水氮互作对旱地春小麦氮肥利用效率和经济产量的影响
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摘要
为明确水氮互作对旱地春小麦氮素利用效率和经济产量的影响,通过盆栽试验分析了不同水氮处理下春小麦关键生育期茎秆、叶片、麦穗(不含籽粒)和籽粒的全氮含量及经济产量。结果表明,水氮互作下,春小麦茎秆、叶片和麦穗(不含籽粒)的全氮含量均随生长发育进程的推进而呈现下降趋势;正常水分条件(土壤含水量为最大持水量的75%～85%)下,春小麦茎秆、叶片、麦穗(不含籽粒)和籽粒的全氮含量均表现为中氮处理(每公斤土壤施纯氮0.15g)>高氮处理(每公斤土壤施纯氮0.25g)>空白对照(不施氮肥),且中氮处理的氮肥利用率、农学效率和生产效率均显著高于高氮处理(P<0.05),但经济产量却显著低于高氮处理(P<0.05);水分胁迫条件(土壤含水量为最大持水量的35%～45%)下,春小麦茎秆、叶片、麦穗(不含籽粒)和籽粒的全氮含量均表现为高氮处理>中氮处理>空白对照,但中氮处理的氮肥利用率、农学效率和生产效率及经济产量均显著高于高氮处理(P<0.05)。说明正常水分条件下,增加氮肥用量有利于提高旱地春小麦的经济产量,而水分胁迫条件下,减少氮肥用量更有利于旱地春小麦的生产。
In order to clarify the effects of interaction between water and nitrogen on nitrogen utilization efficiency and economic yield of spring wheat in dryland region,the total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves,ears without grains and grains of spring wheat during key growth periods as well as economic yield were studied by pot-culture method.The results showed that the total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves and ears without grains of spring wheat was generally decreased with the growth process under the circumstance with interaction between water and nitrogen.Under normal soil moisture conditions,the total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves,ears without grains and grains ranked as medium nitrogen fertilizer>high nitrogen fertilizer>no nitrogen fertilizer.Nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic efficiency as well as production efficiency under medium nitrogen fertilizer were significant-ly higher than those under high nitrogen fertilizer,but economic yield under medium nitrogen fertilizer was lower than that under high nitrogen fertilizer.Under water deficient conditions,total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves,ears without grains and grains ranked as high nitrogen fertilizer>medium nitrogen fertilizer>no nitrogen fertilizer,but nitrogen use efficiency,agronomic efficiency and production efficiency as well as economic yield under medium nitrogen fertilizer were significantly higher than those under high nitrogen fertilizer.It can be concluded that under normal water conditions,the increase of nitrogen application can improve the economic yield of spring wheat in dryland region;under water deficient conditions,the decrease of nitrogen application is beneficial to the production of spring wheat.
In order to clarify the effects of interaction between water and nitrogen on nitrogen utilization efficiency and economic yield of spring wheat in dryland region,the total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves,ears without grains and grains of spring wheat during key growth periods as well as economic yield were studied by pot-culture method.The results showed that the total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves and ears without grains of spring wheat was generally decreased with the growth process under the circumstance with interaction between water and nitrogen.Under normal soil moisture conditions,the total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves,ears without grains and grains ranked as medium nitrogen fertilizer>high nitrogen fertilizer>no nitrogen fertilizer.Nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic efficiency as well as production efficiency under medium nitrogen fertilizer were significant-ly higher than those under high nitrogen fertilizer,but economic yield under medium nitrogen fertilizer was lower than that under high nitrogen fertilizer.Under water deficient conditions,total nitrogen content in stalks,leaves,ears without grains and grains ranked as high nitrogen fertilizer>medium nitrogen fertilizer>no nitrogen fertilizer,but nitrogen use efficiency,agronomic efficiency and production efficiency as well as economic yield under medium nitrogen fertilizer were significantly higher than those under high nitrogen fertilizer.It can be concluded that under normal water conditions,the increase of nitrogen application can improve the economic yield of spring wheat in dryland region;under water deficient conditions,the decrease of nitrogen application is beneficial to the production of spring wheat.
引文
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[15]刘小刚,张富仓,田育丰,等.水氮互作对石羊河流域春小麦群体产量和水氮利用的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(3):112.LIU X G,ZHANG F C,TIAN Y F,et al.Interactive impact of water and nitrogen on group yield of spring wheat and use of water and nitrogen in Shiyang river basin[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University,2009,37(3):112.
[16]张雨新,张富仓,邹海洋,等.生育期水分调控对甘肃河西地区滴灌春小麦氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(3):604.ZHANG Y X,ZHANG F C,ZOU H Y,et al.Effects of soil water regulation at different growing stages on nitrogen uptake and utilization of spring wheat in the Hexi region,Gansu Province[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(3):604.
[17]张涛,马富裕,郑重,等.滴灌条件下水氮耦合对春小麦光合特性及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(6):73.ZHANG T,MA F Y,ZHENG Z,et al.Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on photosynthesis characteristics and yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation condition[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2010,19(6):73.
[18]周萍,陈志国,庄丽,等.水氮互作对滴灌春小麦渗透调节物及产量的影响[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2013,31(4):429.ZHOU P,CHEN Z G,ZHUANG L,et al.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on osmoregulation substances content and yield of drip irrigation wheat[J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),2013,31(4):429.
[19]张凯,陈年来,顾群英.不同水氮水平下小麦品种对光、水和氮利用效率的权衡[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2279.ZHANG K,CHEN N L,GU Q Y,et al.Trade-offs among light,water and nitrogen use efficiencies of wheat cultivars under different water and nitrogen application levels[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(7):2279.
[20]马忠明,陈娟,刘婷婷,等.水氮耦合对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根长密度和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2017,43(11):1712.MA Z M,CHEN J,LIU T T,et al.Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on root length density and yield of spring wheat in permanent raised-bed cropping system[J].Acta Agronomic Sinica,2017,43(11):1712.
[21]陈娟,马忠明,吕晓东,等.水氮互作对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根系生长及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(5):1519.CHEN J,MA Z M,L X D,et al.influence of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen application on the root growth and yield of spring wheat under permanent raised bed[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(5):1519.
[22]王秀波,上官周平.干旱胁迫下氮素对不同基因型小麦根系活力和生长的调控[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(6):820.WANG X B,SHANGGUAN Z P.Effect of nitrogen on root vigor and growth in different genotypes of wheat under drought stress[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2017,37(6):820.
[23]李秧秧,邵明安.小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):386.LI Y Y,SHAO M A.Physio-ecological response of spring wheat root to water and nitrogen[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2000,6(4):386.
[24]李卫民,周凌云.供氮对旱作小麦环境适应性的影响[J].土壤通报,2002,33(6):414.LI W M,ZHOU L Y.Effects of nitrogen supply on wheat adaptation to environment in dryland[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2002,33(6):414.
[2]杨桂霞,赵广才,许柯,等.灌水及化控对不同粒色小麦籽粒灌浆及叶绿素含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(4):153.YANG G X,ZHAO G C,XU K,et al.Effects of irrigation and chemical control on grain filling and chlorophyll content in wheat with different grain colors[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2010,25(4):153.
[3]陈竹君,刘春光,周建斌,等.不同水肥条件对小麦生长及养分吸收的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(3):34.CHEN Z J,LIU C G,ZHOU J B,et al.Effect of different combination of water and fertilizers on the growth and nutrients uptake of winter wheat[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2001,19(3):34.
[4]王月福,于振文,李尚霞,等.土壤肥力和施氮量对小麦氮素吸收运转及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1870.WANG Y F,YU Z W,LI X X,et al.Effect of soil fertility and nitrogen application rate on nitrogen absorption and translocation,grain yield,and grain protein content of wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):1870.
[5]李瑞奇,李雁鸣,何建兴,等施氮量对冬小麦氮素利用和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2011,31(2):274.LI R Q,LI Y M,HE J X,et al.Effect of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen utilization and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2011,31(2):274.
[6]张慧娜,王志强,林同保.不同水分条件下追施氮肥对小麦生物量及氮素利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2010,30(6):1107.ZHANG H N,WANG Z Q,LIN T B.Effect of nitrogen topdressing under different water conditions on the wheat nitrogen utilization and distribution[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2010,30(6):1107.
[7]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):295.LI L,HONG J P,WANG H T,et al.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation interaction on water consumption characteristics and use efficiency in winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):295.
[8]LAHIRI A N.Interaction of water stress and mineral nutrition on growth and yield[M]//TURNER N C.Adaptation of plant to water and high temperature stress.New York:WileyInter Science,1980:348.
[9]吕丽华,董志强,张经廷,等.水氮对冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮利用效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(19):3842.LL H,DONG Z Q,ZHANG J T,et al.Effect of water and nitrogen on yield and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat and summer maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(19):3842.
[10]BEGG J E,TUMER N C.Crop and water deficits[J].Advance in Agronomy,1976,28:167.
[11]郑成岩,于振文,张永丽,等.不同施氮水平下灌水量对小麦水分利用特征和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(11):2803.ZHENG C Y,YU Z W,ZHANG Y L,et al.Effect of irrigation amount on water use characteristics and grain yield of wheat under different nitrogen application rates[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(11):2803.
[12]郭天财,冯伟,赵会杰,等.水氮运筹对干旱年型冬小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的交互效应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):456.GUO T C,FENG W,ZHAO H J,et al.Interactive effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on physiological characteristics of flag leaf and grain yield of winter wheat in dry years[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(3):456.
[13]马耕,张盼盼,王晨阳,等.高产小麦花后植株氮素累积、转运和产量的水氮调控效应[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):799.MA G,ZHANG P P,WANG C Y,et al.Regulation effect of irrigation and nitrogen on post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation,translocation and grain yield of high-yield wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(6):799.
[14]黄玲,杨文平,胡喜巧,等.水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和氮素利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):169.HUANG L,YANG W P,HU X Q,et al.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristics and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):169.
[15]刘小刚,张富仓,田育丰,等.水氮互作对石羊河流域春小麦群体产量和水氮利用的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(3):112.LIU X G,ZHANG F C,TIAN Y F,et al.Interactive impact of water and nitrogen on group yield of spring wheat and use of water and nitrogen in Shiyang river basin[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University,2009,37(3):112.
[16]张雨新,张富仓,邹海洋,等.生育期水分调控对甘肃河西地区滴灌春小麦氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(3):604.ZHANG Y X,ZHANG F C,ZOU H Y,et al.Effects of soil water regulation at different growing stages on nitrogen uptake and utilization of spring wheat in the Hexi region,Gansu Province[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(3):604.
[17]张涛,马富裕,郑重,等.滴灌条件下水氮耦合对春小麦光合特性及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(6):73.ZHANG T,MA F Y,ZHENG Z,et al.Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on photosynthesis characteristics and yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation condition[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2010,19(6):73.
[18]周萍,陈志国,庄丽,等.水氮互作对滴灌春小麦渗透调节物及产量的影响[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2013,31(4):429.ZHOU P,CHEN Z G,ZHUANG L,et al.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on osmoregulation substances content and yield of drip irrigation wheat[J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),2013,31(4):429.
[19]张凯,陈年来,顾群英.不同水氮水平下小麦品种对光、水和氮利用效率的权衡[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2279.ZHANG K,CHEN N L,GU Q Y,et al.Trade-offs among light,water and nitrogen use efficiencies of wheat cultivars under different water and nitrogen application levels[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(7):2279.
[20]马忠明,陈娟,刘婷婷,等.水氮耦合对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根长密度和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2017,43(11):1712.MA Z M,CHEN J,LIU T T,et al.Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on root length density and yield of spring wheat in permanent raised-bed cropping system[J].Acta Agronomic Sinica,2017,43(11):1712.
[21]陈娟,马忠明,吕晓东,等.水氮互作对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根系生长及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(5):1519.CHEN J,MA Z M,L X D,et al.influence of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen application on the root growth and yield of spring wheat under permanent raised bed[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(5):1519.
[22]王秀波,上官周平.干旱胁迫下氮素对不同基因型小麦根系活力和生长的调控[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(6):820.WANG X B,SHANGGUAN Z P.Effect of nitrogen on root vigor and growth in different genotypes of wheat under drought stress[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2017,37(6):820.
[23]李秧秧,邵明安.小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):386.LI Y Y,SHAO M A.Physio-ecological response of spring wheat root to water and nitrogen[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2000,6(4):386.
[24]李卫民,周凌云.供氮对旱作小麦环境适应性的影响[J].土壤通报,2002,33(6):414.LI W M,ZHOU L Y.Effects of nitrogen supply on wheat adaptation to environment in dryland[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2002,33(6):414.