积相与古环境记录[J].沉积学报, 2010, 28(3):611-619.
[10]张宝方,冯秀丽,林霖,等.黄土高原7百万年以来黄土古季风演变信号多尺度分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)自然科学版, 2015, 45(12):87-93.
[11]胡东生,张华京,徐冰,等.青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积对第四纪晚期古季风变化的响应[J].干旱区地理, 2006, 29(4):483-489.
[12] AN Z. The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoonclimate[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19(1):171-187.
[13]方小敏,徐先海,宋春晖,等.临夏盆地新生代沉积物高分辨率岩石磁学记录与亚洲内陆干旱化过程及原因[J].第四纪研究, 2007,27(6):989-1000.
[14]昝金波.西昆仑山黄土与亚洲内陆干旱化[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[15] GUO Z T, RUDDIMAN W F, HAO Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China[J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6877):159.
[16]裴军令,李海兵,司家亮,等.早更新世以来青藏高原隆升作用在塔里木盆地腹地的响应[J].岩石学报, 2011, 27(11):3487-3498.
[17]刘栋梁,宋春晖,方小敏,等.榆木山地区玉门砾岩磁性地层及其对青藏高原东北部变形隆升意义[J].地质学报, 2012, 86(6):898-905.
[18]安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩,等.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学), 1998, 28(6):481-490.
[19]李徐生,杨达源. S2以来下蜀黄土沉积序列磁化率记录与深海氧同位素记录的对比[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 37(6):766-772.
[20]张虎才,史正涛,戴雪荣.深海氧同位素第5阶段的气候记录:武都黄土剖面与极地冰心、深海沉积同位素记录的对比[J].兰州大学学报, 1997, 33(4):112-120.
[21] KENT D V. Apparent correlation of paleomagnetic intensity and climatic records in deep-sea sediments[J].Nature, 1982, 299(5883):538-539.
[22]胡雪峰.“黄土-古土壤”序列中氧化铁和有机质对磁化率的影响[J].土壤学报, 2004, 41(1):7-12.
[23]刘秀铭,许同春,刘东生.中国黄土磁化率各向异性与成因及其对第四纪研究的意义[J].中国科学, 1989(4):107-114.
[24]孙有斌,强小科,孙东怀,等.第三纪以来中国黄土高原的风尘记录[J].地层学杂志, 2001, 25(2):94-101.
[25]李拓宇,莫多闻,朱高儒,等.晋南全新世黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义[J].地理研究, 2013, 32(8):1411-1420.
[26]丁敏,庞奖励,黄春长,等.关中东部全新世黄土古土壤序列常量元素地球化学特性研究[J].中国沙漠, 2011, 31(4):862-867.
[27]叶玮, YabukiSadaya, Kanayama Shinji.中国西风区黄土常量元素地球化学行为与古环境[J].干旱区地理(汉文版), 2003, 26(1):23-29.
[28]张虎才.元素表生地球化学特征及理论基础[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社, 1997.
[29]文启忠.中国黄土地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1989.
[30] NESBITT H W, YOUNG G M. Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites[J].Nature, 1982, 299(5885):715-717.
[31]徐树建,倪志超,丁新潮.山东平阴黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2016, 35(2):353-359.
[32] MCLENNAN S M. Weathering and Global Denudation[J]. Journal of Geology, 1993, 101(2):295-303.
[33]刘现彬,赵爽,温仰磊,等.天山北麓典型黄土地球化学特征研究[J].干旱区地理(汉文版), 2014, 37(5):883-891.
[34]冯连君,储雪蕾,张启锐,等.化学蚀变指数(CIA)及其在新元古代碎屑岩中的应用[J].地学前缘, 2003, 10(4):539-544.
[35]章明奎,王人潮.亚热带更新世沉积物发育土壤的特性和定量分类研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 1993,(s1):115-125.
[36]杨元根,袁可能.南方红土形成过程及其稀土元素地球化学[J].第四纪研究, 2000, 20(5):469-480.
[37]韩春兰,刘素花,王秋兵,等.辽宁省朝阳市第四纪古红土基本性状与发生学特征研究[J].土壤通报, 2009, 40(6):1233-1239.
[38]黄成敏,龚子同.热带土壤发育过程的定量研究——以海南岛北部为例[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 2001, 26(3):315-321.
[39]焦有,米清海,吴克宁,等.棕壤和黄棕壤基本属性及定量区分指标的研究[J].河南农业大学学报, 1997,(4):347-350.
[40]宋友桂,史正涛,方小敏,等.伊犁黄土的磁学性质及其与黄土高原对比[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2010, 40(1):61-72.
[41]刘秀铭,刘东生, Friedrich Heller,等.中国黄土磁化率与第四纪古气候研究[J].地质科学, 1992,(s1):279-285.
[42]鸟居雅之,福间浩司.黄土—古土壤磁化率述评[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 1999, 19(3):83-96.
[43]刘秀铭,刘东生,夏敦胜,等.中国与西伯利亚黄土磁化率古气候记录-氧化和还原条件下的两种成土模式分析[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2007, 37(10):1382-1391.
[44]邓成龙,刘青松,潘永信,等.中国黄土环境磁学[J].第四纪研究, 2007, 27(2):193-209.
[45]吉云平,夏正楷.不同类型沉积物磁化率的比较研究和初步解释[J].地球学报, 2007, 28(6):541-549.
[46]卢升高.土壤频率磁化率与矿物粒度的关系及其环境意义[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2000, 8(1):9-15.
[47]李传想,宋友桂.黄土高原朝那剖面风尘堆积序列磁化率的古环境意义[J].东华理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 34(1):33-40.
[48]魏昌龙,赵玉国,邬登巍,等.基于光谱分析的土壤游离铁预测研究[J].土壤, 2014(4):678-683.
[49]张治伟,朱章雄,傅瓦利,等.岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系[J].环境科学, 2012, 33(6):2013-2020.
[50]刘沛,周卫军,顾海滨,等.澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征[J].土壤, 2015(6):1151-1156.
[51] Z. L. DING, J. M. SUN, S. L. YANG, et al. Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay‐loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. QUATERNARY SCIENCES, 1998, 25(8):1225-1228.
[52]孙东怀,刘东生.中国黄土高原红粘土序列的磁性地层与气候变化[J].中国科学, 1997,(3):265-270.
[53]吕厚远,韩家懋.中国现代土壤磁化率分析及其古气候意义[J].中国科学:化学生命科学地学, 1994(12):1290-1297.
[54]张树夫,肖家仪,俞立中,等.沉积物矿物磁性测量在古环境研究中的应用[J].地理科学, 1991, 11(2):182-194.
[55]丁仲礼,孙继敏,杨石岭,等.灵台黄土—红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录[J].第四纪研究, 1998, 18(1):86-94.
[56]彭先芝,赠蓉芬,李荣森,等.黄土-古土壤序列中趋磁细菌分布和磁小体形成的古环境研究[J].科学通报, 2000, 45(s1):2710.
[57] DING Z L, XIONG S F, SUN J M, et al. Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a 7.0 Ma eolian loess–red clay sequence at Lingtai, Loess Plateau, north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution[J]. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 1999, 152(1–2):49-66.
[58]郭正堂,彭淑贞,郝青振,等.晚第三纪中国西北干旱化的发展及其与北极冰盖形成演化和青藏高原隆升的关系[J].第四纪研究,1999, 19(6):556-567.
[59]方能干.土壤有机质含量的测定[J].现代农业科技, 2016,(8):207-208.
[60]许祖诒,陈家坊.土壤中无定形氧化铁的测定[J].土壤通报, 1980,11(6):32-35.
[61]何群,陈家坊.土壤中游离铁和络合态铁的测定[J].土壤, 1983,15(6):242-244.
[62]张甘霖,龚子同.土壤调查实验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社, 2012.
[63]顾磊.基于色度学的灵台剖面晚新生代地层序列研究[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2011.
[64]郭雪莲.黄土高原50万年来黄土磁性特征空间变化及其机制[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2011.
[65]胡雪峰,周杰,孙有斌,等.黄土高原古土壤形态特征的差异及成因探讨[J].地理科学, 2000, 20(1):39-44.
[66]周斌.晚新生代以来灵台黄土剖面元素碳记录与气候环境变化[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所), 2005.
[67] HU X F, XU L F, PAN Y, et al. Influence of the aging of Fe oxides on the decline of magnetic susceptibility of the Tertiary red clay in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Quaternary International, 2009, 209(1):22-30.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |