菜-稻耦合梯级消纳氮磷模式研究
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摘要
针对设施蔬菜施肥强度高、灌溉量大等造成的氮磷流失问题,利用稻田具有净化进水污染物的作用,构建菜-稻耦合梯级消纳氮磷模式,在研究设施蔬菜产流规律、稻田田面水氮磷动态特征的基础上,通过对不同面积比的菜-稻耦合模式氮磷净排量估算,探讨常规水肥管理水平下菜-稻耦合模式氮磷减排的可行性。结果表明,设施蔬菜产流多发生在播种时的灌溉期间,单茬蔬菜季总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均流失量分别为4.97和0.42 kg·hm~(-2)。施肥显著影响稻田田面水氮磷浓度:氮肥施入后田面水TN和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度分别在1和2 d内达到峰值,之后不断下降并在7 d后趋于稳定;硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度在3~5 d内达到峰值,9 d后趋于稳定;田面水TP和溶解态磷(DP)浓度在磷肥施入后1 d内达到峰值,之后不断下降,10 d后趋于稳定。相较于对照的非耦合情形,菜-稻耦合模式具有减氮控磷的效果,当菜-稻面积比为1∶3时,可实现TN减排32.66%,TP减排37.72%。
Greenhouse vegetables are prone to lager nitrogen and phosphorus loss caused by the intensive fertilization and flooding irrigation. Considering the potential capacity of paddy field which could purify the inflow,the present research on greenhouse vegetables-paddy coupled mode in nitrogen and phosphorus interception was carried out.Based on the studies of the greenhouse vegetables outflow and the dynamic characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the paddy field surface water,the nitrogen and phosphorus discharge of the coupled mode with different area ratios was estimated and the feasibility of nitrogen and phosphorus reduction under the coupled mode was investigated. It was shown that the water outflow of greenhouse vegetables mainly occurred during the irrigation period of planting,the average loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in a single crop season was 4. 97 and 0. 42 kg·hm~(-2),respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in paddy field surface water were significantly influenced by fertilization. The peak concentration of total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen occurred on the 1stand 2ndday after fertilization,and descended to a low level and became stable within 7 d. The peak concentration of nitrate nitrogen inthe surface water occurred during the 3rdday to 5thday and decreased to a stable background level 9 d later. Total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus concentration in surface water showed similar variation trends,reaching peak values on the 1stday after application of phosphate fertilizer,and getting stable within 10 d. Compared with uncoupled mode,the greenhouse vegetables-paddy coupled mode could achieve nitrogen and phosphorus interception under the conventional fertilization level,and mitigate the emission of total nitrogen and total phosphorus by 32. 66% and37. 72%,respectively,when the area ratio was 1∶ 3.
Greenhouse vegetables are prone to lager nitrogen and phosphorus loss caused by the intensive fertilization and flooding irrigation. Considering the potential capacity of paddy field which could purify the inflow,the present research on greenhouse vegetables-paddy coupled mode in nitrogen and phosphorus interception was carried out.Based on the studies of the greenhouse vegetables outflow and the dynamic characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the paddy field surface water,the nitrogen and phosphorus discharge of the coupled mode with different area ratios was estimated and the feasibility of nitrogen and phosphorus reduction under the coupled mode was investigated. It was shown that the water outflow of greenhouse vegetables mainly occurred during the irrigation period of planting,the average loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in a single crop season was 4. 97 and 0. 42 kg·hm~(-2),respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in paddy field surface water were significantly influenced by fertilization. The peak concentration of total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen occurred on the 1stand 2ndday after fertilization,and descended to a low level and became stable within 7 d. The peak concentration of nitrate nitrogen inthe surface water occurred during the 3rdday to 5thday and decreased to a stable background level 9 d later. Total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus concentration in surface water showed similar variation trends,reaching peak values on the 1stday after application of phosphate fertilizer,and getting stable within 10 d. Compared with uncoupled mode,the greenhouse vegetables-paddy coupled mode could achieve nitrogen and phosphorus interception under the conventional fertilization level,and mitigate the emission of total nitrogen and total phosphorus by 32. 66% and37. 72%,respectively,when the area ratio was 1∶ 3.
引文
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[12]叶玉适,梁新强,金熠,等.节水灌溉与控释肥施用对稻田田面水氮素变化及径流流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):105-112.YE Y S,LIANG X Q,JIN Y,et al.Dynamic variation and runoff loss of nitrogen in surface water of paddy field as affected by water-saving irrigation and controlled-release fertilizer application[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):105-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,曹凑贵,等.氮肥运筹对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及氮素吸收利用效率影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(5):1000-1005.PAN S G,HUANG S Q,CAO C G,et al.Effects of nitrogen management on dynamics of nitrogen in surface water from rice field and nitrogen use efficiency[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(5):1000-1005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王静,郭熙盛,王允青,等.秸秆还田条件下稻田田面水不同形态氮动态变化特征研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(4):410-418.WANG J,GUO X S,WANG Y C,et al.Study on dynamics of nitrogen in different forms in surface water of paddy field under straw return[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(4):410-418.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]吴俊,樊剑波,何园球,等.不同减量施肥条件下稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流损失研究[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(9):1561-1566.WU J,FAN J B,HE Y Q,et al.Dynamics of nitrogen and runoff loss in ponding water of paddy field under different fertilization practices[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(9):1561-1566.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J].生态环境学报,2000,9(1):1-6.ZHU Z L.Loss of fertilizer N from plants-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduction[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2000,9(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]王强.稻田分次施氮对田面水和渗漏水中氮素变化特征的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.WANG Q.Study on the effect of N fertilizer with split application on variation characteristics of N in surface and leakage water of the paddy-field[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2003.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]夏小江,胡清宇,朱利群,等.太湖地区稻田田面水氮磷动态特征及径流流失研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):21-25.XIA X J,HU Q Y,ZHU L Q,et al.Study on dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface water of paddy field and runoff loss in Taihu region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(4):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]李瀚,邓欧平,胡佳,等.成都平原农业废弃物施用下稻田田面水氮磷动态变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3):485-493.LI H,DENG O P,HU J,et al.Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy field water under agricultural residue applications in Chengdu Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(3):485-493.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(4):1125-1135.YE Y S,LIANG X Q,LI L,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen managements on phosphorus loss via runoff and leaching from paddy fields in Taihu Lake basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(4):1125-1135.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]王洪娇.滇池流域不同农田类型径流氮磷流失特征[D].昆明:云南大学,2013.WANG H J.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from different farmlands in Dianchi Watershed[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]郭文龙,党菊香,郭俊炜,等.咸阳市温室蔬菜施肥现状调查与评价[J].陕西农业科学,2009,55(2):123-126.GUO W L,DANG J X,GUO J W,et al.Investigation and evaluation of present situation of greenhouse vegetables fertilization in Xianyang City[J].Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2009,55(2):123-126.(in Chinese)
[4]单立楠,丁能飞,王洪才,等.蔬菜地面源污染生态拦截系统与效果[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(20):168-178.SHAN L N,DING N F,WANG H C,et al.Effect of ecological interception system in reducing non-point source pollution from vegetable fields[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(20):168-178.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]章明奎,王丽平,张慧敏.利用农田系统中源汇型景观组合控制面源磷污染[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(3):46-50.ZHANG M K,WANG L P,ZHANG H M.Use of the spatial matching of source and sink landscapes to control non-point source P pollution in agricultural watershed[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(3):46-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]GUO R,ZHANG F.Influence of root zone nitrogen management and a summer catch crop on cucumber yield and soil mineral nitrogen dynamics in intensive production systems[J].Plant and Soil,2008,313(1):55-70.
[7]章明奎,张慧敏,钱忠龙.源汇型景观组合控制农业面源污染的研究[J].浙江农业学报,2007,19(3):192-196.ZHANG M K,ZHANG H M,QIAN Z L.Use of the spatial matching of source and sink landscapes to control agricultural non-point source pollution[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2007,19(3):192-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]张维理,徐爱国,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅲ.中国农业面源污染控制中存在问题分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1026-1033.ZHANG W L,XU A G,JI H J,et al.Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategiesⅢ.A review of policies and practices for agricultural non-point source pollution control in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(7):1026-1033.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]张志剑,董亮,朱荫湄.水稻田面水氮素的动态特征、模式表征及排水流失研究[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(4):475-480.ZHANG Z J,DONG L,ZHU Y M.The dynamic characteristics and modeling of nitrogen in paddy field surface water and nitrogen loss from field drainage[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2001,21(4):475-480.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]俞巧钢,陈英旭.DMPP对稻田田面水氮素转化及流失潜能的影响[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(9):1274-1280.YU Q G,CHEN Y X.Influences of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate on nitrogen transformation and potential runoff loss in rice fields[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(9):1274-1280.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]赵冬,颜廷梅,乔俊,等.稻季田面水不同形态氮素变化及氮肥减量研究[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):743-749.ZHAO D,YAN T M,QIAO J,et al.Change of different nitrogen forms in surface water of rice field and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application in rice season[J].Ecology and Environment,2011,20(4):743-749.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]叶玉适,梁新强,金熠,等.节水灌溉与控释肥施用对稻田田面水氮素变化及径流流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):105-112.YE Y S,LIANG X Q,JIN Y,et al.Dynamic variation and runoff loss of nitrogen in surface water of paddy field as affected by water-saving irrigation and controlled-release fertilizer application[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):105-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,曹凑贵,等.氮肥运筹对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及氮素吸收利用效率影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(5):1000-1005.PAN S G,HUANG S Q,CAO C G,et al.Effects of nitrogen management on dynamics of nitrogen in surface water from rice field and nitrogen use efficiency[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(5):1000-1005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王静,郭熙盛,王允青,等.秸秆还田条件下稻田田面水不同形态氮动态变化特征研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(4):410-418.WANG J,GUO X S,WANG Y C,et al.Study on dynamics of nitrogen in different forms in surface water of paddy field under straw return[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(4):410-418.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]吴俊,樊剑波,何园球,等.不同减量施肥条件下稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流损失研究[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(9):1561-1566.WU J,FAN J B,HE Y Q,et al.Dynamics of nitrogen and runoff loss in ponding water of paddy field under different fertilization practices[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(9):1561-1566.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J].生态环境学报,2000,9(1):1-6.ZHU Z L.Loss of fertilizer N from plants-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduction[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2000,9(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]王强.稻田分次施氮对田面水和渗漏水中氮素变化特征的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.WANG Q.Study on the effect of N fertilizer with split application on variation characteristics of N in surface and leakage water of the paddy-field[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2003.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]夏小江,胡清宇,朱利群,等.太湖地区稻田田面水氮磷动态特征及径流流失研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):21-25.XIA X J,HU Q Y,ZHU L Q,et al.Study on dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface water of paddy field and runoff loss in Taihu region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(4):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]李瀚,邓欧平,胡佳,等.成都平原农业废弃物施用下稻田田面水氮磷动态变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3):485-493.LI H,DENG O P,HU J,et al.Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy field water under agricultural residue applications in Chengdu Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(3):485-493.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(4):1125-1135.YE Y S,LIANG X Q,LI L,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen managements on phosphorus loss via runoff and leaching from paddy fields in Taihu Lake basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(4):1125-1135.(in Chinese with English abstract)