超高浓度CO_2对主要环境介质的影响
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摘要
规模化实施CO_2捕获、利用与封存(CO_2 capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)技术能够直接、有效地实现碳减排。但是由于地下地质条件的复杂多变以及技术手段的局限性,封存于地下的超临界CO_2仍会有逃逸的风险进而影响周边生态环境。回顾了国内外人工控制二氧化碳泄漏平台现状及研究内容,重点依托青海平安天然CO_2泄漏试验场地,通过模拟实验、取样测试和原位监测等技术手段,研究了超高浓度CO_2对研究基地内的土壤、水及大气环境影响程度。结论认为,受高含CO_2水体浸泡后,土壤理化性质发生了明显改变,土壤中的有机质、营养元素等大幅减少;高含CO_2气体的地下水具有较低的pH值,呈酸性水,并且含有游离CO_2;对水中的CO_3~(2-)、 HCO_3~-、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)等离子影响作用较大。在开阔处,高浓度CO_2泄漏经过空气混合后不会对人体产生致命影响。不同高度大气CO_2日变化曲线趋势大致相同,随高度不同,大气中CO_2浓度也各有变化。
Large-scale implementation of CCUS(CO_2 Capture, Utilization and Storage) technology has been recognized as a direct and effective method for carbon emission reduction. However, due to the complexity of underground geological conditions and the limitations of technical means, supercritical carbon dioxide trapped underground will still have the risk of escaping, thus affecting the surrounding ecological environment. This paper reviewed the current situation and research contents of the artificial control of carbon dioxide leakage platforms at home and abroad, and studied the impact of ultra-high concentration of CO_2 on soil, water and atmospheric environment in the research base mainly relying on Natural Carbon Dioxide Leakage Test Site in Ping'an, Qinghai and by means of simulation experiments, sampling tests and in-situ monitoring, etc. The conclusion was that the physical and chemical properties of the soil had changed obviously after soaking in the water with high CO_2 content, the organic matter and nutrient elements in the soil were greatly reduced, and the groundwater with high CO_2 content had a lower pH value, was acidic water and contained free CO_2; it had a great influence on the plasma such as CO_3~(2-), HCO_3~-, Fe~(2+), Fe~(3+), etc. in water. If there was high-concentration carbon dioxide leakage in open area, it would not have a fatal impact on human body after air mixing. The daily variation trend of atmospheric carbon dioxide at different altitudes was approximately the same, and the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide varied with altitude.
Large-scale implementation of CCUS(CO_2 Capture, Utilization and Storage) technology has been recognized as a direct and effective method for carbon emission reduction. However, due to the complexity of underground geological conditions and the limitations of technical means, supercritical carbon dioxide trapped underground will still have the risk of escaping, thus affecting the surrounding ecological environment. This paper reviewed the current situation and research contents of the artificial control of carbon dioxide leakage platforms at home and abroad, and studied the impact of ultra-high concentration of CO_2 on soil, water and atmospheric environment in the research base mainly relying on Natural Carbon Dioxide Leakage Test Site in Ping'an, Qinghai and by means of simulation experiments, sampling tests and in-situ monitoring, etc. The conclusion was that the physical and chemical properties of the soil had changed obviously after soaking in the water with high CO_2 content, the organic matter and nutrient elements in the soil were greatly reduced, and the groundwater with high CO_2 content had a lower pH value, was acidic water and contained free CO_2; it had a great influence on the plasma such as CO_3~(2-), HCO_3~-, Fe~(2+), Fe~(3+), etc. in water. If there was high-concentration carbon dioxide leakage in open area, it would not have a fatal impact on human body after air mixing. The daily variation trend of atmospheric carbon dioxide at different altitudes was approximately the same, and the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide varied with altitude.
引文
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[2] 中国21世纪议程管理中心,中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心.中国二氧化碳地质封存选址指南研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2012.
[3] 郭建强,文冬光,张森琦,等. 中国CO2地质封存适宜性评价与示范工程[M]. 北京:地质出版社,2014.
[4] 周颖, 蔡博峰, 曹丽斌,等. 中国碳封存项目的环境应急管理研究[J]. 环境工程, 2018, 36(2):1-5.
[5] 王永胜. 中国神华煤制油深部咸水层CO2捕集与地质封存项目环境风险后评估研究[J]. 环境工程, 2018, 36(2):21-26.
[6] 李琦, 刘桂臻, 张建, 等. CO2地质封存环境监测现状及建议[J]. 地球科学进展,2013,28(6):718-727.
[7] 张绪成,于显枫,马一凡,等.高大气CO2浓度下小麦旗叶光合能量利用对氮素和光强的响应[J].生态学报2011,31(4):1046-1057.
[8] 伍洋, 马欣, 李玉娥, 等.地质封存CO2泄漏对农田生态系统的影响评估及耐受阈值[J].农业工程学报, 2012,28(2):196-205.
[9] 房世波,沈斌,谭凯炎. 大气CO2和温度升高对农作物生理及生产的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010, 18(5): 1116-1124.
[10] 韩永翔, 董安祥, 王卫东.气候变暖对中国西北主要农作物的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,4(22):39-43.
[11] 任思荣,朱建国,李辉信,等.大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤中微量元素的影响[J].生态环境, 2007, 16(3): 982-986.
[12] West J M,Pearce J M,Coombs P,et al.The Impact of Con-trolled Injection of CO2 on the Soil Ecosystem and Chemistry of an English Lowland Pasture[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1 (1) :1863-1870.
[13] Andrew Feitz,Charles Jenkins,Ulrike Schacht, et al. An assessment of near surface CO2 leakage detection techniques under Australian conditions[J]. Energy Procedia, 2014(63):3891-3906.
[14] 裴宇,赵晓红,邓红章,等. 高浓度CO2入侵对土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 当代化工, 2016, 45(4): 682-686.
[15] 关笑坤,王文科,邓红章,等.高浓度CO2在土壤包气带逸散过程中分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(12):178-183.