沙柳和柠条茎水力学特性对模拟降雨改变的响应
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摘要
利用模拟降雨控制试验(对照、降雨增加45%和减少50%),研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带典型灌木沙柳和柠条茎水力学特性对模拟降雨改变的响应,以揭示两种灌木对未来降雨改变的适应性.结果表明:沙柳茎比导水率(K _s)、比叶导水率(K_ l)和Huber值对增水有显著响应,而对干旱无显著响应;柠条黎明前和正午叶水势、水分传输效率(K _s及K_ l)对干旱有显著响应,但对增水无响应.两种灌木不同处理间抵抗栓塞能力无显著差异,沙柳不同处理间正午原位栓塞程度亦无显著差异,而柠条干旱处理正午原位栓塞程度显著增大.沙柳增水处理导管直径和导管面积占边材面积的比例显著增加,干旱导致沙柳导管密度显著增大,水力直径变小;柠条增水处理的木质部结构无明显改变,干旱导致其导管密度和木材密度显著增加.说明增水提升了沙柳的水力功能,而长期干旱显著降低了柠条水力功能,预测在未来气候旱化条件下,柠条的水力适应性可能不如沙柳.
With a precipitation manipulation experiment( Control, + 45% and-50%), the responses of stem hydraulic traits in two dominant shrubs( Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii) of water-wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau to projected precipitation variation were examined to elucidate their adaptability to future precipitation changes. Results showed that the specific hydraulic conductivity( K s),leaf specific conductivity( K l) and Huber value in S. psammophila increased significantly by irrigation but showed no responses to drought.The predawn and midday leaf water potential and water transport efficiency( K s and K l) in C.korshinskii decreased significantly by drought,and showed no responses to irrigation. The embolism resistance across different treatments did not differ in the two shrubs. The midday native embolisms across treatments in S. psammophila were almost the same. Drought increased midday native embolism in C. korshinskii. Irrigation increased conduit diameter and conduit area per stem sap area while drought increased the vessel density and decreased the hydraulic diameter in S. psammophila.Irrigation had no effect on xylem anatomy,whereas drought increased the vessel density and wood density in C. korshinskii. These results indicated that irrigation promoted stem hydraulic function in S. psammophila,and drought decreased stem hydraulic function in C. korshinskii. C. korshinskii may be less resistant to future dry climate than S. psammophila.
With a precipitation manipulation experiment( Control, + 45% and-50%), the responses of stem hydraulic traits in two dominant shrubs( Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii) of water-wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau to projected precipitation variation were examined to elucidate their adaptability to future precipitation changes. Results showed that the specific hydraulic conductivity( K s),leaf specific conductivity( K l) and Huber value in S. psammophila increased significantly by irrigation but showed no responses to drought.The predawn and midday leaf water potential and water transport efficiency( K s and K l) in C.korshinskii decreased significantly by drought,and showed no responses to irrigation. The embolism resistance across different treatments did not differ in the two shrubs. The midday native embolisms across treatments in S. psammophila were almost the same. Drought increased midday native embolism in C. korshinskii. Irrigation increased conduit diameter and conduit area per stem sap area while drought increased the vessel density and decreased the hydraulic diameter in S. psammophila.Irrigation had no effect on xylem anatomy,whereas drought increased the vessel density and wood density in C. korshinskii. These results indicated that irrigation promoted stem hydraulic function in S. psammophila,and drought decreased stem hydraulic function in C. korshinskii. C. korshinskii may be less resistant to future dry climate than S. psammophila.
引文
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[27]Tognetti R,Michelozzi M,Giovannelli A.Geographical variation in water relations,hydraulic architecture and terpene composition of Aleppo pine seedlings from Italian provinces.Tree Physiology,1997,17:241-250
[28]Addington RN,Donovan LA,Mitchell RJ,et al.Adjustments in hydraulic architecture of Pinus palustris maintain similar stomatal conductance in xeric and mesic habitats.Plant,Cell and Environment,2006,29:535-545
[29]Hacke UG,Stiller V,Sperry JS,et al.Cavitation fatigue:Embolism and refilling cycles can weaken the cavitation resistance of xylem.Plant Physiology,2001,125:779-786
[30]Bucci SJ,Scholz FG,Campanello PI,et al.Hydraulic differences along the water transport system of South American Nothofagus species:Do leaves protect the stem functionality?Tree Physiology,2012,32:880-893
[31]Anderegg WRL,PlavcováL,Anderegg LD,et al.Drought’s legacy:Multiyear hydraulic deterioration underlies widespread aspen forest die-off and portends increased future risk.Global Change Biology,2013,19:1188-1196
[32]West AG,Hultine KR,Sperry JS,et al.Transpiration and hydraulic strategies in a pi1on-juniper woodland.Ecological Applications,2008,18:911-927
[33]Zwieniecki MA,Secchi F.Threats to xylem hydraulic function of trees under‘new climate normal’conditions.Plant,Cell and Environment,2015,38:1713-1724
[34]Carlquist S,Hoekman DA.Ecological wood anatomy of the woody southern California flora.IAWA Bulletin,1985,6:319-347
[35]Hacke UG,Sperry JS,Pockman WT,et al.Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure.Oecologia,2001,126:457-461
[2]Easterling DR,Meehl GA,Parmesan C,et al.Climate extremes:Observations,modeling,and impacts.Science,2000,289:2068-2074
[3]Fan J,Gao Y,Wang QJ,et al.Mulching effects on water storage in soil and its depletion by alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China.Agricultural Water Management,2014,138:10-16
[4]de Dios VR,Fischer C,Colinas C.Climate change effects on Mediterranean forests and preventive measures.New Forest,2007,33:29-40
[5]Choat B,Jansen S,Brodribb TJ,et al.Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought.Nature,2012,491:752-755
[6]Delzon S,Cochard H.Recent advances in tree hydraulics highlight the ecological significance of the hydraulic safety margin.New Phytologist,2014,203:355-358
[7]Anderegg WRL,Flint A,Huang C,et al.Tree mortality predicted from drought-induced vascular damage.Nature Geoscience,2015,8:367-371
[8]Tyree MT,Sperry JS.Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology,1989,40:19-38
[9]Maherali H,De Lucia EH.Xylem conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation of ponderosa pine growing in contrasting climates.Tree Physiology,2000,20:859-867
[10]Lamy JB,Delzon S,Bouche PS,et al.Limited genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity detected for cavitation resistance in a Mediterranean pine.New Phytologist,2014,201:874-886
[11]Cornwell WK,Bhaskar RL,Sack S,et al.Adjustment of structure and function of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha at high vs.low precipitation.Functional Ecology,2007,21:1063-1071
[12]Schuldt B,Knutzen F,Delzon S,et al.How adaptable is the hydraulic system of European beech in the face of climate change-related precipitation reduction?New Phytologist,2016,210:443-458
[13]Matzner SL,Rice KJ,Richards JH.Intra-specific variation in xylem cavitation in interior live oak(Quercus wislizenii A.DC.).Journal of Experimental Botany,2001,52:783-789
[14]Martinez-Vilalta J,Cochard H,Mencuccini M.et al.Hydraulic adjustment of Scots pine across Europe.New Phytologist,2009,184:353-364
[15]Beikircher B,Mayr S.Intraspecific differences in drought tolerance and acclimation in hydraulics of Ligustrum vulgare and Viburnum lantana.Tree Physiology,2009,29:765-775
[16]Cinnirella S,Magnani F,Saracino A,et al.Response of a mature Pinus laricio plantation to a three-year restriction of water supply:Structural and functional acclimation to drought.Tree Physiology,2002,22:21-30
[17]Limousin JM,Longepierre D,Huc R,et al.Change in hydraulic traits of Mediterranean Quercus ilex subjected to long-term throughfall exclusion.Tree Physiology,2010,30:1026-1036
[18]Garcia-Forner N,Adams HD,Sevanto S,et al.Responses of two semiarid conifer tree species to reduced precipitation and warming reveal new perspectives for stomatal regulation.Plant,Cell and Environment,2015,39:38-49
[19]Li YY,Chen WY,Chen JC,et al.Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in shoots of two typical shrubs in the southern Mu Us Sandy Land,China.Journal of Arid Land,2016,8:125-137
[20]Ai S-S(艾绍水),Li Y-Y(李秧秧),Chen J-C(陈佳村),et al.Root anatomical structure and hydraulic traits of three typical shrubs on the sandy lands of northern Shaanxi Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(12):3277-3284(in Chinese)
[21]Wu S-Y(吴胜勇).A analysis on climatic features of Shenmu country in recent 55 years.Journal of Shaanxi Meterology(陕西气象),2013(2):20-23(in Chinese)
[22]Wang J-G(王建国),Fan J(樊军),Wang Q-J(王全九),et al.Vegetation above-ground biomass and its affecting factors in water/wind erosion crisscross region on Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(2):556-564(in Chinese)
[23]Davis SD,Sperry JS,Hacke UG.The relationship between xylem conduit diameter and cavitation caused by freezing.American Journal of Botany,1999,86:1367-1372
[24]Neufeld HS,Grantz DA,Meinzer FC,et al.Genotypic variability in vulnerability of leaf xylem to cavitation in water-stressed and well-irrigated sugarcane.Plant Physiology,1992,100:1020-1028
[25]Fichot R,Brignolas F,Cochard H,et al.Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars:Synthesis and future opportunities.Plant,Cell and Environment,2015,38:1233-1251
[26]Cochard H,Badel E,Herbette S,et al.Methods for measuring plant vulnerability to cavitation:A critical review.Journal of Experimental Botany,2013,64:4779-4791
[27]Tognetti R,Michelozzi M,Giovannelli A.Geographical variation in water relations,hydraulic architecture and terpene composition of Aleppo pine seedlings from Italian provinces.Tree Physiology,1997,17:241-250
[28]Addington RN,Donovan LA,Mitchell RJ,et al.Adjustments in hydraulic architecture of Pinus palustris maintain similar stomatal conductance in xeric and mesic habitats.Plant,Cell and Environment,2006,29:535-545
[29]Hacke UG,Stiller V,Sperry JS,et al.Cavitation fatigue:Embolism and refilling cycles can weaken the cavitation resistance of xylem.Plant Physiology,2001,125:779-786
[30]Bucci SJ,Scholz FG,Campanello PI,et al.Hydraulic differences along the water transport system of South American Nothofagus species:Do leaves protect the stem functionality?Tree Physiology,2012,32:880-893
[31]Anderegg WRL,PlavcováL,Anderegg LD,et al.Drought’s legacy:Multiyear hydraulic deterioration underlies widespread aspen forest die-off and portends increased future risk.Global Change Biology,2013,19:1188-1196
[32]West AG,Hultine KR,Sperry JS,et al.Transpiration and hydraulic strategies in a pi1on-juniper woodland.Ecological Applications,2008,18:911-927
[33]Zwieniecki MA,Secchi F.Threats to xylem hydraulic function of trees under‘new climate normal’conditions.Plant,Cell and Environment,2015,38:1713-1724
[34]Carlquist S,Hoekman DA.Ecological wood anatomy of the woody southern California flora.IAWA Bulletin,1985,6:319-347
[35]Hacke UG,Sperry JS,Pockman WT,et al.Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure.Oecologia,2001,126:457-461
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