江汉平原油菜根肿病流行规律及栽培应对措施
|
摘要
以枝江市问安镇龚桥村为例,采用普查和抽查方法,研究2008-2017十年间江汉平原油菜根肿病流行规律,分析土壤条件、栽培措施等因素对其爆发的影响。在前期研究基础上,采用随机区组设计方法开展无病苗分期播种移栽、苗床消毒、根际施肥用药等田间试验,优化防治技术。调查结果表明,江汉平原油菜根肿病扩散蔓延速度快,3～5年内连片发作,危害严重;机械作业是该病远距离传播扩散的主要原因,土壤酸化是其流行爆发的基础。田间试验结果表明,培育无病苗后移栽到病田避病效果明显,菜籽产量损失小,9月中下旬育苗,10月中下旬移栽,重病田块能获得2 500kg/hm~2左右的正常产量;根际施用氰氨化钙和氰霜唑显著降低根肿病病情指数,防效分别为50%、90%,两者同时施用防效达100%;苗床氰氨化钙焖棚、火土灭菌、氟啶胺、氰霜唑淋土防治效果分别为100%、96%、76%、62%。基于江汉平原地区水稻土对根肿病极度敏感,在农业机械化生产的背景下,提出油菜根肿病防控应以预防为主。为了减少防治成本,提高防治效果,建议可将氰氨化钙等碱性钙肥丸粒化,作为种肥和底肥集中施用于根际周围;在此基础上无病和轻病田用氰霜唑种子包衣后直播,重病田块用氟啶胺进行苗床消毒,培育无病苗后移栽。
Taking Gongqiao Village,Wen'an Town,Zhijiang City as an example,this paper studied the prevalence of rapeseed clubroot in Jianghan Plain during the period of 2008 ～ 2017 with the method of census and random sampling,compared the influence of soil conditions,cultivation measures and other factors on its outbreak. At the same time,randomized block design method was used to carry out field trials such as seedling-free transplanting at different sowing times,seedbed disinfection and rhizosphere fertilization. The results showed that the rapeseed clubroot in Jianghan Plain was spreaded rapidly,and it was contiguous in 3 ～ 5 years. The main reason for the long-distance spread of this disease was mechanical operation. Soil acidification was the basis of its epidemic.Field trials showed that transplanting non-diseased seedlings to diseased fields evidently avoided disease and rapeseed yield loss was reduced. If sowing in mid-late September and transplanting one month later,the yield of rapeseed in rehabilitated fields could reach up to 2 500 kg/hm~2. Rhizosphere application of cyanamide calcium and cyazofamid could significantly reduce the disease index of clubroot,prevention effects were 50% and 90%,if both applied at the same time the effect was 100%. The control effect on the rapeseed clubroot was 100%,96%,76%and 62% respectively by adopting the cyanamide calcium stew shed,high temperature,fluazinam and cyazofamid to disinfect soil. The paddy soil in the Jianghan Plain is extremely sensitive to clubroot disease. The mechanized production,prevention and control of clubroot disease should be based on prevention. In order to reduce the cost of prevention and improve the control effect,it was recommended that the alkaline calcium fertilizer such as calcium cyanamide to be pelletized and applied as a seed and base fertilizer to the rhizosphere. In additon seed coating with cyazofamid could be used for disease-free and mild disease fields,and cultivated disease-free seedlings could be transplanted after seedbed disinfected by fluazinam or cyazofamid for seriously infected.
Taking Gongqiao Village,Wen'an Town,Zhijiang City as an example,this paper studied the prevalence of rapeseed clubroot in Jianghan Plain during the period of 2008 ～ 2017 with the method of census and random sampling,compared the influence of soil conditions,cultivation measures and other factors on its outbreak. At the same time,randomized block design method was used to carry out field trials such as seedling-free transplanting at different sowing times,seedbed disinfection and rhizosphere fertilization. The results showed that the rapeseed clubroot in Jianghan Plain was spreaded rapidly,and it was contiguous in 3 ～ 5 years. The main reason for the long-distance spread of this disease was mechanical operation. Soil acidification was the basis of its epidemic.Field trials showed that transplanting non-diseased seedlings to diseased fields evidently avoided disease and rapeseed yield loss was reduced. If sowing in mid-late September and transplanting one month later,the yield of rapeseed in rehabilitated fields could reach up to 2 500 kg/hm~2. Rhizosphere application of cyanamide calcium and cyazofamid could significantly reduce the disease index of clubroot,prevention effects were 50% and 90%,if both applied at the same time the effect was 100%. The control effect on the rapeseed clubroot was 100%,96%,76%and 62% respectively by adopting the cyanamide calcium stew shed,high temperature,fluazinam and cyazofamid to disinfect soil. The paddy soil in the Jianghan Plain is extremely sensitive to clubroot disease. The mechanized production,prevention and control of clubroot disease should be based on prevention. In order to reduce the cost of prevention and improve the control effect,it was recommended that the alkaline calcium fertilizer such as calcium cyanamide to be pelletized and applied as a seed and base fertilizer to the rhizosphere. In additon seed coating with cyazofamid could be used for disease-free and mild disease fields,and cultivated disease-free seedlings could be transplanted after seedbed disinfected by fluazinam or cyazofamid for seriously infected.
引文
[1]费维新,HWANG Sheau-fang,王淑芬,等.根肿菌生理小种鉴定与甘蓝型油菜品种资源的抗性评价[J].中国油料作物学报,2016,38(5):626-639.
[2] Ren L,Jia J G,Li M,et al. Distribution of rapeseedclubroot disease in Hubei Province and evaluation of yieldloss[J].农业科学与技术(英文版),2012.
[3] Dixon G R. Plasmodiophora brassicae in its environment[J]. J Plant Growth Regul. 2009c,28:212-228.
[4] Murakami H,Tsushima S,Kuroyanagi Y. Quantitativestudies on the relationship between plowing into soil ofclubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodio-phora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops[J]. Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2004,50(8):1 307-1 311.
[5]刘亚培,王芳展,胡帅,等.十字花科蔬菜根肿病及其综合防治技术[J].浙江农业科学,2012(5):694-697.
[6]曾令益.基于育苗移栽、精准施药和抗病品种利用的油菜根肿病综合防控技术研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2017.
[7]陈坤荣,熊远福,任莉,等. 15%氟啶胺包衣悬浮剂防治油菜根肿病研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(2):250-252.
[8]程雨贵,童玥,方华明,等.氰氨化钙在油菜上的施用效果分析[J].湖北农业科学,2016(17):4 444-4 446.
[9]许静,许文婷,许爱莲.大棚蔬菜根结线虫综合防治技术[J].西北园艺:蔬菜专刊,2009(3):40-41.
[10]宋丙芝,刘道静,司玉芹.大棚蔬菜根结线虫的防治措施[J].现代农村科技,2007(5):23.
[11]陈坤荣,任莉,刘凡,等.三种杀菌剂防治油菜根肿病技术研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2013,35(4):424-427.
[12]黄蓉,黄瑞荣,胡建坤,等.土壤p H值与十字花科作物根肿病相互关系研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2015(1):67-72.
[13]胡茂辉.不同播种期、移栽密度与施氮量对稻田油菜生长发育和产量的影响[D].湖南农业大学,2012.
[14] Kageyama K,Asano T. Life cycle of Plasmodiophorabrassicae[J]. J Plant Growth Regul,2009,28(3):203.
[15]杨正茜.油菜根肿病发生动态与危害及其防治技术研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[16]吴崇友,吴俊,张敏,等.油菜毯状苗机械移栽技术研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(12):6-10.
[17]唐文华.北京十字花科蔬菜根肿病的发生和鉴定[J].植物保护,1990,16(1):17-18.
[18]孙超超,任莉,陈坤荣,等.依据土壤环境因子对油菜根肿病发生的风险评估[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(1):90-95.
[19]王靖,黄云,李小兰,等.十字花科根肿病研究进展[J].植物保护,2011,37(6):153-158.
[20] Niwa R,Kumei T,Nomura Y,et al. Increase in soilp H due to Ca-rich organic matter application causessuppression of the clubroot disease of crucifers[J]. SoilBiol Biochem,2007,39(3):778-785.
[21]战宗祥,江莹芬,朱紫媛,等.与位点Pb Ba8. 1紧密连锁分子标记的开发及甘蓝型油菜根肿病抗性育种[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(6):766-771.
[22]刘亚培.芸薹种蔬菜根肿病发病机理及其抗病分子标记的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[23]王芳展.芜菁根肿病抗性遗传及SSR分子标记的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.
[24]司军,李成琼,任雪松,等.十字花科植物根肿病及抗根肿病育种研究进展[J].西南农业学报,2002,15(2):69-72.
[2] Ren L,Jia J G,Li M,et al. Distribution of rapeseedclubroot disease in Hubei Province and evaluation of yieldloss[J].农业科学与技术(英文版),2012.
[3] Dixon G R. Plasmodiophora brassicae in its environment[J]. J Plant Growth Regul. 2009c,28:212-228.
[4] Murakami H,Tsushima S,Kuroyanagi Y. Quantitativestudies on the relationship between plowing into soil ofclubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodio-phora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops[J]. Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2004,50(8):1 307-1 311.
[5]刘亚培,王芳展,胡帅,等.十字花科蔬菜根肿病及其综合防治技术[J].浙江农业科学,2012(5):694-697.
[6]曾令益.基于育苗移栽、精准施药和抗病品种利用的油菜根肿病综合防控技术研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2017.
[7]陈坤荣,熊远福,任莉,等. 15%氟啶胺包衣悬浮剂防治油菜根肿病研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(2):250-252.
[8]程雨贵,童玥,方华明,等.氰氨化钙在油菜上的施用效果分析[J].湖北农业科学,2016(17):4 444-4 446.
[9]许静,许文婷,许爱莲.大棚蔬菜根结线虫综合防治技术[J].西北园艺:蔬菜专刊,2009(3):40-41.
[10]宋丙芝,刘道静,司玉芹.大棚蔬菜根结线虫的防治措施[J].现代农村科技,2007(5):23.
[11]陈坤荣,任莉,刘凡,等.三种杀菌剂防治油菜根肿病技术研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2013,35(4):424-427.
[12]黄蓉,黄瑞荣,胡建坤,等.土壤p H值与十字花科作物根肿病相互关系研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2015(1):67-72.
[13]胡茂辉.不同播种期、移栽密度与施氮量对稻田油菜生长发育和产量的影响[D].湖南农业大学,2012.
[14] Kageyama K,Asano T. Life cycle of Plasmodiophorabrassicae[J]. J Plant Growth Regul,2009,28(3):203.
[15]杨正茜.油菜根肿病发生动态与危害及其防治技术研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[16]吴崇友,吴俊,张敏,等.油菜毯状苗机械移栽技术研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(12):6-10.
[17]唐文华.北京十字花科蔬菜根肿病的发生和鉴定[J].植物保护,1990,16(1):17-18.
[18]孙超超,任莉,陈坤荣,等.依据土壤环境因子对油菜根肿病发生的风险评估[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(1):90-95.
[19]王靖,黄云,李小兰,等.十字花科根肿病研究进展[J].植物保护,2011,37(6):153-158.
[20] Niwa R,Kumei T,Nomura Y,et al. Increase in soilp H due to Ca-rich organic matter application causessuppression of the clubroot disease of crucifers[J]. SoilBiol Biochem,2007,39(3):778-785.
[21]战宗祥,江莹芬,朱紫媛,等.与位点Pb Ba8. 1紧密连锁分子标记的开发及甘蓝型油菜根肿病抗性育种[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(6):766-771.
[22]刘亚培.芸薹种蔬菜根肿病发病机理及其抗病分子标记的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[23]王芳展.芜菁根肿病抗性遗传及SSR分子标记的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.
[24]司军,李成琼,任雪松,等.十字花科植物根肿病及抗根肿病育种研究进展[J].西南农业学报,2002,15(2):69-72.