微生物介导的氮循环过程研究进展
|
摘要
氮素是控制大多数陆地生态系统中植物生长和初级生产的关键限制性营养元素,氮循环是生态系统元素循环的核心之一,随着生物地球化学循环研究方法与分子生态学技术的广泛应用,极大的推进了对氮循环的研究,使得对氮循环的机制和过程有了重新的认识。本文从氮循环的4个关键环节(固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用、厌氧氨氧化及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用)入手,介绍了每个过程的研究进展,同时,展望了未来氮循环的研究方向,以期为氮循环关键过程的了解和氮素的管理与调控提供理论依据。
Nitrogen is the key restrict nutrient that controls plant growth and primary production in most terrestrial ecosystems,and nitrogen cycling is one of the cores in the ecosystem element cycles.With wide use of the research methods of biogeochemical cycle and molecular ecology technology,the study of nitrogen cycle is greatly promoted,and the mechanism and process of nitrogen cycle have a new understanding.This paper started with four key aspects of nitrogen cycle(Nitrogen fixation,Nitrification,Denitrification,Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation and Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium),introduced the research progress of each process,and meanwhile outlooked the future research direction of nitrogen cycle so as to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the key processes of nitrogen cycle and the management and regulation of nitrogen.
Nitrogen is the key restrict nutrient that controls plant growth and primary production in most terrestrial ecosystems,and nitrogen cycling is one of the cores in the ecosystem element cycles.With wide use of the research methods of biogeochemical cycle and molecular ecology technology,the study of nitrogen cycle is greatly promoted,and the mechanism and process of nitrogen cycle have a new understanding.This paper started with four key aspects of nitrogen cycle(Nitrogen fixation,Nitrification,Denitrification,Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation and Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium),introduced the research progress of each process,and meanwhile outlooked the future research direction of nitrogen cycle so as to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the key processes of nitrogen cycle and the management and regulation of nitrogen.
引文
[1]Quansheng Ge,Junhu Dai,Fanneng He,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics of reclamation and cultivation and its driving factors in parts of China during the last three centuries[J].Progress in Natural Science:Materials International,2004,14(7):605-613
[2]Zhang X,Han X.Nitrogen deposition alters soil chemical properties and bacterial communities in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(8):1483-1491
[3]Li K,Liu X,Song W,et al.Correction:AtmospHeric Nitrogen Deposition at Two Sites in an Arid Environment of Central Asia[J].Plos One,2013,8(6):7010-7018
[4]周晓兵,尹本丰,张元明.模拟氮沉降对不同类型生物土壤结皮生长和光合生理的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3197-3205
[5]Bachelet D,Neilson R P,Lenihan J M,et al.Climate change effects on vegetation distribution and carbon budget in the United States[J].Ecosystems,2001,4(3):164-185
[6]朱连奇,许立民.全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响研究[J].地域研究与开发,2011,(02):161-165
[7]Chapin F S,Zimov S A,Shaver G R,et al.CO2fluctuation at high latitudes[J].Nature.1996,383(6601):585-591
[8]Hobbie S E,Gough L.Litter decomposition in moist acidic and non-acidic tundra with different glacial histories[J].Oecologia,2004,140(1):113-124
[9]韩雪,王春梅,蔺照兰.模拟氮沉降对温带森林凋落物分解的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(9):1503-1508
[10]He C E,Liu X,Fangmeier A.Quantifying the total airborne nitrogen input into agroecosystems in the North China Plain[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2007,121(4):395-400
[11]Sardans J,Rivas-Ubach A,Pe?uelas J.Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in Catalonia(NE Spain)[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2011,262(11):2024-2034
[12]Elser J J,Hamilton A.Stoichiometry and the New Biology:The Future Is Now[J].Plos Biology,2007,5(7):e181
[13]Harpole W S,Ngai J T,Cleland E E,et al.Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities[J].Ecology Letters,2011,4(9):852-862
[14]Bobbink R,Hicks K,Galloway J,et al.Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity:a synthesis[J].Ecological Applications,2010,20(1):30-59
[15]Ochoahueso R,Allen E B,Branquinho C,et al.Nitrogen deposition effects on Mediterranean-type ecosystems:an ecological assessment[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2265-2279
[16]贺纪正,张丽梅.土壤氮素转化的关键微生物过程及机制[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(1):98-108
[17]张武,杨琳,王紫娟.生物固氮的研究进展及发展趋势[J].云南农业大学学报自然科学,2015,30(5):810-821
[18]李阜棣.固氮作用研究的新进展[J].华中农业大学学报,1984,(4):91-96
[19]Cooper J E.Early interactions between legumes and rhizobia:Disclosing complexity in a molecular dialogue[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2007,103(5):1355-1365
[20]William J D,William J B.Symbiotic use of pathogenic strategies:Rhizobial protein secretion systems[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2009,7(4):312-320
[21]Kathryn M J,Hajime K,Bryan W D,et al.How rhizobial symbionts invade plants:The Sinorhizobium Medicago model[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5(8):619-633
[22]Tang G R,Wang Y,Luo L.The transcriptional regulator LsrB of Sinorhizobium meliloti positively regulates the expression of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2014,80(17):5265-5273
[23]Schmutz J,Cannon S B,Schlueter J,et al.Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean[J].Nature,2010,463(7278):178-183
[24]Tang H B,Krishnakumar V,Bidwells,et al.An improved genome release(version Mt4.0)for the model legume Medicago truncatula[J].BMC Genomics,2014,15(1):312
[25]Varshney R K,Song C,Saxenar K,et al.Draft genome sequence of chickpea(Cicer arietinum)provides a resource for trait improvement[J].Nature Biotechnology,2013,31(3):240-246
[26]Venter J C,Remington K,Heidelberg J F,et al.Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea[J].Science,2004,304(5667):66-74
[27]贺纪正,张丽梅.氨氧化微生物生态学与氮循环研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):406-415
[28]Gubryrangin C,Hai B Quince C,et al.Niche specialization of terrestrial archaeal ammonia oxidizers.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(52):21206
[29]Breuer L,Kiese R,Butterbachbahl K.Temperature and moisture effects on nitrification rates in tropical rain-forest soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66(3):399-402
[30]Ingwersen J,Butterbachbahl K,Gasche R,et al.Barometric process separation:New method for quantifying nitrification,denitrification,and nitrous oxide sources in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1999,63(1):117-128
[31]Mahendrappa M K,Smith R L,Christiansen A T.Nitrifying organisms affected by climatic region in Western United States[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1966,30(1):60
[32]Reichman G A,Grunes D L,Viets F G.Effect of soil mositure on ammonification and nitrification in two Northern plains soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1966,30(3):363-366
[33]Zhang Y Z,Wang E T,Li M,et al.Effects of rhizobial inoculation,cropping systems and growth stages on endopHytic bacterial community of soybean roots[J].Plant and Soil,2011,347(1):147-161
[34]肖晶晶,郭萍,霍炜洁,等.反硝化微生物在污水脱氮中的研究及应用进展[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(12):98-102
[35]方晶晶,马传明,刘存富.反硝化细菌研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(6E):206-210
[36]高喜燕,刘鹰,郑海燕,等.一株海洋好氧反硝化细菌的鉴定及其好氧反硝化特性[J].微生物学报,2010,50(9):1164-1171
[37]丁炜,朱亮,徐京,等.好氧反硝化菌及其在生物处理与修复、中的应用研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2011,17(6):923-929
[38]Stanford G,Dzienia S,Vander Pol R A.Effect of temperature on denitrification rate in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1975,39(5):867-870
[39]Keeney D,Fillery I,Marx G.Effect of temperature on the gaseous nitrogen products of denitrification in a silt loam soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1979,43(6):1124-1128
[40]Klemedtsson L,Svensson B H,Rosswall T.Dinitrogen and nitrous oxide produced by denitrification and nitrification in soil with and without barley plants[J].Plant and Soil,1987,99(2):303-319
[41]Cuhel J,Simek M,Laughlin R J,et al.Insights into the effect of soil pH on N2Oand N2emissions and denitrifier community size and activity[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(6):1870-1878
[42]陈重军,王建芳,张海芹,等.厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺及其实际应用研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014(3):521-527
[43]Jetten M S,Strous M,Kt P S,et al.The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium.[J].Fems Microbiology Reviews,1998,22(5):421-437
[44]Kuypers M M M,Sliekers AO,Lavik G,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea[J].Nature,2003,422(6932):608-611
[45]Dalsgaard T,Canfield D E,Petersen J,et al.N2production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce,Costa Rica[J].Nature,2003,422(6932):606-608
[46]Hamersley MR,Lavik G,Woebken D,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone[J].Limnol Oceanogr,2007,52(3):923-933
[47]袁怡,黄勇,龙腾锐.厌氧氨氧化过程的研究进展[J].工业水处理,2003,23(2):1-6
[48]韦宗敏,黄少斌,蒋然.碳源对微生物硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的影响[J].工业安全与环保,2012,38(9):4-7
[49]Dong LF,Thornton DCO,Nedwell DB,et al.Denitrification in sediments of the River Colne Estuary,England[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2000,203(1):109-122
[50]胡晓婷,程吕,林贤彪,等.沉积物硝酸盐异化还原过程的温度敏感性与影响因素--以长江口青草沙水库为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2624-2632
[51]韦宗敏.微好氧环境中硝酸盐异化还原成铵的影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2012
[52]殷士学.淹水土壤中硝态氮异化还原成铵过程的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学博士学位论文,2000
[53]Loiseau P,Souss ana J F.Effects of elevated CO2temperature and N fertilization on nitrogen fluxes in a temperate grassland ecosystem[J].Global Change Biology,2000,6(8):953-965
[54]Delgado J A,M osier A R,Valentine D W,et al.Long term 15N studies in a catena of the shortgrass steppe[J].Biogeochemistry,1996,32(1):41-52
[55]Barrett J E,Burke I C.Potential nitrogen immobilization in grassland soils across a soil organic matter gradient[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(11):1707-1716
[56]Zhang L X,Bai Y F,Han X G.Differential responses of N∶Pstoichiometry of Leymus chinensis and Carex korshinskyi to N additions in a steppe ecosystem in Nei Mongol[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2004,46(3):259-270
[57]刘淼,梁正伟.草地生态系统氮循环研究进展[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(5):91-96
[58]冯博政,刘晓静,郝凤,等.外源氮对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响及其相关关系研究[J].草地学报,2016,24(02):351-357
[59]Cayuela M L,Sànchez-Monederol M A,Roig A,et al.Biochar and denitrification in soils:when how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions?[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3(1732):1-6
[60]Verhoeven E,Six J.Biochar does not mitigate field-scale N2O emissions in a Northern California vineyard:an assessment across two years[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191(15):27-38
[61]Jones D L,Rousk J,Edwards-Jones G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124
[62]Song Y,Zhang X,Ma B,et al.Biochar addition affected the dynamics of ammonia oxidizers and nitrification in microcosms of a coastal alkaline soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2014,50(2):321-332
[63]Gai X,Wang H,Liu J,et al.Effects of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on biochar adsorption of ammonium and nitrate[J].2014,Plos One,9(12):e113888
[64]Hollister C C,Bisogni J J,Lehmann J.Ammonium,nitrate,and phosphate sorption to and solute leaching from biochars prepared from corn stover(Zea mays L)and oak wood(Quercus spp)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(1):137-144
[65]Clough T J,Bertram J E,Ray J L,et al.Unweathered biochar impact on nitrous oxide emissions from a bovine-urine-amended pasture soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(3):852-860
[66]Bruun E W,Ambus P,Egsgaard H,et al.Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on soil C and N dynamics[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,46(1):73-79
[67]郑红丽,乌兰巴特尔,张巧莲,等.内蒙古锡林郭勒天然草地非共生固氮细菌的分布和数量动态[J].草地学报,2009,17(04):540-542
[2]Zhang X,Han X.Nitrogen deposition alters soil chemical properties and bacterial communities in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(8):1483-1491
[3]Li K,Liu X,Song W,et al.Correction:AtmospHeric Nitrogen Deposition at Two Sites in an Arid Environment of Central Asia[J].Plos One,2013,8(6):7010-7018
[4]周晓兵,尹本丰,张元明.模拟氮沉降对不同类型生物土壤结皮生长和光合生理的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3197-3205
[5]Bachelet D,Neilson R P,Lenihan J M,et al.Climate change effects on vegetation distribution and carbon budget in the United States[J].Ecosystems,2001,4(3):164-185
[6]朱连奇,许立民.全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响研究[J].地域研究与开发,2011,(02):161-165
[7]Chapin F S,Zimov S A,Shaver G R,et al.CO2fluctuation at high latitudes[J].Nature.1996,383(6601):585-591
[8]Hobbie S E,Gough L.Litter decomposition in moist acidic and non-acidic tundra with different glacial histories[J].Oecologia,2004,140(1):113-124
[9]韩雪,王春梅,蔺照兰.模拟氮沉降对温带森林凋落物分解的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(9):1503-1508
[10]He C E,Liu X,Fangmeier A.Quantifying the total airborne nitrogen input into agroecosystems in the North China Plain[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2007,121(4):395-400
[11]Sardans J,Rivas-Ubach A,Pe?uelas J.Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in Catalonia(NE Spain)[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2011,262(11):2024-2034
[12]Elser J J,Hamilton A.Stoichiometry and the New Biology:The Future Is Now[J].Plos Biology,2007,5(7):e181
[13]Harpole W S,Ngai J T,Cleland E E,et al.Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities[J].Ecology Letters,2011,4(9):852-862
[14]Bobbink R,Hicks K,Galloway J,et al.Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity:a synthesis[J].Ecological Applications,2010,20(1):30-59
[15]Ochoahueso R,Allen E B,Branquinho C,et al.Nitrogen deposition effects on Mediterranean-type ecosystems:an ecological assessment[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2265-2279
[16]贺纪正,张丽梅.土壤氮素转化的关键微生物过程及机制[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(1):98-108
[17]张武,杨琳,王紫娟.生物固氮的研究进展及发展趋势[J].云南农业大学学报自然科学,2015,30(5):810-821
[18]李阜棣.固氮作用研究的新进展[J].华中农业大学学报,1984,(4):91-96
[19]Cooper J E.Early interactions between legumes and rhizobia:Disclosing complexity in a molecular dialogue[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2007,103(5):1355-1365
[20]William J D,William J B.Symbiotic use of pathogenic strategies:Rhizobial protein secretion systems[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2009,7(4):312-320
[21]Kathryn M J,Hajime K,Bryan W D,et al.How rhizobial symbionts invade plants:The Sinorhizobium Medicago model[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5(8):619-633
[22]Tang G R,Wang Y,Luo L.The transcriptional regulator LsrB of Sinorhizobium meliloti positively regulates the expression of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2014,80(17):5265-5273
[23]Schmutz J,Cannon S B,Schlueter J,et al.Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean[J].Nature,2010,463(7278):178-183
[24]Tang H B,Krishnakumar V,Bidwells,et al.An improved genome release(version Mt4.0)for the model legume Medicago truncatula[J].BMC Genomics,2014,15(1):312
[25]Varshney R K,Song C,Saxenar K,et al.Draft genome sequence of chickpea(Cicer arietinum)provides a resource for trait improvement[J].Nature Biotechnology,2013,31(3):240-246
[26]Venter J C,Remington K,Heidelberg J F,et al.Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea[J].Science,2004,304(5667):66-74
[27]贺纪正,张丽梅.氨氧化微生物生态学与氮循环研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):406-415
[28]Gubryrangin C,Hai B Quince C,et al.Niche specialization of terrestrial archaeal ammonia oxidizers.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(52):21206
[29]Breuer L,Kiese R,Butterbachbahl K.Temperature and moisture effects on nitrification rates in tropical rain-forest soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66(3):399-402
[30]Ingwersen J,Butterbachbahl K,Gasche R,et al.Barometric process separation:New method for quantifying nitrification,denitrification,and nitrous oxide sources in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1999,63(1):117-128
[31]Mahendrappa M K,Smith R L,Christiansen A T.Nitrifying organisms affected by climatic region in Western United States[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1966,30(1):60
[32]Reichman G A,Grunes D L,Viets F G.Effect of soil mositure on ammonification and nitrification in two Northern plains soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1966,30(3):363-366
[33]Zhang Y Z,Wang E T,Li M,et al.Effects of rhizobial inoculation,cropping systems and growth stages on endopHytic bacterial community of soybean roots[J].Plant and Soil,2011,347(1):147-161
[34]肖晶晶,郭萍,霍炜洁,等.反硝化微生物在污水脱氮中的研究及应用进展[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(12):98-102
[35]方晶晶,马传明,刘存富.反硝化细菌研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(6E):206-210
[36]高喜燕,刘鹰,郑海燕,等.一株海洋好氧反硝化细菌的鉴定及其好氧反硝化特性[J].微生物学报,2010,50(9):1164-1171
[37]丁炜,朱亮,徐京,等.好氧反硝化菌及其在生物处理与修复、中的应用研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2011,17(6):923-929
[38]Stanford G,Dzienia S,Vander Pol R A.Effect of temperature on denitrification rate in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1975,39(5):867-870
[39]Keeney D,Fillery I,Marx G.Effect of temperature on the gaseous nitrogen products of denitrification in a silt loam soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1979,43(6):1124-1128
[40]Klemedtsson L,Svensson B H,Rosswall T.Dinitrogen and nitrous oxide produced by denitrification and nitrification in soil with and without barley plants[J].Plant and Soil,1987,99(2):303-319
[41]Cuhel J,Simek M,Laughlin R J,et al.Insights into the effect of soil pH on N2Oand N2emissions and denitrifier community size and activity[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(6):1870-1878
[42]陈重军,王建芳,张海芹,等.厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺及其实际应用研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014(3):521-527
[43]Jetten M S,Strous M,Kt P S,et al.The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium.[J].Fems Microbiology Reviews,1998,22(5):421-437
[44]Kuypers M M M,Sliekers AO,Lavik G,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea[J].Nature,2003,422(6932):608-611
[45]Dalsgaard T,Canfield D E,Petersen J,et al.N2production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce,Costa Rica[J].Nature,2003,422(6932):606-608
[46]Hamersley MR,Lavik G,Woebken D,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone[J].Limnol Oceanogr,2007,52(3):923-933
[47]袁怡,黄勇,龙腾锐.厌氧氨氧化过程的研究进展[J].工业水处理,2003,23(2):1-6
[48]韦宗敏,黄少斌,蒋然.碳源对微生物硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的影响[J].工业安全与环保,2012,38(9):4-7
[49]Dong LF,Thornton DCO,Nedwell DB,et al.Denitrification in sediments of the River Colne Estuary,England[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2000,203(1):109-122
[50]胡晓婷,程吕,林贤彪,等.沉积物硝酸盐异化还原过程的温度敏感性与影响因素--以长江口青草沙水库为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2624-2632
[51]韦宗敏.微好氧环境中硝酸盐异化还原成铵的影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2012
[52]殷士学.淹水土壤中硝态氮异化还原成铵过程的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学博士学位论文,2000
[53]Loiseau P,Souss ana J F.Effects of elevated CO2temperature and N fertilization on nitrogen fluxes in a temperate grassland ecosystem[J].Global Change Biology,2000,6(8):953-965
[54]Delgado J A,M osier A R,Valentine D W,et al.Long term 15N studies in a catena of the shortgrass steppe[J].Biogeochemistry,1996,32(1):41-52
[55]Barrett J E,Burke I C.Potential nitrogen immobilization in grassland soils across a soil organic matter gradient[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(11):1707-1716
[56]Zhang L X,Bai Y F,Han X G.Differential responses of N∶Pstoichiometry of Leymus chinensis and Carex korshinskyi to N additions in a steppe ecosystem in Nei Mongol[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2004,46(3):259-270
[57]刘淼,梁正伟.草地生态系统氮循环研究进展[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(5):91-96
[58]冯博政,刘晓静,郝凤,等.外源氮对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响及其相关关系研究[J].草地学报,2016,24(02):351-357
[59]Cayuela M L,Sànchez-Monederol M A,Roig A,et al.Biochar and denitrification in soils:when how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions?[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3(1732):1-6
[60]Verhoeven E,Six J.Biochar does not mitigate field-scale N2O emissions in a Northern California vineyard:an assessment across two years[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191(15):27-38
[61]Jones D L,Rousk J,Edwards-Jones G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124
[62]Song Y,Zhang X,Ma B,et al.Biochar addition affected the dynamics of ammonia oxidizers and nitrification in microcosms of a coastal alkaline soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2014,50(2):321-332
[63]Gai X,Wang H,Liu J,et al.Effects of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on biochar adsorption of ammonium and nitrate[J].2014,Plos One,9(12):e113888
[64]Hollister C C,Bisogni J J,Lehmann J.Ammonium,nitrate,and phosphate sorption to and solute leaching from biochars prepared from corn stover(Zea mays L)and oak wood(Quercus spp)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(1):137-144
[65]Clough T J,Bertram J E,Ray J L,et al.Unweathered biochar impact on nitrous oxide emissions from a bovine-urine-amended pasture soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(3):852-860
[66]Bruun E W,Ambus P,Egsgaard H,et al.Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on soil C and N dynamics[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,46(1):73-79
[67]郑红丽,乌兰巴特尔,张巧莲,等.内蒙古锡林郭勒天然草地非共生固氮细菌的分布和数量动态[J].草地学报,2009,17(04):540-542